Orientador: André Almeida Schenka / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T22:24:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renno_AndreLisboa_D.pdf: 23208237 bytes, checksum: c782ca447d3fee7cb5573e4b122b7f94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O câncer mamário é a neoplasia maligna mais incidente e a principal causa de óbito por malignidade no sexo feminino no Brasil e no mundo. Estipula-se que há mais de 1.2 milhões de novos casos anuais de câncer de mama, e que a heterogeneidade e a complexidade molecular do câncer de mama dificultam estratégias terapêuticas de prevenção e tratamento desta doença. Atualmente, acredita-se que, em diversas neoplasias, incluindo o câncer de mama, a célula alvo de mutações cumulativas responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento do fenótipo canceroso é uma célula-tronco adulta. Independentemente da origem da neoplasia (se em célula madura/diferenciada ou em CT), é possível constatar in vitro e in vivo, na grande maioria dos tumores malignos, uma subpopulação de células indiferenciadas, com características fenotípicas de célula-tronco. Tais células são designadas como "células tronco cancerosas ou neoplásicas (CTNs)". Com frequência, especula-se se as CTNs seriam responsáveis pela heterogeneidade morfológica e molecular de algumas neoplasias mamárias. Em conjunto, essas peculiaridades das CTNs as tornam importantes alvos no desenvolvimento de novas abordagens farmacoterapêuticas antineoplásicas. Recentemente, Gauthaman et al (2009) demonstraram de forma inédita em estudos in vitro que estatinas apresentam efeito inibitório específico sobre células tronco embrionárias com alterações cariotípicas e células de linhagens neoplásicas mamárias com fenótipo CTN, não afetando o crescimento de células tronco normais. As estatinas são inibidores competitivos da 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril coenzima A (HMG-CoA) e são amplamente utilizada para o tratamento de doenças cardiovascular primário e secundário. Além de amplamente utilizadas na prevenção e tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares secundárias a dislipidemias, evidências cumulativas apontam para um possível papel destas drogas na prevenção ou regressão de processos neoplásicos. Entre os efeitos antineoplásicos comprovados das estatinas, destacam-se: a inibição da proliferação celular, a promoção de apoptose, a inibição da angiogênese e a prevenção de metástases. Assim, buscou-se neste trabalho elucidar o efeito da sinvastatina e pravastatina sobre células progenitoras e CTNs e em algumas vias de sinalização intracelular em modelo de carcinogênese mamária (baseado na indução com 7,12 dimetilbenz(a)antraceno[DMBA]) em ratas Sprague-Dawley. Após um tratamento de 14 dias com as estatinas, as mamas das ratas foram analisadas para verificar a imunoexpressão de células progenitoras e CTNs (CD133, CD24, CD44 e EpCAM), variáveis biológicas (volume tumoral, mitose, índice proliferativo) além da análise proteica de Akt e Src. A maior dose da sinvastatina testada (40 mg/Kg) diminui o número de tumores desenvolvidos, volume e incremento tumoral e os índices de proliferação celular. Não houve alteração da percentagem de necrose com o tratamento com as estatinas. Ainda, sinvastatina diminuiu os níveis da fosforilação da Akt e aumento da PTEN, não havendo diferenças significantes nos níveis da Src. Sinvastatina também foi capaz de reduzir o número de células positivas CD133, CD24 e CD44. Pelas doses testadas, não houve diferença dos parâmetros biológicos analisados com o tratamento com a pravastatina. Em conclusão, neste modelo, o tratamento crônico com a sinvastatina apresentou efeitos citostáticos, ações reguladoras na via da Akt além do controle de células progenitoras e CTNs em modelo in vivo de carcinoma mamário / Abstract: Breast cancer is the malignant neoplasm with the highest incidence and the main cause of death by cancer within females in Brazil and in the world. It is estimated that there are over 1.2 million new annual cases of breast cancer. The heterogeneity and the molecular complexity of this type of cancer complicate the therapeutic strategies for its prevention and treatment. Nowadays, it is believed that in many different neoplasms, including breast cancer, the cell which is the target of cumulative mutations responsible for the development of the cancerous phenotype is an adult stem cell. Regardless the origin of the neoplasm (whether in mature/differentiated cell or in SC), a subpopulation of undifferentiated cells with phenotypic characteristics of stem cells can be seen in vitro and in vivo in most malignant tumours. These cells are designated as "neoplastics or cancer stem cells (CSCs)". It is often especulated whether CSCs would be responsible for the molecular and morphological