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The purpose of this work is to analyse the style of Aeschines' speeches. An endeavour has been made to analyse it from as many aspects as possible and a special effort has been made to investigate in detail those qualities which make it peculiarly Aeschinean. The correspondence between the style and the development of argument has similarly been examined - paying particular attention to the form and the effect of the different stylistic elements. The approach adopted is the conventional tri-partite analysis: Choice of Words, Figures of Speech, and Composition. In the first chapter, Aeschines' vocabulary is examined from the point of view of the use he makes of rare words, poetic words, compound words, colloquial words, and three classes of nouns the use of which is thought to add dignity to the style. The figures of speech are treated in the second chapter, putting into practice the theory advocated above that the figures should be examined from the point of view of their form and effect: looking specifically at their place in the development of argument. Statistics have been included in the first two chapters, where they help to elucidate some distinct qualities in the style and differences between the speeches. The analysis is concentrated in the third chapter on various forms of hyperbaton and on the structure of the sentences, from the point of view of their parallel structure, subordination and length. It is hoped that this work may prove to be of some help to those similarly concerned with matters of style in Ancient Greek prose.

The purpose of this study is to examine the cases of misrepresentation in Demosthenes' deliberative speeches in so far as the existing evidence permits such an examination. The method of investigation was firstly to find references to the particular event described by Demosthenes in any other author, either contemporary with the event or of a later time, and then to compare these references with Demosthenes' information; secondly, to check the objectivity of our sources, and then to determine how and to what degree Demosthenes has misrepresented the facts. There follows a discussion on whether the misrepresentation was deliberate or unconscious, and on the reasons behind this deviation from the truth, considering Demosthenes' knowledge of the events, his aims, and his policy at the time he was addressing his fellow-citizens. The historical events to which Demosthenes refers have been classified as events of earlier history, and events of Demosthenes' own time. The early history is sub-divided into Macedonian history and Athenian history. The value of such a work, the reliability of the authors referred to, and the reasons why preference was given to the deliberative speeches, are examined in the introduction. Concerning the early Macedonian history, the subjects considered are: Demosthenes' information on Alexander I and Perdiccas II; their relations with Athens; and mattersconcerning the affinities between Macedonia and Greece. For early Athenian history, we have examined events and personalities of the Persian wars, and of the subsequent inter-war years. The study of Demosthenes' own time covers Philip's activities in Amphipolis, Poteidaea, Thrace, the Chersonese, and Phocis; facts concerning Philip's character; and the conditions among the Macedonians. A classification of the cases of misrepresentation, followed by an interpretation, is presented in the conclusion. The work closes with an appendix dealing with the sources of Demosthenes' historical knowledge.

This thesis provides individual studies in and a comparison of the Atticistic lexica of the second and third centuries AD. Modern European classicists have looked at the lexicogra-phers separately, but never as a group or in direct comparison. German philologists of the 19th and early 20th centuries looked at them in depth, but did not draw conclusions for their social context, other than the supposed rivalry between Phrynichus and Pollux, while modern classicists of the late 20th century referred to them mainly as source to strengthen their theories for the broader social context of the Second Sophistic. Most extant Atticistic lexica stem from the second and third centuries AD, and it seems natural to concentrate on this period of time in this context. The first chapter of this thesis summarises the linguistic developments leading up to this period of time to provide a bet-ter understanding of Atticism. Atticism cannot be understood fully without special consid-eration of the Atticistic lexicographical movement and vice versa. Chapter II discusses Ae-lius Dionysius and Pausanias, the so-called “forefathers of Atticistic lexicography”, and establishes their neutral approach to the promotion of Atticism. Philemon and the Antiatti-cist are briefly introduced in Chapters III and IV, [but not discussed in length due to exist-ing literature and fragmentary character of the former and the unusual approach of the sub-ject matter and the weak manuscript tradition of the latter.] Chapters V, VI and VII form the core of this analysis with the discussion of Phrynichus’ feisty promotion of Atticism, Moeris’ close links to Phrynichus and his unusual tripartite criteria (Ἀττικόν, Ἑλλήνικον, κοινόν), and Pollux’ Onomasticon which provides us with a unique insight to the lexicog-rapher’s methods, intentions and readership. Chapter VIII reveals that there was harsh crit-icism of those who “over-Atticised,” and discusses who of these lexicographers might have fallen under this criticism. Just as there was no standardised approach to the imitation of Attic Greek, there was no standardised lexicographical approach to providing guidance.

