This thesis has been based on a detailed examination of the ten thousand two hundred letters which form the extant 17th century correspondence in His Grace the Duke of Hamilton's archives, and of approximately ten thousand household, building and estate accounts in the same Collection. A Calendar of the letters forms the appendix to the thesis; a Calendar of the accounts is in preparation. The exact period under consideration is 1625-1712, from the succession of the 1st duke to the family titles until the death of his grandson the 4th duke. It has often been assumed that in the society of seventeenth century Scotland there was a great gulf between the anglicised peerage and the rest of the population, that the leading members of the Scottish aristocracy enjoyed a high standard of living in England while their fellow-countrymen remained at home in comparatively primitive conditions. The present survey suggests that this view is inaccurate. The dukes of Hamilton were Scotland's premier peers, and the 1st and 2nd dukes did spend a large part of their adult lives in London. Nevertheless, they retained strong links with their own estates which they visited frequently. After the Civil War, the family became once more firmly based at Hamilton. They had their children educated locally, married their daughters into the Scottish peerage, and formed the focal point of the local community. Their houses were large, their furniture fine and their gardens well laid-out, but in this they were no different from their contemporaries of a similar status. A comparison with the family papers of other Scottish peers shows that they shared a common standard of living and indeed a common outlook. It would therefore seem probable that throughout the seventeenth century the Scottish peerage remained an integral part of Scottish society, living at home in a manner similar to that of the gentry and richer merchants, and relying to a large extent on local loyalties. Only towards the end of the period, with the coming of union with England and the emergence of a party political system, did the situation begin to change.

This study investigates a range of ways in which the late medieval monastery of Iona interacted with the region of Argyll and the Isles: as the owner of churches and lands; as the centre of major saints’ cults; and as the focus of a school of sculpture. A major part of the research is a detailed examination of the local context of each of these links with Iona. The research project focuses on the monastery of Iona in the period c1203-c1575. These dates have been chosen specifically because they encompass virtually the entire period of occupation by the Benedictine monks, and because they apply to the most comprehensive surviving documents that relate to Iona and its landholdings. At the time of the introduction of the Benedictines to Iona, papal protection was sought, and a papal bull of December 1203 records Iona’s holdings at this period. Many of these holdings remained in Iona’s possession until the Reformation, soon after which time a rental was drawn up listing the abbot’s temporal and spiritual wealth, along with that of the bishop of the Isles, who was by this time also commendator of Iona abbey. These documents serve comprehensively to illustrate the fortunes of the monastery over the later Middle Ages. Iona’s acquisitions of lands and churches, and what subsequently became of these possessions, took place in the wider context of the changing political scene. For this reason, the political and social links between Iona, the Lordship of the Isles and other powerful local kindreds, such as the Mackinnons, MacLeans and Campbells, are explored. Iona’s relations with other religious houses in Argyll is also considered, particularly in relation to the potential transfer of lands between monastic houses. The monastery’s fortunes varied over the course of its existence, depending largely on who held the position of abbot, and on the relationships with powerful local magnates, as well as with other ecclesiastical bodies. It held estates and churches over a wide area, and although it gained many possessions, some were also lost to other houses, and to secular powers. There are many other churches and lands within Iona’s sphere of influence, but the nature of the evidence precludes drawing any firm conclusions about how many, if any, of them, were founded or owned by the monastery. Regarding Iona’s role as a centre of the cults of saints Columba and Adamnán, the local preponderance of churches dedicated to these and other saints important to Iona is considered in an effort to try to establish how widespread they are, and the longevity of these dedications. Looking also at Iona’s lands and the dedications of their churches, an attempt is made to discern any patterns; for example, to whom are the churches on Iona’s lands dedicated, and when? If churches on lands gifted to Iona had an existing dedication, is this likely to have been changed? Iona’s wider ecclesiastical associations are also discussed: the monastery held an ambivalent relationship with the papacy, and was considered to be under Rome’s protection, but often failed to pay its dues to the Curia, pleading poverty and the expense of having to travel such a long distance ‘from the ends of the habitable earth’. Due to the fragmentary nature of the existing documentary record, an interdisciplinary approach has been taken, involving the integration of evidence from historical sources, archaeology and place-names. One of the main fruits of the research has been the production of a gazetteer of Iona’s lands and churches held throughout the later Middle Ages. It is hoped that this may prove a useful tool in further research. Janet MacDonald Departments of Celtic and History University of Glasgow