heterogeneity in some breast neoplasms. The peculiarities of the CSCs make them a relevant/an important/a serious object for the development of new antineoplastic pharmacotherapeutic approaches. Recently, Gauthaman et al (2009) demonstrated in unprecedented in vitro studies that statins exhibit specific inhibitory effect on embryonic stem cells with karyotypic alterations and neoplastic mammary cell lines with phenotype CSC, not affecting the growth of normal stem cells. Statins are competitive inhibitors of coenzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl A (HMG-CoA) reductase and are widely used for the primary and secondary treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, cumulative evidence points to a possible role of these drugs in the prevention or regression of neoplastic processes. Amongst the proven anticancer effects of statins, some of them stand out such as: inhibition of cell proliferation, promotion of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis prevention. Thus, this study sough to elucidate simvastatin and pravastatin effects on progenitor cells and NSCs, and on some signaling pathways in breast carcinogenesis model (based on induction 7,12 dimethylbenz (a) anthracene [DMBA]) in female Sprague-Dawley rats. After a 14 days treatment with the statins, the rats' breasts were examined to verify immunostaining of progenitor cells and CSCs (CD133, CD24, CD44 and EpCAM), biological variables (tumor volume, mitosis, proliferation index) in addition to protein analysis of Akt and Src. The highest dose of the tested simvastatin (40mg/kg) decreased the number of tumors developed, volume and tumor growth as well as the cell proliferation index. There was no change in the percentage of necrosis to treatment with statins. Furthermore, simvastatin decreased the levels of Akt phosphorylation and increased PTEN levels, without significant differences in Src levels. Simvastatin was also able to reduce the number of CD133, CD24 and CD44 positive cells. For the doses tested, there was no difference on the analyzed parameters in the treatment with pravastatin. As a conclusion, in this model, chronic treatment with simvastatin showed cytostatic effects, regulatory actions towards Akt, as well as the control of CSCs and progenitor cells in the in vivo model of mammary carcinoma / Doutorado / Farmacologia / Doutor em Farmacologia

Orientador: André Almeida Schenka / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T13:11:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_PhilipiCoutinhode_M.pdf: 7492039 bytes, checksum: 04ef7a018050c98ae0be37a7e79c79e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O câncer de mama é a neoplasia maligna mais prevalente e a principal causa de óbito entre mulheres, no mundo. A despeito de avanços substanciais no entendimento da biologia da doença, nos métodos de detecção precoce, e em sua farmacoterapia, a sobrevida geral não se modificou significantemente nas últimas décadas. Portanto, pode se dizer que um dos deveres primordiais das Universidades Públicas engajadas com pesquisa básica e aplicadas consiste em contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de tratamento sistêmico desta neoplasia. Nesse contexto, um dos alvos estratégicos mais promissores no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos antineoplásicos é representado pela célula-tronco neoplásica (CTN). As CTNs têm sido associadas em inúmeros estudos à capacidade de algumas neoplasias malignas de resistir às principais modalidades terapêuticas antineoplásicas, especialmente à: radio-, quimio-, hormônio- e imunoterapias. Em resumo, na atualidade, a detecção de CTNs constitui uma ferramenta clínica bastante promissora enquanto alvo terapêutico, fator prognóstico e preditivo de resposta terapêutica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever e discutir as potencialidades e limitações do modelo de carcinogênese mamária pelo DMBA, após reclassificação das neoplasias mamárias segundo os critérios diagnósticos da OMS (2003, 2012), subtipagem molecular e quantificação de imunomarcadores prognósticos, preditivos e de CTN. Após a aplicação do protocolo experimental de indução química pelo DMBA e a eutanásia dos animais controle e experimental, suas linhas mamárias (contendo ou não tumores) foram ressecadas e avaliadas quanto à morfologia e a imunoexpressão para marcadores de CTNs. Após 13 semanas, 100% dos animais desenvolveram neoplasias macroscópicas e histologicamente compatíveis com os critérios de avaliação indicados pela OMS. Os tumores foram classificados em carcinoma ductal, carcinoma papilífero, carcinoma lobular, carcinoma mioepitelial e tumor filóide, sendo o tipo mais frequente, o ductal. Poucos marcadores imunoistoquímicos mostraram correlação com variáveis de comportamento biológico. Mesmo