En effectuant des analyses contrastives des versions chinoises d’un traité appartenant aux Moralia de Plutarque, cette thèse vise à découvrir la substance de l’acte traductif, à exposer l’hétérogénéité des conceptions relevant des cultures éloignées, ainsi qu’à présenter les obstacles traductifs se trouvant aux niveaux différents et aux époques diverses. Afin de proposer une solution efficace permettant de résoudre ou de contourner ces difficultés, Geyi (interprétation analogique) est examinée d’une manière approfondie avec sa légitimité confirmée et ses limites discernées. / With contrastive analysis on three different Chinese versions of a Plutarch's essay—Consolation to his wife, this thesis aims to discover the nature of translative operation, expose the heterogeneity of conceptions belonging to distant cultures, and reveal the obstacles in the translation of different levels in different phases. In order to suggest an effective solution, Geyi (analogical interpretation) is presented and examined, with his legitimacy confirmed and his limits divided.

Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women and the most common gynecological malignancy. While patient outcome has improved for the majority of cancers, the outlook for endometrial cancer has steadily decreased. In order to address this problem, we must better understand the different mechanisms involved in endometrial cancer development and progression. To this end, we quantified expression of 667 miRNAs in four endometrioid adenocarcinoma and four serous adenocarcinoma using Taqman Low Density Arrays (TLDAs). miR-888 was one of the most highly overexpressed miRNAs in both endometrial cancer subtypes. Analysis of miR-888 expression across multiple cancer types using the The Cancer Genome Atlas database revealed that miR-888 was selectively expressed in endometrial cancer, with a significant association to invasive and high grade tumors. In addition, miR-888 was most predominantly expressed in endometrial carcinosarcoma, a rare but deadly form of endometrial cancer. Therefore, we conclude that miR-888 expression marks an aggressive endometrial tumor phenotype. One of the top predicted targets of miR-888 by TargetScan is the progesterone receptor (PR). PR is a potent tumor suppressor of the endometrium whose expression is often lost in advanced endometrial cancers. We quantified PR mRNA expression in a panel of endometrial tumors and found a statistically significant, negative correlation between miR-888 and PR mRNA expression. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-888 in endometrial cancer cell lines was capable of decreasing PR at the protein level. To determine if miR-888 directly targets PR, we cloned each of the four miR-888 binding sites downstream of Renilla luciferase into the psiCHECK2 reporter vector. miR-888 overexpression was capable of decreasing luciferase activity for all four binding sites, with the second and third binding sites producing the most prominent results. Here we describe a novel mechanism by which miR-888 inhibits PR mRNA translation to negatively regulate PR expression in endometrial tumors. To determine the endogenous function of miR-888 in human cells, we quantified miR-888 in a panel of 21 normal human tissues. Interestingly, miR-888 was highly expressed in testes, with minimal or absence of expression in all other tissues investigated. The restricted expression pattern of miR-888 in testes and cancer suggested that miR-888 may qualify as a novel cancer-testis (CT) antigen. CT-antigens are a large class of genes that demonstrate selective expression normally in testes germ cells and abnormally in various types of cancer. Furthermore, CT-antigen genes are predominantly located on the X chromosome and are part of evolutionarily novel multicopy gene families. Indeed, miR-888 is part of a multicopy, primate-specific miRNA gene family located on the X-chromosome. Furthermore, miRNA in situ hybridization localized miR-888 expression to the early stages of spermatogenesis, as is often observed for CT antigens. Together, these data identify miR-888 as the first miRNA CT antigen and expand the CT antigen field to noncoding RNAs.