This thesis is an interdisciplinary study with two major objectives, namely to investigate both the cultural and historical developments which took place between c.795 and c.1000 in the West Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Various types of evidence are examined in order to understand the impact of the Norse upon the preexisting population of Western Scotland and vice versa. In Chapter 1, the onomastic evidence is reviewed in order to isolate the total area of Norse settlement, and to find within it areas where this settlement developed in differing ways. In Chapter 2, I survey the archaeological evidence. Chapter 3 examines the linguistic situation pertaining in the west vis a vis Norse and Gaelic, while Chapter 4 reviews the evidence for the survival or otherwise of Christianity. Particular attention is paid to the investigation of the people called Gall-Gaidheil 'Foreign Gael'. Using onomastics and historical sources, the area of their ethnogenesis is isolated and their linguistic and religious affiliation explored. Chapter 5 examines the evidence for their later presence in Galloway. On the historical side, Chapter 6 investigates the Norse raids and settlement and provides a date for these events. Also in Chapter 6, and in Chapters 7 and 8, I focus upon the political links between the West Highlands and Islands and the kingdoms of Scotland and Dublin during the ninth and tenth centuries.

The aim of the thesis is to examine the nomenclature of the Barra Isles by investigating the distribution and interaction of Norse, Gaelic and English name-forming elements. Consideration is given to the historical, political and economic reasons for changes in placenames, and the language situation is assessed. In a theory-based chapter the function of names, naming strategies, name changes, and reasons for loss of names are examined. The main thrust is to compile a gazetteer of place-names gathered both from historical documents such as maps, sea-charts, registers and travel literature, and from interviews with local people. With the help of a database the corpus is analysed with regard to semantics, morphology and naming intention. Finally, a consideration of the historical development of names illustrates degrees of stability and of change in the place-names of Barra.

The thesis, The Bagpipe: perceptions of a national instrument, is a work offered to the University of Edinburgh for the degree of PhD by research publications, and includes a portfolio of published items and research papers, amounting in total to approximately 63,600 words, with a critical review and a CD. Research papers: 1. ‘Making a national collection of a national instrument.’ Lecture to the American Musical Instrument Society and Galpin Society Conference, 3-9 August 2003. 2. ‘The Early History of the Scottish Bagpipe’, in Ellen Hickmann, Arnd Adje Both and Ricardo Eichmann eds., Studien zur Musikarchäologie V (Papers from the 4th Symposium of the International Study Group on Music Archaeology, 19-26 September 2004) Rahden/Westf.: VML 2006, 447-461. 3. ‘Musician and Milieu: piping, politics and patronage through three centuries.’ The John Macfadyen Memorial Trust Annual Lecture, 19 March 2004. 4. ‘Traditional origins of the piping dynasties.’ RSAMD Research Seminar 31 May 2007 (publication forthcoming). 5. ‘The Pastoral or New Bagpipe: piping in the Neo-baroque’, in The Galpin Society Journal, 2007-2008 (forthcoming). 6. ‘Taste and Humour: the Union Pipe of Britain and Ireland’, in Seán Reid Society Journal Volume 3 (2007) [electronic format]. 7. ‘Donald MacDonald, Bagpipe Maker’, in Proceedings of the Piobaireachd Society Conference Volume XXXIII (2006), 10-18. These papers are discussed in a critical review whose thesis and structure is explained in the Prospectus. The critical review amounts to approximately 24,200 words and is divided into seven Sections (as listed on the Contents page) which relate specifically to their respective research papers and summarise their findings. There is some imbalance of wording between the Sections, for example there are more words in sections ‘Piping Dynasties’ and ‘the Maestros’, and this reflects a perceived need to strengthen the statements in these areas in order to deliver the arguments of the thesis more effectively.

