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This Thesis examines the character of internal migration in Iraq. In Part I and II the agricultural conditions and population movement are analysed for the regions and subregions of the country. The analysis suggests that the major factor leading to migration is the deterioration of the agricultural sector, and that the main migration problem areas are the flow irrigated Central and Southern Regions. Policies devised to deal with the agricultural sector seem to fail due to difficulties of implementation. In the third and fourth Parts of this Thesis Case Studies of the Migrant Settlements in the Capital and of the Reverse Migration Project set up outside the Capital are examined. The objectives of this examination were primarily to gain greater understanding of the rural migration pattern to the Capital, the main recipient of rural migrants in the country, and to assess the effectiveness of the Reverse Migration Project. Both Case Studies' data uphold the characteristics of the migration pattern shown in the examination of the population movement in Part II of the Thesis and also support the suggestion that the deterioration of the agricultural sector is the main factor for rural migration in Iraq. Case Studies data further support the single stage to the Capital pattern of migration suggested in the first two Parts. of the Thesis. Analysis of the Reverse Migration Project Case Study shows that while the experiment was basically successful, as far as keeping the relocated migrants in their new rural environments, administrative and bureaucratic problems are seriously threatening the future of the project. A series of short, medium and long range measures to deal with the migration movement (as a direct option) and with the agricultural sector (as an indirect option) form the bases of the conclusions where the regional differentials for these suggested measures are emphasized.

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The thesis sets out to evaluate the use of Causal Networks as a methodology and as a means of highlighting the problems associated with tourism in peripheral areas. Once these problems were identified through this process, the research findings are related to established literature and Lesson Drawing is evaluated as a means of comparative analysis. In attempting to utilise both Causal Networks and Lesson Drawing, three regions within Scotland were chosen as case studies. It was hoped that the selection of three regions within the same geographical propinquity would allow for Lessons to be both, imported and exported, from within the regions. The three regions chosen were Grampian; Inverness and Nairn; and Ross and Cromarty. An extensive literature search was conducted in an attempt to establish facts salient to the regions and primary research was carried out in all three regions. The primary research involved the use of an interview questionnaire. The respondents were all involved in tourism provision in one of the three case study regions. The interview data was collated and input onto conceptually clustered matrices. Causal Networks were constructed and analysed for each individual interview and for cognate groups and regions. Some tentative conclusions were drawn as a result of constructing the Causal Networks. These Causal Networks segmented the respondents into representative groups based on their functions or locations, for example commercial and non-commercial sector respondents or Grampian and Aberdeen City regional sector respondents. Using the Causal Networks opportunities for drawing lessons between the regions were highlighted. Finally, the effectiveness of both Casual Networks and Lesson Drawing methodologies were assessed in terms of their applicability for tourism provision in peripheral areas.

This thesis attempted to further knowledge of urban development by examining two related themes: firstly, it considered the socio-spatial structures of a series of small English towns during the mid-19th century, a period of industrialization and urbanization, paying particular reference to the relationship between their development and the urban spatial continuum model known to operate in large cities undergoing industrialization; secondly, it examined the effect of economic function on urban structure and development at this small town scale and, to this end, the four study towns were selected on the basis of their functional dissimilarities. The analytical processes used ranged from simple manipulation of information from sources of limited utility to three series of multivariate analyses of Census Enumberators’ Book data - cross-sections of the towns based on information from the 1851 and 1871 censuses and longitudinal analyses of relative change between these two censuses. The results indicated that the towns did conform to the continuum model, at least in morphological terms, since, in 1851, their residential patterns could be associated with its 'pre-industrial' stage but, by 1871, three of the towns were progressing towards its second or 'industrial' phase. The factor analyses also identified considerable social change and this theme was continued in examinations of the towns' migration patterns and their social interaction and mobility rates (using marriage licence data for these last two investigations). In each town, differences were found between the mobility patterns of various social groups within their populations but these did not mask the differences between the populations as a whole. However, contrary to expectations, it was not the industrial towns' populations that had the highest overall mobility rates, but those of the more prosperous market towns. This result demonstrated that while social change might have been associated with industrialization at a national level, this was not necessarily the case in small towns where local factors were of more importance.

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