Pour des applications médicales ou en histoire de l'art, un système compact de production de rayonnement X monochromatique à haut flux par effet Compton nécessite de disposer d’une source laser impulsionnelle de forte puissance moyenne avec des durées de quelques picosecondes. Pour atteindre un haut flux de rayonnement X, le laser devra être injecté dans une cavité Fabry-Perot de haute finesse afin d’atteindre les puissances laser moyennes requises. Par conséquent, le laser devra avoir une bonne qualité de mode et de faibles bruits. Afin d’atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons étudié la réalisation d’oscillateurs à blocage de modes passif délivrant des puissances moyennes de plus de 10 W avec des impulsions d’une durée entre 10 et 20 ps. Au cours de ce travail, deux oscillateurs de haute puissance moyenne ont été conçus et réalisés : l’un à pompage radial avec Nd:YAG comme milieu de gain et l’autre à pompage longitudinal avec comme milieu de gain Nd:YVO4. Le développement du second oscillateur a donné lieu à une étude expérimentale de la réduction de la durée des impulsions qui nous permet d’ajuster la durée entre 46 ps et 12 ps en régime de blocage de modes passif. Les résultats expérimentaux ont été expliqués à l’aide d’une simulation numérique et une solution analytique a été trouvée pour prédire la durée des impulsions. Enfin, une étude des caractéristiques des bruits de l’oscillateur Nd:YVO4 a été réalisée. Ces mesures ont permis de mettre en évidence qu’un oscillateur de forte puissance moyenne a les capacités pour être aussi peu bruyant que des oscillateurs de faible puissance et à faibles bruits. En résumé nous avons développé un oscillateur puissant (20W), à une longueur d’onde de 1064 nm, avec des durées d’impulsions courtes (15 ps), une bonne qualité de faisceau (M2<1,2) et de faibles bruits (gigue temporelle <1,2 ps RMS 100Hz-1MHz non asservi). Par conséquent, notre oscillateur puissant est un excellent candidat pour faire partie de la machine compacte de rayonnement X monochromatique et à haut flux. / For medical or cultural heritage applications, a compact, monochromatic, Compton x-ray source system needs a powerful, few picosecond laser source. To obtain high-x-ray-flux, the laser should be coupled to a high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity to reach the required laser power. Therefore, the laser should have a good beam quality and low noises. In order to reach theses requirements, we have studied passive mode-locking oscillators delivering more than 10 W average power and between 10 and 20 ps pulse duration.Two high-power oscillators have been designed and implemented: a side-pumped Nd:YAG and an end-pumped Nd:YVO4 oscillator. With the second oscillator, we have studied the experimental reduction of pulse duration. We obtained a decrease from 46 ps to 12 ps in the continuous-wave mode-locked regime. Those experimental results have been explained by a numerical simulation and furthermore, we have developed an analytical solution to predict the pulse duration of such oscillator. Finally, we studied the noise characteristics of the Nd:YVO4 oscillator. Our measurements have shown that a high-power oscillator might be as low-noise as other low-power, low-noise oscillators. In conclusion, we have developed a powerful (20W), 1064nm-wavelength, short-pulses (15ps), good-beam-quality (M2<1.2) and low-noise free-running oscillator (timing jitter <1.2 ps RMS 100Hz-1MHz). Therefore, our high-power oscillator is an excellent candidate to be part of a compact, high-flux, monochromatic x-ray source.

