The immersive virtual reality (VR) and the optical see-through augmented reality (AR) are expected to revolutionize human lives in work, education, entertainment, healthcare, spatial computing, and digital twins, just to name a few. Next-generation VR/AR devices should exhibit a wide field-of-view (FoV), crisp image without screen-door effect, high dynamic range, compact form factor and lightweight, and low power consumption. Such demanding requirements pose a significant challenge to traditional direct-view display panels. To address these technical challenges, novel approaches need to be proposed. This dissertation is devoted to developing next-generation high-performance display light engines toward high resolution density, high optical efficiency, wide color gamut, and small form factor. These emerging solutions will fuel the growth and accelerate the widespread applications of VR/AR devices. In Chapter 2, we propose practical measurement methods to characterize the halo artifacts of miniature light-emitting diode (mini-LED) backlit liquid crystal displays (LCDs). After measuring and characterizing a high dynamic range (HDR) light engine, we propose and develop field sequential color (FSC) LCDs for high-end virtual reality (VR) devices in Chapter 3. Such an FSC LCD can triple the resolution density and optical efficiency via eliminating color filters. To further mitigate the color breakup (CBU), we also propose to combine mini-LEDs with FSC LCDs to enable progressive emission and achieve a higher frame rate (~ 600 Hz). To quantitatively compare the CBUs corresponding to simultaneous emission, progressive emission, and stencil algorithm, we adopt the CIEDE2000 color difference as a metric. Quantitative simulation results of the CBU indicate that a 600-Hz subframe rate can help mitigate the CBU dramatically. Micro organic light-emitting diode (micro-OLED) exhibiting high-resolution density and high contrast ratio is another type of display for high-end VR devices. More specifically, white micro-OLED is currently employed because it helps ease the manufacturing difficulty. In Chapter 4, we optimize the layer thicknesses to achieve a maximum efficiency while keeping a decent color gamut. We also push the limit of color gamut toward ~ 95% Rec. 2020. Lastly, liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCoS) offers great potential for achieving high-efficiency and high-resolution waveguide-based AR displays. In Chapter 5, several strategies are proposed and developed to improve the performance of LCoS microdisplays and enable a small pixel size. In Chapter 6, we briefly summarize our major accomplishments.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1987 / Town and Country Hotel, San Diego, California / The Telemetry Systems Operation (TSO) of CSC in Lompoc, California, has been developing telemetry systems since October 1981. Three major turnkey systems have been developed as well as several smaller derivative systems. Each system, built for a different end-user, was custom fit to support unique requirements and often represented several different techniques for accommodating similar problems within different system architectures. This paper describes the evolution of TM system architectures developed by TSO Lompoc, and the special engineering problems solved in the course of their development to provide the user with accommodating telemetry systems that are responsive, expandable, and cost-effective.

<p>Development of colour management systems, the level ofstandardisation, as well as the embedding of facilities forcolour management into computer operating systems and software,enables successful future interoperability of colour reproductionin the graphic arts industry. Yet colour reproduction from onemedium to another, still gives rise to inconsistencies.</p><p>This thesis investigates colour management and controlprocesses in premedia and press process workflows in graphic artsproduction, including standards, instruments and procedures. Thegoal is to find methods for higher efficiency and control ofcolour print media production processes, aiming at increasingcolour consistency and process automation and of reducingoverheads. The focus is on the control of colour data by displaysin prepress processes producing low quality paper products. Inthis respect the greatest interest of this thesis is on technicaland visual characteristics of displays with respect tp thereproduction of colour, especially desktop Thin Film TransistorLiquid Crystal Displays (TFTLCD) compared to portable TFTLCDs andCathod Ray Tube (CRT) monitors.</p><p>In order to reach the desired goal, this thesis is based on aliterature survey and empirical studies. The empirical studiesinclude both qualitative and quantitative methods, organised intothree parts:</p><p>    Colour process management: Analysed case studies of theimplementation of colour management in entire graphic artsproduction workflow processes.</p><p>    Display technology: LCD and CRT displays have been examinedthrough measurements to establish their fundamental strengthsand weaknesses in reproducing colours.</p><p>    Comparison of reproduction: A perceptual experiment hasbeen conducted to determine the ability of the disparatecomponents included in a colour management system to co-operateand match reproduced colour, according to the perceivedpreference of observers.</p><p>It was found that in most cases consistent colour fidelitydepends on the knowledge and experience of the actors involved inthe production process, including the utilisation of routines andequipment. Lack of these factors is not necessarily fatal for thefinal low quality paper colour product, but obstructs theautomation. In addition, increased digitalisation will increasethe importance of displays in such processes. The results showthat CRTs and desktop LCDs meet most of the demands of colourreproduction in various areas of low quality paper productionprocesses, e.g. newspaper production. However, some fundamentalaspects, such as low digital input values, viewing angles andcolour temperature, matters that concern characterisation andcalibration, still need to be developed. Concerning softproofing, the matching correspondence between hard and softcopies gives similar results for both CRT and LCDs forhigh-quality paper originals, if the luminance is decreased onthe LCD (to luminance levels of CRTs). Soft proofing of lowquality papers gives equally lower matching agreement for bothCRT and LCD, in this case when the luminance of the LCD is sethigher (e.g. about twice the levels luminance levels ofCRTs).</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Displays, LCD, CRT, premedia, prepress, softproof, workflows, newspaper, colour management systems, colourcontrol, colour reproduction</p>