This thesis examines the household and court of King James VI from the household establishment of his infancy until his departure for London in 1603 and the resulting end of a court culture in Scotland. It depends substantially on manuscript material. In particular the treasurer's accounts and royal household accounts, which previously for this period have not been examined exhaustively. Chapter One provides an introduction to Scottish courts in the sixteenth century and contemporary European courts. presenting a context in which to place James VI'S household and court. Chapter Two describes the royal household from its creation in 1567 at the coronation of the king through successive regencies, the beginning of James's personal rule, his marriage in 1589 to Anna of Denmark and the subsequent creation of her household and those of the royal children. A complete list of household offices and the people who served in them underlies the entire chapter. Furthermore, the importance of several courtiers, namely the king's childhood schoolmates, his Stewart relations and lifetime domestic servitors, contributes to the understanding of politics and factionalism within the household. Chapter Three focuses on the perceived image of the court including its choice of venue, such as the Palace of Holyroodhouse or Stirling Castle. conspicuous consumption of clothing and jewellery, and royal artistic patronage. The royal itinerary and frequency in which the king, queen and court moved from one location to another acquaint the reader with the semi-peripatetic nature of a Scottish renaissance court not to mention James's love of the hunt. Further elements in the representation of court style were the ceremonial occasions celebrated by the court, such as royal entries, coronations. baptisms and entertainment of visiting ambassadors. Chapter Four focuses on the relations between the royal court and town of Edinburgh, Scotland's capital. The growth of the town, in size and influence. as well as the increasingly close connections between merchants, burgesses, councilmen and the royal court help to explain the expanding role accepted by the town in relation to financial support of court activities and the physical provision of a royal guard. Chapter Five synthesizes the above factors to establish a comprehensive view of the court.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the assumption that Norse settlement in western maritime Scotland was substantially less extensive and influential than in more northerly parts of the maritime zone. This assumption is based on comparison of the apparent ratios of Norse to Gaelic farm-names in these areas; and the observation that the inhabitants of the former were Gaelic-speaking in both the Early Historic and Later Medieval periods. In view of the virtual hiatus in the documentary record between c.AD 750 and c.AD 1150 and the unqualified nature of the place-name ratios, it is suggested that such evidence is misleading. The investigation which follows comprises a detailed case-study of the island of Islay. Although use is made of environmental, archaeological, historical and fiscal data, the main focus is on place-names. Emphasis is placed throughout on the processes by which names become implanted in the landscape and the factors which affect their survival afterwards. There are three sections. Background material for the study of Norse settlement is presented in the first. This includes: a detailed examination of the physical environment, an ethno-linguistic profile for the preNorse community and a review of the evidence for Norse activity in Islay specifically within the context of western maritime Scotland generally. Aspects of Dalriadan and Norse society are highlighted which prompt critical re-appraisal of theories on Norse settlement. It is suggested that this process was not without friction. It may have involved a certain amount of violent depopulation and almost certainly led to social dichotomisation between the Norse incomers and remaining natives. Section two comprises a theoretical and methodological introduction to place-name studies. Following an overview of basic theory, Islay sources and previous approaches to Norse settlement, a model is presented for the study of Islay's Norse place-names. While use is made of both habitative and nature names, the framework selected as most appropriate is Stephen MacDougall's map of 1749-51. As this provides typologically uniform coverage of all of the island's farm-districts from a period preceding the agrarian reforms and settlement re-organisation of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it is more likely to reflect the settlement patterns and nomenclature of the Middle Ages than later yet more detailed sources. The third section, which constitutes the bulk of the thesis, concentrates on analysis of the place-name data presented in Appendices I and II. There are two main parts to this section. The linguistic back-ground, economic potential and spatial characteristics of individual farm-districts are examined in the first. Contrary to previous assumptions, it is noted that farm-districts with Norse names are spread fairly evenly across all land-types on the island. They are not primarily coastal, restricted to enclaves or less likely to include Iron Age fortifications than those with Gaelic names. Analysis of the distribution and linguistic categorisation of the nomenclature in view of post-Norse historical developments suggests that many of the island's Gaelic settlement names are the result of prestige immigration in the It century or later. This hypothesis is supported by linguistic investigation of the more common habitative generics shown on MacDougall's map. Magnus Olsen's User-group theory is then applied to the typology and distribution of ON nature-name material. It is argued that this too supports the idea of widespread Norse language use being replaced by a reintroduction of Gaelic and Gaelic naming practices. The second part of this section comprises an examination of land and territorial divisions. The fiscal 'extents' of later medieval and early modem Islay have long been considered anomalous in a Hebridean context. Examination of the historical and fiscal sources in conjunction with a geometric analysis of the farm-districts on MacDougall's map, suggests that Islay may once have been divided into the 'ounceland' units more familiar from surrounding areas. These findings are then developed in the context of ecclesiastic organisation. While certain aspects of Islay's later medieval parish system appear to reflect the military districts of the Senchus fer nAlban, it is argued that these survived through the intermediary of an Orcadian style leiðangr system of naval defence. It is concluded that while the Norse impact on Islay was less long-lived than in more northerly parts of maritime Scotland, it was not necessarily any less intense or destructive with regards to the pre-existing ethno-linguistic identity.

