The thesis is an attempt to view the iconography of Attic vase-painting of the Late Geometric II period, in relation to the previous Late Geometric I period as well as the ensuing Early Protoattic and to establish and interpret the origin and meaning of the various iconographic themes. The main body of the work begins with a detailed look at those iconographic representations which are found in both Late Geometric I and Late Geometric II. The purely decorative animal representations such as goats, deer and horses are studied first, while the more complex narrative scenes such as prothesis and chariot representations follow. Chapter II deals only with the Late Geometric II innovations, for example riders, man and lions, as well as animals, grazing horses, bulls, dogs and fantastic animals such as centaurs, sphinxes and winged goats. In chapter III, three different workshops are studied, each one distinguished for its predilection for specific iconographic themes, such as hunting, cult scenes and the various schemes of man with horses and horses with tripods. In all three chapters the iconography of other areas of the Greek world especially Euboea, Boeotia, Argos and Crete is drawn for comparison and the possible influences of the Mycenaean world as well as the Near East are also considered. New workshops and individual painters are also studied; since the main subject of the thesis is iconography and not workshops, these new workshops are included in the Appendix. Finally the relationship between iconography and shape, and iconography and workshops is studied.

Ever since Schliemann's excavations in the Argolid, the area has been popular with archaeologists. One hundred years later the Geometric period is fairly well known in certain aspects but in other ways it is still unclear and even less is known about the immediately succeeding period, the early Archaic. The aim of this thesis, therefore, is to present the archaeological evidence for both the later part of the Geometric and early Archaic periods, the eighth and seventh centuries, and to examine the differences and the changes that occur within that time at the various sites, noting in particular the contrasts between the eighth and seventh century. This is a purely archaeological survey; historical accounts are not considered except in passing. The thesis attempts to put into proper perspective the position of Argos in relation to her neighbours in the Argolid, and the position of the eastern peninsula in relation to the central plain. Reasons are also suggested for the sudden and important changes noticeable in the seventh century. All the major facets of the archaeological evidence are presented, each in its own chapter beginning with the sites themselves, including distribution maps and a site index. Trends in settlement patterns from the LHIIIB to the Archaic period are noted, with particular attention to the Geometric and Archaic. The graves are then considered with an index of all graves of the eighth and seventh centuries. Contrasts and comparisons are made between the periods at each site. Pottery is examined by period and site, then metalwork in terms of the different types of artifacts found in the eighth and seventh centuries. The evidence of terracottas is treated in the same way and inscriptions and script are studied; finally the evidence for sanctuaries and cults brings together much of the previous material.

This dissertation explores Pausanias’ depiction of the (mythical) Messenian revolt against the Spartans in book 4 of his Periegesis in comparative perspective with ancient depictions of slave revolts and Flavius Josephus’ Jewish War. I concentrate on how Pausanias portrays Aristomenes and the other rebels, as well as the Messenians in general. Although recently the Messenian Wars have been the subject of scholarly interest from literary critics, historians, and archaeologists, who have fruitfully combined their disciplines in their interpretations of the story, Pausanias’ aims and agenda in his representation of the Messenians have so far been left unexplored. This dissertation therefore asks: What stance did Pausanias take in the contested history of Messenia? In my analysis of Pausanias’ figuration of Messenian history, in chapters 1 (the introduction) and 2 I concentrate on his frequent use of τόλμη and in particular in its combination with ἀπόνοια (‘despair’). Τόλμη, translated as daring, contains both positive and negative connotations. It is a necessary ingredient of courage, but can also lead to recklessness if uncontrolled. My comparative framework in chapters 3 to 6 puts this reading of Pausanias’ book 4 to the test. In chapter 3 I compare Pausanias’ depiction of Aristomenes’ leadership qualities with Athenaeus’ use of the story of Drimakos, the rebel leader of a slave revolt on the island of Chios. In chapters 4 and 5 I pursue the connection between slavery, τόλμη and ἀπόνοια further in a comparison of the Messenian revolt with Diodorus’ depiction of the two Sicilian slave wars, along with Plutarch’s and Appian’s account of Spartacus’ revolt. In the sixth chapter I interpret the Messenian revolt as a ‘nationalistic’ uprising and compare Pausanias’ account with Josephus’ Jewish War.

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The investigation into the relationship between Greek and Babylonian systems of learning has overwhelmingly focused on determining the elements that the former borrowed from the latter, while the fundamental questions relating to the process of transmission of these elements are still largely ignored. This thesis, therefore, offers a preliminary theoretical framework within which the movement of ideas should be analysed. The framework is based on the understanding that all ideas from one culture, when they are to enter another thought and belief system, must be ’translated’ into the concepts and terminology prevalent in their new context. An approach is developed which exploits the concept of ’cultural translation’ as put forward within various modern disciplines. The thesis examines how the ’translatability’ of the material from the perspective of the receiving culture influences its inclusion into the new ’home repertoire’ and determines the changes it undergoes as part of this process. A number of case studies in astronomy, astrology and mathematics are presented to help explain what parts of ’Chaldean knowledge’ were utilised by Greek and Hellenistic scholars, how these were interpreted according to the existing Greek intellectual network into which the new material was inserted and how it was influenced by the ’cultural grid’, a construct reflecting patterns of expectation about a foreign culture.

This work analyses the most important sources for manumission in Ancient Greece from a legal perspective, with the aim of unearthing the legal concepts and definitions that informed the liberation of slaves in the ancient documents. More specifically, this study will examine the legal nature of manumission in exchange for money while also analysing the legal condition of those ἀπελεύθεροι who, after their liberation, were required to perform παραμονή-services towards their former masters. This analysis will focus on the origins of manumission in Greece (which can be traced back to the Homeric poems), on the body of Hellenistic inscriptions from Delphi and Chaeronea, on some forensic speeches from Classical Athens and, finally, on the so-called ‘public manumissions’. All these sources are unequivocal in showing that, on the one hand, manumission in exchange for money had the nature of a bilateral legal transaction between the slaves’ masters and a third party, other than the slaves; and on the other hand, that the legal condition of manumitted slaves is always understood as one of freedom, independently of the possible imposition of post-manumission obligations upon them. This work ultimately shows not only that the Greeks’ conceptualisation of manumission relied on a solid understanding of key legal concepts such as slavery, freedom and ownership, but also that this institution was informed by common legal principles shared by different geographical and chronological contexts of the Greek world.

The Introduction states assumptions and outlines the theoretical background to the study. Chapter One examines a selection of the philosophical evidence for Greek colour-categorisation and conception. Chapter Two considers colour-terms applied to clothing, and the philosophical evidence in light of modern theories about the language of colour. Chapter Three provides a new, integrated, edition of the clothing sections of the 'Brauron Inventories,' tabulated and subjected to semiotic analysis. The Appendix to this Chapter provides a Glossary of all the clothing terms, and discusses colour in different garment types. Chapter Four provides a synopsis of references to coloured clothing in Attic drama, principally for comparison with Chapter Three. Chapter Five considers patterns in the representation of colour in clothing on Attic white-ground lekythoi. Chapter Six provides an overview of the availability, results, and impications of colouring techniques in clothing production. Chapter Seven considers colour as a significant concern of cultic clothing regulations, which are collected and translated. The final chapter outlines conclusions, and is followed by the Bibliography.

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