The Huaca 20 site is a component of the Maranga Complex, located four kilometers to the south of the Rímac River, in the lower Rímac Valley. e archaeological excavations carried out in this site since the late 1990’s have uncovered a complex occupation that started during the Early Intermediate Period associated with Middle Lima artifacts, this occupation continued until a temporary abandonment during the Middle Horizon with a later occupation during the Late Intermediate Period, when the site was a funerary platform. is article shows the results of ongoing studies focused on the Middle Horizon occupation of Huaca 20. e last excavations at this site indicate that during the Middle Horizon, Huaca 20 was no longer domestic compound of Maranga but became an area composed of more dierentiated sectorswhich included domestic/productive, funerary, and administrative sectors. is latter would have served as a connection between Huaca 20 and the monumental structure of Huaca Potosí Alto. / El sitio arqueológico Huaca 20 se encuentra al interior del Complejo Maranga, a cuatro kilómetros al sur del río Rímac. Las excavaciones llevadas a cabo desde nales de la década de 1990, han develado un sitio con un proceso de ocupación complejo, que se inicia en el Periodo Intermedio Temprano con evidencias de materiales del estilo Lima Medio, que continúa durante el Horizonte Medio cuando es abandonado, para luego ser reutilizado durante el Periodo Intermedio Tardío como un montículo funerario.El presente trabajo pretende mostrar los avances de una investigación aún en curso, que plantea nuevas hipótesis sobre la utilización del espacio en Huaca 20. Los datos recopilados en las últimas excavaciones nos indican que, para iniciosdel Horizonte Medio, habría pasado de ser un sitio con características netamente domésticas a estar dividido en zonas con usos diferenciados. Dentro de estas zonas se registró un área de uso doméstico/productivo, dos áreas de uso funerario, y un área de uso administrativo. Esta última, según las evidencias, habría servido de nexo entre las actividades llevadas a cabo en la Huaca Potosí Alto y en el área doméstica de Huaca 20.

The observational approach to cosmology is the endeavour to reconstruct the geometry of the Universe using only data that is theoretically verifiable within the causal boundaries of a cosmological observer. Using this approach, it was shown in [36] that given ideal cosmological observations, the only essential assumption necessary to determine the geometry of the Universe is a theory of gravity. Assuming General Relativity, the full set of Einstein field equations (EFEs) can be used to reconstruct the geometry of the Universe using direct observations on the past null cone (PNC) as initial conditions. Observationally and theoretically this is a very ambitious task and therefore, current developments have been restricted to spherically symmetric dust models while only relaxing the usual assumption of homogeneity in the radial direction. These restricted models are important for the development of theoretical foundations and also useful as verification models since they avoid the circularity of verifying what has already been assumed. The work presented in this thesis is the development of such a model where numerical relativity (NR) is used to simulate the observable universe. Similar to the work of Ellis and co-workers [36], a reference frame based on the PNC is used. The reference frame used here, however, is based on that of the characteristic formalism of NR, which has developed for calculating the propagation of gravitational waves. This provides a formalism that is well established in NR, making the use of existing algorithms possible. The Bondi-Sachs coordinates of the characteristic formalism is, however, not suitable for calculations beyond the observer apparent horizon (AH) since the diameter distance used as a radial coordinate becomes multi-valued when the cosmological PNC reconverges in the history of a universe, smaller in the past. With this taken into consideration, the Bondi-Sachs characteristic formalism is implemented for cosmology and the problem approaching the AH is investigated. Further developments address the limitations approaching the AH by introducing a metric based on the Bondi-Sachs metric where the radial coordinate is replaced with an affine parameter. The model is derived with a cosmological constant Λ incorporated into the EFEs where Λ is taken as a parameter of the theory of gravity rather than as a matter source term. Similar to the conventional characteristic formalism, this model consists of a system of differential equations for numerically evolving the EFEs as a characteristic initial value problem (CIVP). A numerical code implemented for the method has been found to be second order convergent. This code enables simulations of different models given identical data on the initial null cone and provides a method to investigate their physical consistency within the causally connected region of our current PNC. These developments closely follow existing 3D schemes developed for gravitational wave simulations, which should make it natural to extend the affine CIVP beyond spherical symmetric simulations. The developments presented in this thesis is an extended version of two papers published earlier.