This thesis examines the careers of the first four Lindsay earls of Crawford, 1380-1453. Each of these four Scottish earls played an important role in Scottish politics, though they have not been closely examined since A. W. C. Lindsay’s Lives of the Lindsays, or a memoir of the Houses of Crawford and Balcarres, published in 1849. This is despite the fact that these men figured in some of the major events in late medieval Scotland. David 1st earl of Crawford can be linked to the murder of David Stewart duke of Rothesay in 1401-2. David 3rd earl of Crawford (d. 1446) was a marriage ally of William 6th earl of Douglas who was judicially murdered in 1440 by William Crichton and James Douglas earl of Avondale in 1440. Evidence suggests this marriage alliance was a factor in the decision to commit the murder. Alexander 4th earl of Crawford (d. 1453) was involved in the famous Douglas-Crawford-Ross tripartite bond which cost William 8th earl of Douglas his life. All of the first four earls were involved, in different ways, in the disputes to determine the succession of the earldom of Mar during their careers. Although the barony of Crawford was in Lanarkshire, the earls’ main sphere of influence was south of the Mounth, where they held lands stretching from Urie near present-day Stonehaven to Megginch near Perth. Glen Esk, their largest holding, was in Forfarshire, which was where they exerted the most influence. They also maintained a degree of influence in Aberdeenshire, where they were the hereditary sheriffs. A few factors explain their ability to maintain this sphere of influence. The first was an ability to call out a significant armed band of men, something which the first, third and fourth earls of Crawford are all recorded to have done. Most also had an income from annuities from various burghs including Aberdeen, Dundee, and Montrose totaling about £200, and they can be demonstrated to have owned a house in Dundee and maintained connections with burgesses there. This may suggest they were involved in trade. David Lindsay, 1st earl of Crawford (d. 1407), who used all of the above means to propel himself to the top ranks of Scottish politics, also promoted himself through active engagement with the culture of chivalry and crusade. This earned him much praise from the contemporary chronicler, Andrew Wyntoun. There are hints that the third and fourth earl may have maintained this interest as well.