assim, o grau de correlação não foi elevado. A grande heterogeneidade morfológica intratumoral e interanimal, associada à presença de subtipos histológicos bifásicos (tumor filóide), tumores com diferenciação mioepitelial/basal e à grande positividade para marcadores CTN clássicos (tanto em termos de frequência na amostra como em termos de distribuição média nas neoplasias) demonstram a participação clara de CTNs no modelo, o que o torna um importante referencial como modelo in vivo para o teste de drogas anti-CTN específicas. O modelo reproduz os principais subtipos histológicos e moleculares de câncer mamário, o que significa que poderá ser utilizado no estudo pormenorizado de drogas indicadas especificamente para cada subcategoria molecular (e.g., agentes hormonais que são indicados especificamente para os tipos luminais e trastuzumab, indicado nos tumores do subtipo HER2), bem como no desenvolvimento de novas drogas com maior especificidade para a classe molecular de interesse / Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of death from cancer among females worldwide. Despite all the research and all the progress, methods of early detection, and its pharmacotherapy, overall survival has not changed significantly in recent decades. Therefore, the Public University has been engaged in basic and applied research is too contributed to the development of new strategies for systemic treatment of this malignancy. In this context, one of the most promising strategic targets in the development of the anticancer drugs is represented by neoplastic stem cell (NSC). Neoplastic stem cell has been linked in various studies to the capacity of some malignancies to resist major antineoplastic therapeutic modalities, especially: radio-, chemo-, hormone- and immunotherapies. In summary, the detection of NSCs is a clinical tool very promising while therapeutic target and prognostic factor predictive of therapeutic response. The aim of this study was to describe and discuss the strengths and limitations of the model of mammary carcinogenesis by DMBA, after reclassification of breast cancer according to the diagnostic criteria of the WHO (2003, 2012), and quantification of molecular subtyping prognostic immunomarkers, predictive and NSC. After application of the experimental protocol of chemical induction by DMBA and euthanasia of experimental and control animals, the mammary lines (with or without tumors) were resected and evaluated the morphology and immunostaining for markers of NSCs. After 13 weeks, 100% of the animals developed macroscopic neoplasms and histologically consistent with the evaluation criteria of evaluation indicated by WHO. Tumors were classified as ductal carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, myoepithelial carcinoma and phyllodes tumor, being the most common type, the ductal. Few immunohistochemical markers correlated with variable behavior biological. Nevertheless, the degree of correlation was not high. The morphological intratumoral heterogeneity and interanimal associated with the presence of histological biphasic subtypes (phyllodes tumor), tumors with myoepithelial/basal differentiation and the positivity for NSCs classic markers (both in terms of frequency in the sample and in terms of the average distribution neoplasias) demonstrate a clear involvement of NSCs in the model, making it an important reference as a model for in vivo testing of anti-specific NSC. The model reproduces the main molecular and histological subtypes of breast cancer, which means that could be used in detailed study drug indicated specifically for each subcategory molecular (eg, hormonal agents that are suitable specifically for the luminal type and trastuzumab indicated in tumors HER2 subtype), as well as to develop new drugs with higher specificity for the class of molecular interest / Mestrado / Farmacologia / Mestre em Farmacologia

Orientador: André Almeida Schenka / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T23:14:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_MonalisaNogueira_M.pdf: 3298749 bytes, checksum: ed49b381d19bdf264ab8c172dee5e277 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A sinvastatina pertence à classe das estatinas, drogas capazes de inibir a enzima 3-hidroxi-3-metil-glutaril-coenzima A redutase (HMG-CoA redutase), interferindo desse modo com a síntese intracelular e os níveis plasmáticos de colesterol no organismo. Embora tradicionalmente utilizadas na prevenção primária e secundária de doenças cardiovasculares, as estatinas vêm sendo testadas nas últimas décadas como possíveis drogas antineoplásicas em estudos experimentais pré-clínicos. Parte da ação antineoplásica demonstrada até o momento parecer estar relacionada a um efeito inibitório sobre as chamadas células-tronco neoplásicas (CTNs), que representam