This thesis researched the possibility of improving the compass of smartphones as theearth’s magnetic field is not strong and is easily disturbed, either by the environment ortechnology. The compass is used in Augmented Reality (AR) when the AR visualizationshould correspond to a position on earth. The issue lies in oscillating input values to thecompass that reduces the AR experience.To improve the AR experience without the use of external equipment, this work tried toboth filter the incoming values with a Kalman filter and to know the direction by capturingan image with a horizon that was image processed. The Kalman filter achieved a reductionin incoming disturbances and the horizon was matched against a panorama image thatwas generated from 3D data. The thesis starts off with requirements and contents of ARand goes through the different approaches that begins with a LAS point cloud and ends inmatching horizons with normalized cross-correlation.This thesis furthermore measures performance and battery drainage of the built applicationon three different smartphones that are nearly a year apart each. Drift was alsomeasured as it is a common issue if there is no earthly orientation to correct itself unto,for instance the magnetometer. This showed that these methods can be used on OnePlus2, Samsung Galaxy S7, and Samsung Galaxy S8, there is a steady performance and efficiencyincrease in each generation and that ARCore causes less drift. Furthermore thisthesis shows the difference between a compass and a local orientation with an offset.The application that was made focused to work at sea but it was also tested on buildingswith good results. The application also underwent usability tests that showed that theapplied functionalities improved the AR-experience. The conclusion shows that it is possibleto improve the orientation of smartphones. Albeit it can go wrong sometimes which iswhy this thesis also presents two ways to indicate that the heading is off.

O escritor mineiro Campos de Carvalho publicou seus principais romances entre 1956 e 1964 tendo uma recepção relativamente fria por parte dos críticos. Escrevendo em um momento em que o nacional-desenvolvimentismo reinava no país e sob a égide da literatura engajada, viu-se excluído das obras canônicas de seu tempo. Com o golpe militar de 1964 começaram a ocorrer modificações significativas no campo cultural brasileiro, quando o engajamento começou a ser contestado. Tal ruptura deu-se abruptamente no ano de 1968 quando, com o decreto do Ato Institucional nº5, o padrões da produção artística nacional passaram a refletir essa nova realidade. Com um Estado extremamente violento e com as liberdades democráticas limitadas por repressão e censura, foram necessários novos espaços de expressão artística como a chamada imprensa alternativa. Nesse novo contexto, marcado por movimentos como contracultura, marginalidade e Tropicalismo, Campos de Carvalho e sua obra passaram a ser ressignificados, encontrando novos horizontes interpretativos para sua literatura. Contribuindo como colunista do jornal O Pasquim, encontrou novos leitores. / The writer Campos de Carvalho published his major novels between 1956 and 1964 having a relatively indifferent reception from critics. Writing in a time when the national developmentalism reigned in the country and under the auspices of committed literature, he was excluded from the canonical works of his time. With the military coup of 1964 began to be significant changes in the Brazilian cultural field, when the engagement began to be challenged. This rupture occurred abruptly in 1968 when, with the decree of Institutional Act No. 5, the standards of the national artistic production began to reflect this new reality. With an extremely violent state and democratic freedoms limited by repression and censorship, it took new artistic expression of spaces such as call alternative press. In this new context, marked by movements such counterculture, marginality and Tropicalismo, Campos de Carvalho and his work began to be reevaluated, finding new interpretative horizons for its literature. Contributing as a columnist for O Pasquim, found new readers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:50:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGMS12DA011.pdf: 7367606 bytes, checksum: b45b1b9688169baaebb35574e8cbd0e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / In the south of Brazil, there are soils presenting darker subsurface horizons than those overly-ing ones, being more representative in Ultisols. Those ones are placed in well-drained areas and do not present sodium saturation. In dark subsurface horizon, these soils shows morpho-logical aspects similar to sombric horizons, initially related to Central Africa. This fact arise the possibility of these soils meet the sombric horizon, as related in Africa. The definition of sombric horizon showed in Soil Taxonomy has been the same for fifty years, without any important modification. In this definition the sombric horizon consists of iluvial humus not associated with aluminum or sodium. In WRB, its definition is