This is a study of the small local chapels and burial grounds which are found throughout Man, Orkney and Shetland and an investigation into their relationship to the land divisions of these islands. It is a study which attempts to look at these sites within the context of their contemporary landscape. The historical evidence for the early Church in the Northern Isles and Man is introduced in Chapter 2 and interpretative accounts, based on that evidence, are considered in Chapter 3. The basic problem of chronology is then considered in Chapter 4 which sets out and examines historical, stylistic and archaeological criteria for the dating of sites. In essence, Chapters 2-4 provide an account of the current state of knowledge regarding the Manx and Northern Isles' chapels. Archaeological evidence is introduced in Chapter 5. This chapter, together with the survey of sites in Man and the Northern Isles (Volume 2), provide the necessary background material for the analytical work in Chapters 6&7. The association of the Manx and Northern Isles' chapels with the land divisions is considered in Chapter 6 and a theoretical model for the development of the Manx land system and for the association of keeill and treen is presented. This model is based partly upon this study's analysis of boundary association, a phenomenon which, it is suggested, may be indicative of Early Christian ecclesiastical organization. This model is also tested against the Northern Isles' data. Aspects of continuity are considered in Chapter 7 and conclusions and topics for future research are presented in Chapter 8.

Musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) have been widely used by bio-archaeologists as indicators of physical activity. These markers occur at the sites of attachment of soft tissue to bone. They are anomalies of bone formation or destruction at these sites and often called enthesopathies in clinical literature. The aims of this research were firstly to determine the aetiology of these features; in particular, whether they can be used as indicators of physical activity. Secondly, to create a new digital and quantifiable recording method, that is both cheap and simple to use. To achieve the first aim, several literature reviews were undertaken: of the bio-archaeological literature; of the anatomy of the attachment sites; of the relationship between trauma and enthesopathy formation; and of the relationship between enthesopathy formation and disease. Many diseases, for example DISH and ankylosing spondylitis, were found to be associated with enthesopathy formation. Findings of these reviews indicated current bio-archaeological recording methods and interpretive practises are at odds with clinical literature. The second aim had to take these factors into account. Pilot studies were undertaken to develop a new recording method. The final method used visual recording and measurement of enthese along with digitalisation of the surface in two-dimensions using a profile gauge. The digital curves were then quantified using roughness parameters commonly used in materials science. These described the surfaces and could also be used to determine whether this method was applicable to differentiate between normal entheses and those with enthesopathies. Discriminant function analysis demonstrated that this was possible. Stringent diagnostic criteria were also set in place to remove any individuals with possible disease-related enthesopathies. Using the same method, it was found that these could (in some circumstances) also be differentiated from the normal samples.

The last twenty years has seen a great increase in the number of recorded provenance Iron Age coins. The same period has also seen advances in archaeological ideology particularly with regards to depositional processes and the inter-relationship between material assemblages and their contexts. This study re-examines existing potheseasn d developsn ew hypotheseisn light of the new data to address fundamental questions about who used iron Age coins and why A detailed catalogue ofall coins found in the south midlands is included After a review of the history of research into Iron Age coins and an overview of the development of British Iron Age coinage, particularly north of the Thames, there is a detailed look at the distributions of each major coin type found in the south midlands. The distributions have produced many interesting conclusions on the primary circulation areas of coins and hence areas of political unity, the position of possible boundaries between such areas, possible issuing authority, relative chronology and the significance of metallic content. A distribution/expansion theory has been proposed to introduce a non-stylistic approach for identifying the relative chronologies of the issues of Tasciovanus. An important part of the thesis is an archaeological study of the types of site coins are recovered from, the type, location and date of features containing coins within such sites, and detailed contextual analyses concerning material associations and position within features. From the contextual analysis it was concluded that most Iron Age coins were deposited in a deliberately structured way in specified locations, often in special votive deposits, were closely associated with other aspects religious ritual activity, and that this role continued in to the Roman period.

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis presents a theoretical framework for studying several aspects of children's lives through material culture. The framework, which is developed from current theory in archaeology, anthropology and sociology that stresses the agency and social contributions of children, is applied to three case studies based in the Roman world that have been designed to focus on different aspects of their lives. The first case study looks at graffiti from Pompeii and Herculaneum as material remains of children's activities and the social expectations influencing them. The second examines burial assemblages of children in the provinces of Raetia and Germania Superior to understand how childhood is demarcated as a social space. The final case study reconsiders the role of toys and objects traditionally thought of as children's material culture in the process of socialization. Ultimately this thesis attempts to draw conclusions about the lived experiences of children, including the physical location of their activities and the relationships they had with family members, peers and other members of their communities.

No description available.

For most archaeologists today, barrow digging represents the archetypal antiquarian activity of the nineteenth century in particular; there has been less appreciation of its place in eighteenth-century work. Yet for all this acceptance of its importance there have been few attempts to understand the work of the barrow diggers in terms of their own aims and society. Fundamentally, then, this work has been undertaken in the hope that it will take us some of the way towards redressing the balance and, to this end, the writings of the barrow diggers have been allowed wherever possible to speak for themselves. Although the prime motivation in most barrow digging was the collection of the objects accompanying the burial it should not be supposed that other, often more overtly academic, aims were thereby excluded. In these other aspirations, we can more clearly determine the relationship of the barrow diggers to the broader intellectual aspirations of their day. A clear watershed is observable in the third, fourth and fifth decades of the nineteenth century when the previously secure links with the topographical tradition several centuries old were severed in favour of a more tenuous association with the newly emerging social sciences. This is particularly reflected in barrow digging by a weakening dependence upon classical sources and consequent increase in the use of ethnographic examples to explain the phenomena observed during barrow digging. Further there was an emphasis on the possibilities of meaningful racial determinations from the human skeletal remains, itself a result of the increasing racial concerns in a society seeking to generate new approaches to alien cultures and peoples with the collapse of the attitudes rooted in the acceptance of slavery. The appeal of racial analyses diminished in the face of the growth of social evolutionary theory which led in the latter years of the nineteenth century to the emergence of typology in archaeological analysis. In general, the approaches to excavation and analysis, though varied, show little innovative intention on the part of the barrow diggers whose aspirations were derived from outside views rather than generated by the demands of the material discovered. An important element in providing these views was the county societies and museums founded in the period after 1840 when antiquarian activities had become respectable in a way not known in the preceding century. The journals and other activities of these institutions both provided a wider diffusion of general aims and aspirations and enable us to determine the increasing tempo of antiquarian studies, including barrow digging, which was altogether less individualistic than it had been in the eighteenth century.

No description available.

No description available.