The relationship between imperialism and nationalism has often been portrayed by theorists of nationalism and post colonial discourse theorists as antagonistic. Anti-democratic, aggressive empires impose their will on subject peoples who, in response, form nationalist movements in opposition to this imperialism. These movements, it is claimed, assert the nation’s right to self-determination and independence. Whilst this was undoubtedly the case in a number of anti-colonial movements, examples can be found that refute the apparently antagonistic relationship between nationalism and imperialism. Nationalism does not always advocate independence from states or empires. Imperialism can be a vehicle for a national mission or can strengthen minority nations. In certain contexts, these two anti-thetical concepts can be reconciled. The thesis investigates the reconciliation of nationalism and imperialism using the concept of imperial nationalism. This concept is used to denote a variety of nationalism that proposes reform of the state/imperial government for the benefit of the nation whilst simultaneously emphasising the benefits of the reform of the empire. An important element of the nationalist discourse will be the maintenance of the imperial connection as beneficial for the nation. A comparative historical analysis of nationalist groups in nineteenth century Scotland and Canada is used to highlight the relationship between nationalism and imperialism in the discourse of nationalist groups. Both Scotland and Canada held relatively privileged positions within the British Empire. Yet Scottish and British Canadian nationalist groups argued the existing systems for governing their respective nations were illegitimate. In Scotland, the Scottish Home Rule Association argued for a Scottish Parliament, focusing on the extent to which the United Kingdom state was unable to cope with the work created by the four home nations and the Empire. An important aspect of home rule for Scotland, however, was its extension to the other home nations and the opportunity it would present of reforming the Imperial Parliament for the benefit of the Empire, and by association Scotland. In Canada, the focus of Canada First and the Imperial Federation League in Canada was on reform of the system of Imperial governance. Canada had not been given control over relations with the United States under the British North America Act and British Canadian nationalists felt Canadian interests had not been taken into account in British dealings with the United States. The answer was to provide Canada with a voice in treaties in the short term and, in the longer term, to reform Imperial government in order to provide Canada with a voice in the affairs of the Empire as whole. The thesis investigates the extent to which these movements were nationalist, imperialist and, finally, how these two concepts were reconciled.

The small cemetery is all that remains ofthe Snow Kirk! in Old Aberdeen. The church itself fell into ruin in the eighteenth century having been used bythe Catholic community since the Reformation? The churchyard, however, continued to be used ' for Catholic burials into the twentieth century. Two wall plaques record the burial there ofthe brothers, John and James Sharp both priests who had worked on the mission in Scotland for many years? The funeral monuments attest to their piety and in John's case state that he hadbeen educated at the colleges at Scalan in Upper Glenlivet and Valhido'lid in Spain.4 Praise follows for his great learning and for his personal culture and manners:s the implicatIOn being that he owed these qualities to .. his education at the colleges. It is particularly charming that,the epitaph pll\~es equal emphasis on learning and urbanity. He had been trained at a Scots College abroad in the penal times when it was illegal to receive such an education in Scotland. While his . . memorial tablet commemorates his achievements the majority of Scots Catholics who attended the colleges abroad during the penal times have gone unrecorded.6 This dissertation will attempt to identify those students who through their contributions to cultural life of Scotland and elsewhere deserve greater academic attention. Historians have written on aspects of Catholic history during these times. Alphons Bellesheim7 , J F S Gordon8 and William Forbes-Leith9 have produced histories ofthe Catho~.ic Church in Scotland. Their accounts, though ofgreat value, are more than a century old with consequent short-comings. Bellesheim, the German historian, wrote his four volumes on the history ofthe Church in Scotland from the earliest times. Volume 4 deals with post-Reformation history and concentrates on missionary work, particularly that of the Jesuits, in Scotland. The style is anecdotal and his approach is hagiographical. Gordon wrote his history in anticipation of the reestablishment ofthe Scottish hierarchy in 1878. The main part of his text is devoted to ', supporting this and the Penal Times are covered only in an extensive foreword in which he attempts a broad sweep ofthe subject and like Bellesheim relies heavily on unreferenced source material. Both ofForbes-Leith's major works are heavily dependent on the accounts ofthe troubles of Catholic individuals from the late sixteenth to the eighteenth century. In nature they are family histories dominated by a small number ofnorthern families including:tJordon, Forbes and Leith. In all these histories passing reference is made to the Scots colleges abroad but no asse~~mentof their impact is attempted. More recently Mark DilworthlO , Maurice Taylorll and Brian M Halloranl2 have produced histories of individual Scots colleges and an anthology ofessays on the Pontifical Scots College in Rome was produced to' celebrate its 400th anniversary.13 The Innes Review