almost the same of Soil Tax-onomy. This fact is due to the little research about the genesis of these horizons. In this re-search we analysed the profiles of three Ultisols of the State of Santa Catarina: 1.Typic Som-brihumults (PVa), in Içara, with the source material siltstones intercalated with sandstones; 2.Typic Sombrihumults (PAd), in Rancho Queimado, with the source material granites and granulites; 3. Typic Sombrihumults (PBACal), in Alfredo Wagner, with the source material argillites and siltites. It was also analyzed a profile of Alfisol (TCp) from Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul State, having as source material granites and gneisses. It was added to the study a Dy-strudepts (CH) from Bom Jardim da Serra, Mountainous Area of Santa Catarina, having as source material the basalt. This last soil does not present dark subsuperficial horizon, having been chosen in order to compare results from delta ¹³C analyses with the other soils, since it has grass vegetation for millennia. We carried out physical, chemical, mineralogical and mi-cromorphological analysis. Fractionation studies of the sand and mineralogy by X-ray diffrac-tion aimed to identify lithologic discontinuities. Micromorphological analysis aimed to identi-fy whether there was migration and accumulation of humic compounds in the dark subsurface horizons. Iron and aluminum selective dissolution aimed to identify whether there were pod-zolization processes. Studies of carbon isotopes were intended to examine whether climate change was involved in the genesis of the dark subsurface horizons. Studies were not con-cluded to TCp. For PAd and PBACal, results indicated buried soils. For PVa, results sug-gested the migration of clay-humic compounds. In Ultisols there was aluminum accumulation in the dark subsurface horizon. Results of carbon isotopes have not identified to be the organ-ic matter from different vegetation of the current. Soils did not attend the requests of classifi-cation from WRB and Soil Taxonomy to fit as sombric horizons. It is proposed to Soil Tax-onomy and FAO the requirement elimination of the humus-illuvial no-associated to aluminum occurrence as a criterion to fit those soils as sombric horizons. It is suggested its substitution by the evidence of humus-illuvial occurrence in sombric through thin slide analysis and through the evidence of lithology discontinuity absence along the toposequence and absence of agric horizon and isotopes of carbon results related to the same vegetation in surface and dark subsurface horizons. In addition, it is still proposed to Brazilian System of Soil Classifi-cation the inclusion of the sombric character, to be taken into consideration in Sub-Group level / Na região Sul do Brasil ocorrem solos que apresentam horizontes subsuperficiais mais escu-recidos que os horizontes sobrejacentes, notadamente na classe dos Argissolos. Estes solos estão situados em locais bem drenados e não apresentam saturação por sódio. Os horizontes subsuperficiais escuros assemelham-se aos horizontes sômbricos relatados inicialmente na África Central. A definição de horizonte sômbrico na classificação dos Estados Unidos é a mesma de há cinquenta anos, sem basicamente ter sofrido modificações. Nessa definição, o horizonte sômbrico é subsuperficial e constituído de húmus iluvial não associado ao alumínio ou sódio. Na classificação da FAO, tal definição basicamente incorporou a da classificação dos Estados Unidos, com pouca alteração. Isto se deve às poucas pesquisas a respeito da gê-nese desses horizontes. Neste trabalho de pesquisa analisaram-se três perfis de Argissolos do Estado de Santa Catarina: 1. O Argissolo Vermelho Alumínico (PVa), de Içara, tendo como material de origem siltitos com intercalação de arenitos; 2. OArgissolo Amarelo Distrófico (PAd), de Rancho Queimado, tendo como material de origem granitos e granulitos; 3. O Ar-gissolo Bruno-Acinzentado Alumínico (PBACal), de Alfredo Wagner, derivado de argilitos e siltitos. Também analisou-se um perfil de Luvissolo Crômico Pálico (TCp), de Bagé/RS que tem como material de origem granitos e gnaisses. Somou-se aos perfis relacionados um Cam-bissolo Húmico (CH) de Bom Jardim da Serra/SC, derivado de basalto. O CH é de região de altitude e sem horizonte subsuperficial escuro, tendo sido escolhido para servir como teste-munha nos resultados referentes às análises de delta 13C dos demais solos, de vez que apresen-ta vegetação de gramíneas há milênios. Efetuaram-se análises físicas, químicas, mineralógicas e micromorfológicas. Estudos de fracionamento da areia e de mineralogia por difração de raios-X objetivaram identificar descontinuidades litológicas. Análises micromorfológicas ob-jetivaram identificar se houve migração e acúmulo de compostos húmicos nos horizontes sub-superficiais escuros. Análises de dissolução seletiva de ferro e alumínio objetivaram identifi-car se ocorreram processos de podzolização. Estudos de isótopos de carbono tiveram por fina-lidade analisar se houve mudanças climáticas implicadas na gênese dos horizontes subsuperfi-ciais escuros. Os resultados foram inconclusivos