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A major issue for many places has been retaining and capitalising on the 'auratic' (Benjamin, 1931) within the context of mass-reproduction, flows and globalisation, which could imbue the urban environment with a sense of 'placelessness" (Relph, 1976). The research takes the form of an urban spatial study examining how staged authenticity (MacCannell, 1973; Cohen, 1979) is perceived by tourists and tourism managers in fifteen key English historic cities. Labadi (2010, p.78) uses the term 'post authenticity' and the degree of restoration and recreation are recognised as playing an important part in preserving built and intangible heritage. With the growth of the 'experience economy' (Pine and Gilmore, 1999) and 'festival market places' (Ritzer and Liska, 1997; Bryman, 2004) it could be argued that the historic cityscape provides a 'throwntogetherness' (Massey, 2005) of forms of staged authenticity, including the historic built environment, new cultural attractions, architecture, street scene, traditions, events and spaces, all of which act as forms of historic interpretation. The research utilises a visual methodology, including Visitor-Employed Photography, analysing over 1,200 historic city tourist and tourism manager photo-diary entries using Lightroom software. Findings suggest that simultaneous, fluid spaces of authenticity are perceived by participants, as the past emerges and retreats flows during the urban tourism experience (Massey, 2005). The spaces use Fjellman's axiomatic combinations of fake and real to examine, firstly, the more affective, softer, intuitive original heritage city; where tourists and placemakers ignore the staged and experience performative and personal authenticity (Knudsen and Waade, 2010). Secondly, the restored city involves participants choosing their images because of mechanistic authenticity, rather than their aesthetic impact. Lastly, the staged city is perceived as recreated rather than restored, which can create a placebo heritage effect, with new culture augmenting the heritage product, providing a contemporary contextual streetscape.

This research aims to explore the scope ofpublic participation in the process of tackling local environmental issues involving mine water pollution. Mine water pollution, as a constituent ofour post-industrial heritage, presents a specific type of environmental issue with impacts most acutely perceived at a local level. The scale of historic coal mining activities in northeast England (and legal exemptions for owners of mine workings abandoned prior to 1999) has left a legacy ofmine water pollution in the region, impacting on those already suffering the social and-economic consequences resulting from the demise of the national coal mining industry in the 19801990' s. The inability oftraditional authority structures to effectively deal with mine water pollution within the UK has, in cases, led to consideration of public involvement in a participatory approach to tackle the problems.,Jfhe case at Quaking Houses suggests that public participation offers the potential for engaging local communities in these environmental issues and introducing science to serve community needs. This research examines the role that the public can play, looking at how people can engage and become involved in decisions relating to their environmental heritage, and specifically the contribution public participation makes in the process of tackling mine water pollution. This study explores three case studies from an interdisciplinary perspective assessing the socio-political and technical dynamics .associated with public participation in the arena of mine water remediation. I offer a detailed account of public participation and partnership processes within the specific case studies and explore the issues arising in the context of tackling mine water pollution. I use the cases to illustrate some ofthe difficulties encountered whilst taking an interdisciplinary approach -combining scientific intervention with non-technical participants, and try to show the dynamics and patterns of distrust and misunderstanding and their impacts on the 8ecision making process. I argue that these case studies highlight the 'classic' features ofproblematic participation initiatives in environmental decision making, including problems ofcommunication, lack oftrust and a conflict between technocratic and democratic approaches. I conclude by reflecting on the role of participation and trust within the context ofaddressing mine water pollution and in environmental issues more generally.

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The purpose of this study is to analyse and interpret the potential of archaeology as a resource for tourism in the United Kingdom. The study will draw upon the specific case of the Yorkshire Wo lds, in terms of existing developments and potential, with other examples examined where appropriate for comparative purposes. The significance of the study lies in the growing importance of tourism in the countryside and in the context of agricultural decline. There is a strong economic motive therefore, underlying the activities of tourism authorities to identify and develop for tourism the "cultural capital" that lies within their jurisdiction and to do so in a way that is sensitive to the potential environmental impacts of such activity. There is also a growing interest in the concept of "local distinctiveness" and local communities are expressing this through schemes such as the Local Heritage Initiative, which are designed to identify and celebrate various aspects of the past at local level. The study will be concerned with the extent to which archaeology can constitute a resource for the purposes of tourism and to identify the modalities of interpretation and heritage management that would enable this to occur. Of central interest, is the extent to which local communities could have a more significant role in managing and presenting their heritage to external audiences than has been the case hitherto. A key objective is to analyse and interpret what is actually "on the ground" in the area of the Yorkshire Wolds and the potential it has to become an archaeological tourist resource. This will be achieved by studying the area using primary and secondary methods of data collection to understand the levels of interpretation, preservation and archaeological significance to establish whether the undiscovered heritage of the Wolds has potential from a tourism perspective.

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