Diploma thesis called "Typology of weak, fragile, failing, failed, collapsed states" lays the objective to look into all kinds of collapsed states, and then it wants to compare to what measurement answers the specified typological conception to the reality. In the introduction the study attends to definitions of the terms state,sovereignty and nation which are nearly connected with the issue. As well the reasons for geographical enlistment will be given at the same time. The first chapter is focused on the characteristic features of the different types of watched states. That is why the comparison of the terms is included, its objective is specification and coherence of the terminology. The next part will be engaged in the application of chosen marks to the concrete African countries. There is simultaneously offered the answer to question, in what way and to what measurement the theoretical conception differ from the real functioning. And then it is seen if the enlistment of countries agrees with their general situation, and there are eventually watched some reasons if it does not agree. The last but one chapter is focused on the critical review of the whole typology of collapsed states and it mediates a wide range of aspects and findings which are brought by the typology. The end provides some...

Rare conditions can be catastrophic for families and the implications for public health can be substantial. Our study compared basic surveillance through active medical record review with a linked administrative data file to assess the number of cases of two rare conditions, fragile X syndrome (FXS) and muscular dystrophy (MD) in a population. Methods: Two methods of data collection were used to collect information from five counties comprising two standard metropolitan statistical areas of South Carolina. The passive system relied mostly on health claims data using ICD-9 CM diagnostic codes. The active system relied on a nurse abstracting records from a list of all licensed physicians with specialties in neurology, orthopedics, and genetics. Results: There were 141 FXS cases and 348 MD cases that met the case definitions using active surveillance. Additional cases were found for both conditions but they were determined to not be true cases. After linking the actively collected MD and FXS cases to passive datasets, we found that the estimated total numbers of cases were similar to using capture-recapture analysis; the positive predictive values for cases identified in the passive system were 56.6% for MD and 75.7% for FXS. Conclusions: Applying capture-recapture methods to passively collected surveillance data for rare health conditions produced an estimate of the number of true cases that was similar to that obtained through active data collection.

KLABANOVÁ E., The influence of the Syrian conflict on the socio-economic stability of Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. Diploma Thesis. Brno, 2016 The aim of this diploma thesis is to evaluate the impacts of Syrian crisis on socioeconomic stability of Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. The theoretical part is focused on deeper understanding of the issue and definition of basic terms. The following chapters are already based on comparative analysis, where socioeconomic stability is divided into 3 level, such as economic, social and political. These levels are examined by 12 indicators of Fragile State Index. In conclusion of this thesis there will be reviewed the possibility of destabilization od the state in connection with Syrian crisis.

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In the mammalian brain, information is believed to be encoded at the cellular level through alterations in synaptic weights. Furthermore, changes in synaptic strength are correlated with structural changes at dendritic spines, such as growth and shrinkage, which may serve to shape inputs into functional domains and increase the computational power of neurons. Neuroanatomical alterations in dendritic spines have been described in humans with intellectual disability, further supporting the relationship between neuronal structure and function. Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the most common single-gene neurodevelopmental disorder, and a hallmark feature of this disorder is the increased density of long spines in several brain regions including the hippocampus. Identification of FXS spines as filopodia-like has led to the theory that these spines are immature, and that altered spine development underlies the cognitive dysfunction in this disorder. However, the functional capacity of the long spines observed in FXS is not well understood. For my thesis work, I used two photon imaging, glutamate uncaging and electrophysiology to perform a high-resolution characterization of dendritic spine structure, function, and plasticity in the hippocampus of the FXS mouse model in order to determine what gives rise to these alterations and how this contributes to the observed neuronal dysfunction in this disorder. From my dissertation research, I find that while Fmr1 KO neurons have region-specific alterations in both dendrite and spine morphology, the functional responses of single synapses in FXS mutant neurons are grossly normal. FXS spines respond proportionally to increased levels of glutamate release, and the linear relationship between structure and function is preserved at these synapses. In addition, structural plasticity, both growth and shrinkage, at single inputs is similar in magnitude to control neurons following synaptic potentiation and depression, respectively. However, upon more detailed examination of structural plasticity, either at single or multiple inputs, I find several deficits. First, following structural plasticity, I observe aberrant heterosynaptic plasticity in Fmr1 KO neurons, where unstimulated mutant spines located in close proximity to activated spines become significantly larger compared to neighboring spines in control neurons, which showed no significant change in size. Next, competition for mGluR-LTD does not occur in Fmr1 KO neurons, leading to an increase in spines that undergo spine shrinkage. I conclude from this work that while spine morphology is altered in FXS, spines develop with functional synapses that have the capacity to express bidirectional forms of structural plasticity. However, these spines undergo abnormal structural plasticity across stimulated inputs, leading to the expression of aberrant heterosynaptic structural plasticity. As activity is integrated across a dendritic branch, such excess plasticity observed in Fmr1 KO neurons could contribute to the altered spine morphology as well as cognitive dysfunction observed in FXS.

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