para o TCp. Para o PAd e para o PBACal indicaram tratar-se de horizontes A soterrados por ação coluvionar. Para o PVa sugeriram haver migração de compostos argilo-húmicos. Nos Argissolos houve acúmulo de alumínio nos horizontes subsuperficiais escuros. Resultados de isótopos de carbono não identificaram ser a matéria orgânica oriunda de vegetação diferenciada da atual. Os solos não enquadraram-se no tipo sômbrico. Propõe-se à classificação dos Estados Unidos e à FAO a eliminação do requisito da ocorrência de húmus iluvial não-associado ao alumínio nos sômbricos. Propõe-se substituir esse requisito pela comprovação da ocorrência de húmus iluvial no sômbrico atra-vés de análises em lâmina delgada e através de evidências de ausência de descontinuidade litológica e ausência de horizonte ágrico e resultados de isótopos de carbono relacionados ao mesmo tipo de vegetação nos horizontes superficial e subsuperficial escuro. Propõe-se ao Sis-tema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos a inclusão do caráter sômbrico, a ser contemplado no nível de Sub-Grupo

O escritor mineiro Campos de Carvalho publicou seus principais romances entre 1956 e 1964 tendo uma recepção relativamente fria por parte dos críticos. Escrevendo em um momento em que o nacional-desenvolvimentismo reinava no país e sob a égide da literatura engajada, viu-se excluído das obras canônicas de seu tempo. Com o golpe militar de 1964 começaram a ocorrer modificações significativas no campo cultural brasileiro, quando o engajamento começou a ser contestado. Tal ruptura deu-se abruptamente no ano de 1968 quando, com o decreto do Ato Institucional nº5, o padrões da produção artística nacional passaram a refletir essa nova realidade. Com um Estado extremamente violento e com as liberdades democráticas limitadas por repressão e censura, foram necessários novos espaços de expressão artística como a chamada imprensa alternativa. Nesse novo contexto, marcado por movimentos como contracultura, marginalidade e Tropicalismo, Campos de Carvalho e sua obra passaram a ser ressignificados, encontrando novos horizontes interpretativos para sua literatura. Contribuindo como colunista do jornal O Pasquim, encontrou novos leitores. / The writer Campos de Carvalho published his major novels between 1956 and 1964 having a relatively indifferent reception from critics. Writing in a time when the national developmentalism reigned in the country and under the auspices of committed literature, he was excluded from the canonical works of his time. With the military coup of 1964 began to be significant changes in the Brazilian cultural field, when the engagement began to be challenged. This rupture occurred abruptly in 1968 when, with the decree of Institutional Act No. 5, the standards of the national artistic production began to reflect this new reality. With an extremely violent state and democratic freedoms limited by repression and censorship, it took new artistic expression of spaces such as call alternative press. In this new context, marked by movements such counterculture, marginality and Tropicalismo, Campos de Carvalho and his work began to be reevaluated, finding new interpretative horizons for its literature. Contributing as a columnist for O Pasquim, found new readers.

Cerro de Oro, located in the lower Cañete valley, was a large adobe city, built, inhabited and abandoned between ca. 500-850 AD. The size of the site, the monumental and standarized dimensions of its architecture, the excavated contexts as well as its urban trace distinguish Cerro de Oro as a sui generis settlement for its time and location. The integration of analysis performed at the site show that its architecture, spatial organization and cultural contexts were highly structured, which is reflected in restrictions in access, visibility and use of space within the site. The following article presents a contextual interpretation that integrates the analysis of space, ceramics, textiles, botanics and shell remains, performed by the Proyecto Arqueológico Cerro de Oro between 2012-2015, and proposes a series of possible escenarios as to how this city was lived. / Cerro de Oro, ubicado en el valle bajo de Cañete, fue una gran ciudad de adobe, construida, habitada y abandonada entre c. 500-850 d.C. La extensión del sitio, las dimensiones monumentales y estandarizadas de su arquitectura, los contextos excavados, así como su particular traza urbana designan a Cerro de Oro como un asentamiento sui generis para su época y ubicación. La integración de los análisis realizados en el sitio revela que tanto su arquitectura y organización espacial como sus contextos culturales fueron altamente estructurados, lo cual refleja restricciones en el tránsito, la visibilidad y el uso de espacios dentro del sitio. El siguiente artículo presentará una interpretación contextual que integra los distintos análisis arquitectónicos, cerámicos, textiles, botánicos y malacológicos realizados por el Proyecto Arqueológico Cerro de Oro entre el 2012-2015, y propone una serie de interpretaciones sobre la manera en que la gente vivió en esta gran ciudad de barro.