uma pequena subpopulação celular emleucemias e tumores sólidossendo consistentemente associadasa(1) potencial metastático, (2) à resistência a quimio- e radioterapias, e (3) a pior prognóstico. Estudos realizados por este grupo de pesquisa confirmam os efeitos antitumorais e anti-CTN da sinvastatina quando esta é administrada cronicamente, em dosesrelativamente baixas (i.e., comparáveis às doses antidislipidêmicas, em humanos). Contudo, até o presente momento, não há registros na literatura sobre a existência de efeitos antineoplásicos ou anti-CTN agudos, utilizando-se o referido fármaco em doses altas. Em outras palavras, não existem evidências de que a sinvastatina poderia ser utilizada com sucesso em um esquema posológico intermitente de alta dosagem (quimioterapia clássica em ciclos). Assim sendo, o objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi confirmar e caracterizar a ocorrência de efeitos antineoplásicos e anti-CTN com o uso de sinvastatina em regime agudo e de alta dosagem. Para tanto, ratas Sprague-Dawley portadoras de carcinomas mamários invasivos induzidos por 7,12-dimetil-benz-(a)- antraceno (DMBA) foram tratadas com uma dose única intragástrica de sinvastatina (250mg/kg; n=6) ou de seu diluente (óleo de soja; n=6), sendo os efeitos sobre a morte celular, atividade proliferativa e expressão imunoistoquímica de marcadores CTN clássicos avaliados 24h depois. Observou-se que o tratamento com sinvastatina promoveu agudamente uma redução do índice de proliferação celular (de cerca de 54%; p=0.037), associada a uma diminuição nas expressões de alguns marcadores CTN, tais como ALDH1 (74%, p=0.004) e OCT3/4 (72%; p=0.036). Em contrapartida, não observamos alterações na frequência de células CD44+, CD133+, EPCAM+, CD24-/CD44+ ou CD133+/EPCAM+ (p>0.05), tão pouco no número de células em apoptose (células positivas para caspase 3). Paradoxalmente, encontramos um aumento na frequência relativa de células CD24+ de cerca de 17X (p=0.010). Em conclusão, pode-se afirmar que a sinvastatina em dose alta apresenta precocemente (agudamente): (1) ação antineoplásica do tipo citostática (já que reduz a proliferação celular, sem causar morte) e (2) anti-CTN limitada (isto é, restrita a células que expressam ALDH1 e OCT3/4) / Abstract: Simvastatin belongs to a group of pharmacological agents called statins ¿ drugs that inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), thus interfering with the intracellular synthesis and serum levels of cholesterol in the organism. Although traditionally used in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, statins have been tested in the last decades as putative antineoplastic drugs, in pre-clinical (experimental) studies. Part of the antineoplastic action so far demonstrated seems to be related to an inhibitory effect on the so-called cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small cell subpopulation of leukemias and solid tumors, which are consistently associated to (1) metastatic potential, (2) chemo- and radiotherapy resistance, and (3) worse prognosis. Accumulated evidence provided by this group confirm the anti-tumoral and anti-CSC effects of simvastatin, when it is given chronicallyand in relatively low doses (i.e., similar to antidyslipidemic doses, in humans). However, up to the present moment, there are no records in the literature describing the existence of acute antineoplastic or anti-CSC effects using the mentioned drug in high doses. In other words, there is no evidence that simvastatin could be used successfully in an intermittent high-dosage schedule (classic cyclic chemotherapy). Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to confirm and characterize the antineoplastic and anti-CSC effects of an intermittent single high-dosage schedule of simvastatin.In order to do so, female Sprague-Dawley rats bearing invasive carcinomas previously induced by 7,12-dimethyl-benz-(a)- anthracene (DMBA) were treated with a single intragastric doseof simvastatin (250mg/kg; n=6) orofits diluent (soy oil; n=6), and the effects oncell death, proliferation activity and immunoexpression of classic CSC markers were assessed 24h later. Treatment with simvastatin resulted, acutely, in a reduction of proliferation index (of approximately approximately 54%, p=0.037), associated to a decrease in the expression of some of the CSC markers, such as ALDH1 (74%, p=0.004) and OCT3/4 (72%; p=0.036). On the other hand, there were no significant alterations in the frequency of CD44+, CD133+, EPCAM+, CD24-/CD44+ or CD133+/EPCAM+ cells (p>0.05), nor in the number of apoptotic cells (caspase 3+ cells). Paradoxically, we found an 17-fold increase in the frequency of CD24+ cells (p=0.010). In conclusion, high-dose simvastatin presents acutely (early) with: (1) a cytostatic antineoplastic action (since it reduces cell proliferation but not cell death) and (2) a limited anti-CSCeffect (i.e., restricted to ALDH1+and OCT3/4+ cells) / Mestrado / Fisiopatologia Médica / Mestra em Ciências