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 17-20, 1994 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / The advance from alphanumeric terminals to displays using new graphics technologies like the X Window System and Microsoft Windows has in many cases failed to tap the full potential of these technologies. Many common telemetry tasks continue to use similar user interfaces based on tabular real-time data displays and menus. This paper will demonstrate the application of new techniques which, when used with emerging graphics technologies, will maximize the effectiveness of telemetry ground station consoles. Advances in visualization and animation have greatly enhanced the information content of current displays and significantly improved their ease of use.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / This study compares the effects of a visual and a 3-dimensional auditory display on primary and secondary task performance, mood, and mental workload at incremental levels of sleep deprivation. It is based on a study conducted by the Army Research Laboratory, Cognitive Science Branch, Aberdeen, Maryland, from 12 Marines performing land navigational tasks in two helmet-mounted display (HMD) modes; visual and 3-dimensional auditory, for a 48 hour period. The results indicate that performance under sleep deprivation is significantly impacted in both modalities; however, performance in the primary task was more degraded in the 3-D auditory modality. Additionally, Marines were more likely to experience degraded performance in the secondary task with increased sleep deprivation. The recommendations address the need to design HMDs that will not overburden sensory channels and the concern for military leaders to understand the additional demands imposed on solders in a HMD environment. / Captain, Signal Corps, United States Army

Major efforts have been spent during recent years in worldwide attempts to achieve an electronic paper technology; the common name for novel flexible displays utilizing substrates such as paper, plastics or thin metal sheets. Various kinds of technology are available that potentially will be used for an electronic paper, which differs from each other mainly with respect to the choice of active materials, substrates and manufacturing techniques. There are many applications for electronic paper technology, ranging from high-resolution displays used in electronic books to updateable large-area billboards. The latter suggests a novel electronic display function that could extend the utilization of cellulose-based paper, which is one of the most common materials ever produced by mankind, by using the paper as a thin and flexible carrier. The requirement for fast update speed in such large area applications would probably be a bit more relaxed compared to traditional display technologies, while low-power consumption and bi-stability are among the factors that should be further emphasized, together with the utilization of well-established printing techniques to enable low-cost manufacturing of the displays. The choice of active materials is therefore crucial in order to reach these objectives in reality and this paves the way for printable conjugated polymers with electrochromic properties. Chemical synthesis of these materials during the last decades has resulted in a vast variety of electrochromic polymers with custom-tailored functionality covering a broad range of optical absorption and electrical conductivities. This thesis review the studies done on the electrochemical switching of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). For this material both the electrical conductivity and the optical absorption is controlled by the oxidation state. Active matrix addressed displays that are printed on flexible substrates have been obtained by arranging electrochemical smart pixels, based on the combination of electrochemical transistors and electrochromic display cells, into cross-point matrices. The resulting polymer-based active-matrix displays are operated at low voltages and the same active material can be used in electrochemical transistors and conducting lines and in electrochromic display cells employing the electronic and the opto-electonic properties of the material, respectively. In addition to this, a switchable optical polarizer is briefly discussed. This is a device utilizing electrochromism of stretch-aligned polyaniline (PANI). The combination of two identical devices in a vertical architecture, orthogonally oriented with respect to each other, results in a filter in which the orientation of the polarized optical absorption is governed by the voltage polarity applied to the device. / Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC- 2006:18

Displays are ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom. While many have been thoroughly documented, the factors affecting the expression of such displays are still not fully understood. We tested the hypotheses that display production would be affected by ecological context (i.e. the identity of the receiver) and intrinsic qualities of the signaler (i.e. heavyweight and lightweight size class) in the green anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis. Our results supported these predictions and show that a) ecological context, specifically displaying to conspecifics, has the greatest impact on display production; b) size class influenced display rate with heavyweight males displaying more to green females and lightweight males displaying more to green males in similar frequency between the two size classes to their respective target stimuli. Furthermore, our results provide empirical support for differential use of the three major display types (A, B and C displays), and uncover unexpected complexity in green anole display production.