Wari Tombs in the Callejón de Huaylas, Department of AncashExcavations of Wari period chullpas in the Callejon de Huaylas have produced important new evidence of mortuary patterns in that region, while also furnishing associated artifacts that can be compared with materials from the adjacent coast. Based on evaluations of former research results the authors propose the existence of a single socio-political unit that united the coast and highlands of Ancash during the time period under study. / Excavaciones arqueológicas en chullpas de la época wari en el Callejón de Huaylas ofrecen nuevas e importantes evidencias acerca del patrón funerario de la zona y permiten correlacionar los materiales asociados con la costa de Áncash. Con una evaluación de las investigaciones previas realizadas, los autores proponen la existencia de una unidad sociopolítica entre la costa y sierra de Ancash para la época estudiada.

Funerary Architecture and Contexts at Batan Urqu, CuscoThe site of Batan Urqu, located in the Huaro Valley, in the province of Quispicanchi, Cusco, was continuously occupied from the Formative Period until European contact. Excavations revealed that during the Middle Horizon a complex of funerary buildings and structures had been constructed within a rectangular area demarcated by a wall. Data recovered by the author from excavations of the Wari funerary complex between August and October of 1992 are provided. The architecture and spatial organization of funerary structures are described, as well as the position of individuals and associated objects. Finally, a series of observations regarding the general burial pattern is presented, and an interpretation of the cultural remains, currently being analyzed, is offered. / El sitio de Batan Urqu, ubicado en el valle de Huaro, provincia de Quispicanchis, Cusco, fue ocupado continuamente desde el periodo Formativo hasta la época del contacto europeo. Las excavaciones realizadas permitieron revelar que durante el Horizonte Medio se construyó un conjunto de edificios y estructuras de uso funerario en un espacio rectangular enmarcado por una muralla. Se proporcionan los datos obtenidos en las excavaciones en el complejo funerario wari llevadas a cabo por el autor entre agosto y octubre de 1992. Se describen la arquitectura y la organización espacial de las estructuras funerarias encontradas, posición de los individuos y los objetos asociados. Finalmente se ofrece una serie de observaciones sobre el patrón funerario y se proponen perspectivas para los análisis de vestigios culturales que en la actualidad se llevan a cabo.

The Wari in their Local Context: Nasca and SondondoThis paper presents archaeological data from the Sondondo valley (provincia Lucanas, Ayacucho),and the Nasca region of the south coast of Peru, and attempts to elucidate the nature of the Wari occupation in each region. In the case of Sondondo, a large Wari site, Jincamocco, was established in MH 1B. During the remainder of the Middle Horizon, three additional sites were built, agricultural terracing was constructed, and local villages were relocated. In the case of Nasca, the site of Pacheco was established, as well as a small site at Pataraya; we also find two small Wari cemeteries with above-ground tombs in the upper valley. It appears that agricultural terraces were co-opted, and the local political system underwent a major reorganization. The two regions are compared on the basis of political and economic reorganization associated with the Wari presence. It is suggested that research to date indicates that the expansion of Wari was a largely political phenomenon, with strong elements of both the economic and religious spheres. / Este trabajo ofrece datos provenientes del valle de Sondondo, provincia de Lucanas, Ayacucho, y de Nasca, de la costa sur, e intenta elucidar la naturaleza de la ocupación wari en cada una de estas regiones. En el Horizonte Medio 1B, en el caso de Sondondo, se estableció un sitio de grandes dimensiones, Jincamocco, mientras que en el resto del Horizonte Medio se construyeron tres sitios adicionales, andenes, y se reubicaron pueblos locales. En el caso de Nasca, se estableció el sitio de Pacheco y otro menor llamado Patayara; en el valle superior había dos pequeños cementerios wari con tumbas sobre el suelo. Al parecer, se controlaba el acceso a las terrazas agrícolas y el sistema político local sufrió una reestructuración importante. Se comparan las dos regiones sobre la base de la reorganización política y económica asociada con la  presencia wari. Se sugiere que la investigación realizada hasta la fecha indica que la expansión wari fue un fenómeno en gran parte político, con importantes elementos tanto en la esfera económica como en la religiosa.