La thèse est organisée en trois chapitres, dans lesquels on analyse, respectivement, la relation entre la notion d’espace et trois civilisations spécifiques – les Perses, les Egyptiens, les Scythes, les peuples auxquels Hérodote consacre les portions les plus amples et longues de son ouvrage – ; les fonctions des espaces sacrés grecs et « barbares », qui peuvent être un lieu d’émerveillement, un instrument argumentatif du discours historiographique, un repère géographique ou dénotatif ; enfin, le territoire de l’œcoumène, considéré en tant qu’espace de mouvement et en tant qu’argument de débat politique et littéraire. Les logiques qui soutiennent les constructions/représentations répondent à une double nécessité : fournir des informations sur la narration, la civilisation, le groupe humain ou l’individu qui constituent le sujet du récit ; assurer que le public des Histoires participe aux mécanismes narratifs qui règlent l’accès aux savoirs collectés par l’historien et, en particulier, à sa façon de décrire les espaces. / The main purpose of this project is to try to understand the function of spaces in Herodotus’ work and, in particular, to analyze the way in which spaces may play a different role accordingly to a specific context or topic Herodotus is dealing with. A first part of the research is dedicated to the attempt of understanding how spatial descriptions are fundamental to characterize those civilizations to which Herodotus devotes a large part of his narrative (the Persians, the Egyptians and the Scythians). The second part of the research is dedicated to sacred spaces. In this section I focus on two aspects: the multiple role of the temple as thoma, landmark and proof/impulse of the historical narrative; the passages in which Herodotus describes his characters by insisting on their behaviors towards sacred spaces. A third and final part of the thesis deals with space from a more geographical perspective and it is structured in the five following paragraphs: terminology of proximity; 'epeiros'; 'eremos', 'eschatos' and knowledge; hodological and cartographic space; naming lands and seas. / La nozione di spazio è analizzata secondo una prospettiva tripartita. Nel primo capitolo mi occupo del binomio spazio/civiltà: l'obiettivo è quello di capire come la nozione di spazio venga diversamente declinata in ciascun contesto per rendere ragione delle caratteristiche preminenti delle civiltà in oggetto. Il secondo capitolo è ulteriormente suddiviso in due sottosezioni: nella prima indago le funzioni storiografiche degli spazi sacri menzionati nelle Storie; nella seconda esamino il comportamento di tre coppie di individui rispetto a uno spazio di partenza che viene sottoposto a un processo di sacralizzazione o diviene, al contrario, teatro di un’azione sacrilega. Nel terzo capitolo tratto gli spazi dell'esperienza quotidiana, prestando attenzione a tematiche quali la nozione di prossimità, l'orientamento, la divisione politica e geografica dell'ecumene, la percezione dei territori di frontiera e periferici.

La presente investigación se realizó debido a la problemática que presenta el Policlínico Chiclayo Oeste, el cual corresponde a la mala percepción de parte de los usuarios por la atención brindada de los profesionales que laboran en esta institución médica. Este Policlínico brinda diferentes servicios de salud, de los cuales el principal es el servicio de Emergencia. Mediante esta investigación se tuvo como objetivo determinar el nivel de calidad de servicio percibido por el cliente. La metodología utilizada tiene un enfoque descriptivo – cuantitativo, se determinó el tamaño de la muestra la cual fue de 261 usuarios. Se utilizó la encuesta del modelo SERVPERF, el cual consta de 5 dimensiones: Elementos Tangible, Fiabilidad, Capacidad de Respuesta, Seguridad y Empatía. Esta herramienta ayudará a comprender que es lo que realmente perciben los asegurados en base al servicio que reciben. De los resultados se obtuvo que existe un 45.64% de personas asegurados que tienen una percepción indiferente con el servicio de Emergencia. Asimismo, tan solo el 1.78% de usuarios tienen una percepción Muy de Acuerdo respecto a las 5 dimensiones del modelo SERVPERF y el 25.10% de usuarios tienen una percepción Algo en Desacuerdo. Con esto se concluye que el Servicio de Emergencia del Policlínico Chiclayo Oeste tiene un bajo nivel de calidad.

In well cementing, the cement slurry is exposed to the conditions far different than those of ordinary Portland cement (PC) used in construction. After placement, hardened cement paste should preserve integrity and provide zonal isolation through the life of the well. American Petroleum Institute (API) Class G cement is the most common cement type used in various well conditions. Class G cement has a high degree of sulfate resistance which makes it more stable than PC when subjected to the compulsive well conditions. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) blended cement has a long history of use in the construction industry, but is not extensively used in well cementing applications. This study presents an experimental program to investigate the applicability of CEM I and GGBFS blended cement pastes in the well cementing industry. Class G cement and blends of CEM I and GGBFS with the proportions (80:20), (60:40), (40:60) and (20:80) are prepared with same water/cement ratio (0.44) as restricted for Class G cement in API Specification 10A to be tested. The cement pastes are cured for ages of 1 day, 7 days and 28 days at 80