continues to produce scholarly articles on many aspects of Scottish CathoIicism.14 However, the vast majority ofthese accounts are focused exclusively on religious matters as is unsurprising since almost all ofthe historians involved are ordained priests, secular and regular, and therefore writing from a professional or vocational perspective. IS The impact ofthe Scots Catholic colleges in Europe during ,' this period has not yet been addressed as a whole, either in terms ofsecular history or ofthe wider influence ofthe alumni ofthe colleges. This dissertation has two foci. The first is a statistical analysis ofthe prosopographical information contained in the college registers ofstudents. Together with other archival material this gives a view ofpatterns of attendance and trends sustained over time. The main details covered with regard to the students are age, family background (social and occupational), geographical origin and relationships with wider Catholic and Scottish networks. This is all original work based on primary sources.16 The last comprehensive review ofthis college material was organised by P J Anderson17 more than a century ago and consisted ofthe assembly ofprimary material without translation or analysis. More recent attempts at prosopography have been those ofHalloran (a partial reconstruction ofthe missing Paris college records) . and Dilworth (a listing ofthe known members ofthe Wiirzburg Schottenkloster). In neither case was any analysis ofthe data attempted. My data base ofstudents was produced after rigorous examination or re-examination of original college archival material surviving in Scotland and on the continent. Wherever possible corroborative cross referencing was made with other archives - particularly those ofthe Society of Jesus18 and the Congregation ofPropaganth'FideJ9 in Rome - and therefore represents a significant advance on any earlier work attempted in the field.• , A second focus ofthe dissertation is on the cultural impact that the colleges achieved through their alumni. In the compass of a doctoral dissertation it is simply impossible to give a full account of the cultural or political activities ofso many individuals active over such a geographical area and a span ofcenturies. The overview attempted is only indicative ofthe scope and degree of influence achieved and in no way intended to be comprehensive or definitive. It is supported quantitatively, however, by the statistical analysis ofthe data base which establishes the minimum numbers of Scottish alumni active in various fields such as the Church, military and state service, commerce, academic research, humanities, art and architecture A number ofthe most famous students ofthe colleges have been evaluated .already as contributors to their own field of endeavour either in biographies21 or within general histories.22 In each case they have been treated as individuals with little suggestion that they belonged to a corpus ofalumni that benefited from the unique privileges which attendance at a Scots college conferred. This omission becomes more regrettable when an assessment is made ofthe other students ofthe colleges in more than two centuries who have escaped the attention of historians or have received only the most peremptory ofaccounts. In a preliminary way this dissertation attempts to sketch some ofthe connections which emerge when these individuals are viewed in context. Again the constraints of space have limited the background which I have been able to provide. What is offered is inte.tfded only to aid the reader in having some .A sense ofthe world in which the Scots alumni existed. It is in .no way . primar;:.to the dissertation or fundamental to its purpose or claims. In my researches I have had access to a number of archives of primary materials. As well as those ofthe Jesuits and Propaganda Fide already mentioned were the MadridlValladolid College (now in Salamanca) and the Roman College: also the Archivio Segreto Vaticano and Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana were examined for relevant material. The University of WUrzburg kindly allowed me access to surviving manuscripts from that city's Schottenkloster. I have made extensive use ofthe Scottish Catholic Archives in Edinburgh and found valuable material in the Special Collections ofthe University ofAberdeen and in the City ofAberdeen's archives.. ,. The methodology which I have adopted in constructing this dissertation is to have discussed in order the following: the founding ofthe colleges; the basis oftheir academic success; the numbers and backgrounds ofstudents who attended; their contributions to the Catholic mission in Scotland; further contributions to the wider Catholic Church; those alumni who took up significant positions in Military or State service; those who were prominent in scholarly or academic life; and those noted for scientific, business or.artistic excellence. In all cases, where relevant, statistical analysis ofthe data base has been used to support any conclusions drawn. One more point requires to be made in this preface: to declare my personal viewpoint. By confession I am a Catholic, Scottish but ofIrish ancestry. This has driven much ofmy interest in this research but I have striven to avoid it colouring my objectivity. I sta~ed the research in a state of almost complete ignorance and was driven by curiosity which only intensified the more I learned. If! have weighed evidence more lightly or exaggerated outcomes more than a totally objective commentator from a wholly secular background might have done then in my defence I might claim that I have done no more than partially to rectify the imbalance shown by past historians in their almost total neglect or denial ofthe substantial contributions to cultural developments achieved by the Scots Colleges abroad.