Chan Ho Yee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-138). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.II / ABSTRACT --- p.III / 摘要 --- p.V / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.VI / "TABLE OF CONTENTS, " --- p.VII / LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES --- p.XI / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes --- p.1 / Cytochrome P450 1 family --- p.4 / CYP1A1 --- p.5 / CYP1A2 --- p.5 / CYP1B1 --- p.5 / Transactivation of CYP1 enzymes by Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) --- p.8 / Implication of PAHs and CYP1 family in breast cancer --- p.10 / Potential role of phytochemicals on cancer prevention --- p.11 / Significance of this project --- p.13 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.14 / Chemicals --- p.14 / Maintenance of cells --- p.14 / Preparation of cell stock --- p.14 / Cell recovery from liquid nitrogen stock --- p.15 / Measurement of cell viability --- p.15 / Preparation of cell lysates (NP-40 cell lysis buffer) --- p.15 / XRE-luciferase gene reporter assay --- p.16 / Manipulation of DNA and RNA --- p.17 / Separation and purification of DNA from agarose gel --- p.17 / Separation of DNA from acrylamide gel --- p.17 / Restriction digestion --- p.18 / Ligation of DNA fragments --- p.18 / Transformation of DH5 a --- p.19 / Small scale plasmid purification from DH5a (mini prep) --- p.19 / Large scale plasmid isolation from DH5a (maxi-prep) --- p.20 / Construction of XRE activated luciferase reporter gene --- p.21 / Measurement of DMBA-DNA adduct formation --- p.21 / Semi-quantitative RT-PCR Assay --- p.22 / ENZYME ACTIVITIES --- p.23 / Isolation of microsomes --- p.23 / EROD activities in intact cells --- p.23 / EROD inhibition assay --- p.24 / Stattstical Analysis --- p.24 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- BAICALEIN INHIBITS DMBA-DNA ADDUCT FORMATION BY MODULATING CYP1A1 AND 1B1 ACTIVITIES --- p.26 / Introduction --- p.26 / Results --- p.28 / EROD activities in MCF-7 cells and inhibition assay --- p.28 / Baicalein suppressed DMBA-induced XRE-driven luciferase activities --- p.31 / Baicalein inhibited DMBA-induced CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA expression --- p.31 / The cytotoxic effect of DMBA was reduced by baicalein --- p.35 / Inhibition of DMBA-DNA adduct formation after baicalein treatment --- p.35 / Discussion --- p.39 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- INHIBITION OF DMBA-DNA ADDUCT FORMATION BY (-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE AND THEAFLAVINS --- p.41 / Introduction --- p.41 / Results --- p.45 / Persistence of DMBA-induced DNA adducts --- p.45 / Inhibition of theaflavins and EGCG on human recombinant CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 enzyme activities --- p.48 / EGCG suppressed DMBA-induced EROD activity while thealfavin had no significant effect on this --- p.48 / Kinetic analysis of EGCG on CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 activities --- p.53 / Modulation of DMBA-induced XRE-driven luciferase activities by theaflavins and EGCG --- p.56 / The influence of theaflavins and EGCG on CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 abundance --- p.56 / Discussion --- p.65 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- ISOFLAVONES PREVENT DMBA-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS BY INHIBITING CYP1A1 AND CYP1B1 ACTIVITIES --- p.67 / Introduction --- p.67 / Results --- p.70 / Isoflavones inhibited DMBA-induced EROD activity in MCF-7 cells --- p.70 / Inhibition of MCF-7 microsomal EROD activities by isoflavones --- p.70 / Kinetic analysis of the inhibition of human recombinant CYP1 enzymes by isoflavones --- p.74 / XRE-driven Luciferase activities --- p.83 / Both biochanin A and genistein suppressed DMBA-induced CYP1 mRNA expression --- p.83 / Cytotoxicity of DMBA and isoflavones co-treatment --- p.88 / Isoflavones reduced the binding of activated DMBA to DNA --- p.89 / Discussion --- p.93 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- IN VITRO EFFECTS OF BAICALEIN AND THEAFLAVINS ON RAT HEPATIC P450 ACTIVITIES --- p.96 / Introduction --- p.96 / Results --- p.98 / Inhibition of EROD and MROD activities in rat liver microsomes by baicalein --- p.98 / Effects of theaflavins on EROD and MROD activities in rat liver microsomes --- p.102 / Kinetic studies for EROD and MROD activities of theaflavins --- p.104 / DISCUSSION --- p.114 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION --- p.116 / APPENDIX 1 PRIMER LISTS --- p.118 / APPENDIX 2 REAGENTS --- p.119 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.121