This present study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of two types of school library displays: a display with books only, called Display, and a display with books, posters, models, copy, and realia, called Display +. The effectiveness of these displays was to be measured in two ways: a) through the observation of the attaction power, holding power and viewer participation in a display and b) through measuring the circulation of displayed books. Before commencing the study a literature search was conducted. The result of the literature search yielded four authors, Goldhor (1972; 1981), Aguilar (1983), Watson (1985), and Baker (1986), who had researched the relationship between circulation and displays. Each of these studies used the measurable effect of circulation increasing, decreasing or remaining constant to determine the effect of the display. This present study used a similar methodology and monitored the circulation of books on both types of displays. However, this study sought to go beyond the effect of circulation in determining the effectiveness of displays because the previous studies had not taken into account the library user who is affected by the display but is unable to borrow a book from the display. The literature search turned towards the area of museum exhibits and displays and the methodology employed to evaluate these exhibits and displays. Shettel (1968), Warren (1972), Screven (1976), Linn (1976), Clowes and Wolfe (1980), and Miles (1982) used attraction and holding power as measures of museum exhibit and display effectiveness. Similarly, library users can be attracted and their attention held by library displays. To the variables of attraction and holding power this study added the variable of participation, picking up books or other items in the display not necessarily with the intent of borrowing the books. In order to construct a Display + and control as far as possible the elements in the display a literature search of books and articles relating to the design elements of displays was conducted, and findings applied in the construction of the display. Shettel's (1968) methodology of unobtrusive observation was employed in this study with the added benefit of videotaping the observations. The hypotheses were set out in three groups, those relating to a single display, those comparing the effectiveness of Display and Display +, and those relating to circulation. The results of this study found in general that the attraction power of Display + exceeded the attraction power of Display but the holding power and participation in Display was greater than that of Display + indicating that the designer of library displays should pay particular attention to the purpose of displays in their libraries. The results of the circulation hypothesis confirmed the results of Goldhor (1972;1981), Aguilar (1983), Watson (1985), and Baker (1986) that more books circulated when they were displayed than when they were on the library shelves.

<p>The Web has opened up many possibilities for disabled people to interact with society, but there is unfortunately a lack of parity between the user interface presented to different users.</p><p>This dissertation presents a proof of concept on designing a spatial layout presentation for blind users using a screen reader. This is done in three steps by first conducting a survey to determine current practices of web developers, then implementing an instant spatial feedback and comparison function that present the spatial layout, and ends with an evaluation of the spatial layout presentation by the way of user testing</p><p>The survey yielded a set of guidelines for the realistic development of web technologies for disabled persons based on the participants answered. From the implementation a concept for spatial feedback functions that are portable and expandable is presented. The evaluation shows that the created spatial presentation method passes both objectively and subjectively.</p>

<p>Major efforts have been spent during recent years in worldwide attempts to achieve an electronic paper technology; the common name for novel flexible displays utilizing substrates such as paper, plastics or thin metal sheets. Various kinds of technology are available that potentially will be used for an electronic paper, which differs from each other mainly with respect to the choice of active materials, substrates and manufacturing techniques. There are many applications for electronic paper technology, ranging from high-resolution displays used in electronic books to updateable large-area billboards. The latter suggests a novel electronic display function that could extend the utilization of cellulose-based paper, which is one of the most common materials ever produced by mankind, by using the paper as a thin and flexible carrier. The requirement for fast update speed in such large area applications would probably be a bit more relaxed compared to traditional display technologies, while low-power consumption and bi-stability are among the factors that should be further emphasized, together with the utilization of well-established printing techniques to enable low-cost manufacturing of the displays. The choice of active materials is therefore crucial in order to reach these objectives in reality and this paves the way for printable conjugated polymers with electrochromic properties. Chemical synthesis of these materials during the last decades has resulted in a vast variety of electrochromic polymers with custom-tailored functionality covering a broad range of optical absorption and electrical conductivities.</p><p>This thesis review the studies done on the electrochemical switching of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). For this material both the electrical conductivity and the optical absorption is controlled by the oxidation state. Active matrix addressed displays that are printed on flexible substrates have been obtained by arranging electrochemical smart pixels, based on the combination of electrochemical transistors and electrochromic display cells, into cross-point matrices. The resulting polymer-based active-matrix displays are operated at low voltages and the same active material can be used in electrochemical transistors and conducting lines and in electrochromic display cells employing the electronic and the opto-electonic properties of the material, respectively. In addition to this, a switchable optical polarizer is briefly discussed. This is a device utilizing electrochromism of stretch-aligned polyaniline (PANI). The combination of two identical devices in a vertical architecture, orthogonally oriented with respect to each other, results in a filter in which the orientation of the polarized optical absorption is governed by the voltage polarity applied to the device.</p> / Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC- 2006:18