An AA5083 aluminium alloy sensitized in service after 40 years exposure to ground atmosphere temperature is studied. Nitric acid mass loss test (NAMLT) is used to determine the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion (IGC). The degree of sensitization in various areas through the alloy thickness was found different, which can be associated with non-homogeneous Mg distribution through the alloy plate thickness. Structure characterisation confirmed that the in-service sensitization is associated with the formation of the ' phase and a cubic Al-Mg transition phase with magnesium content between the GP zones and the '' phase at the grain boundaries. In order to simulate the in-service sensitization process and to gain insight into the sensitization mechanism, the sensitization of AA5083 alloy at relatively low temperatures, namely 70 and 100°C, is studied. For the AA5083 alloy sensitized at 70°C, although the mass loss value is below 15 mg/cm2, ' phase is observed as individual precipitates at grain boundaries. The AA5083 alloy after exposure to 100°C for 240 hours is susceptible to IGC since the ' precipitates have grown continuously at the grain boundaries. Additionally, the effect of sensitization in AA5083 alloy on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is also investigated using constant displacement double cantilever beam (DCB) testing. It is found that the cracking length increases with the degree of sensitization. The population density of the crack branches also increases with the degree of sensitization. The metal between different small branches is known as ligament. And with high degree of sensitization, the ligaments between crack branches have become brittle. Therefore, small branches became connected to form a continuous crack with the crack propagating.

No description available.

Esta tese tem por objetivo determinar a estampabilidade de chapas de alumínio 5083 O processadas pelo processo de fricção e mistura (PFM). Para atingir os objetivos propostos o processo de fricção por mistura foi estudado e uma ferramenta de soldagem PFM construída, a verificação da qualidade da solda foi realizada com metalografia da região processada para verificar a presença de vazios, obtidas as melhores condições a superplasticidade através do processo PFM é estudada com os ensaios de tração a quente e de saltos. Ensaios de tração a frio foram realizados nos corpos de prova com o processamento e sem o processamento com o objetivo de obter a curva tensão versus deformação do material processado e sem processamento. Foi efetuado o ensaio de microdureza da região soldada. A estampabilidade das chapas foi verificada através do ensaio de expansão hidrostática e empregadas na determinação da conformabilidade das chapas processadas e sem processar. Os ensaios de expansão hidrostática foram realizados em software de elementos finitos com o objetivo de comparar os resultados práticos e teóricos. Este estudo simulou pelo método dos elementos finitos a determinação da curva limite de conformação de chapas de alumínio 5083 O processadas através do processo PFM. A simulação de elementos finitos implicou em utilizar o método não linear e os softwares MSC MARC e Abaqus para simulação. Determinou-se neste estudo que a resistência à tração de chapas após processo PFM é 30% maior do que sem processamento, a estampabilidade à frio das chapas manteve-se a mesma. Os testes práticos determinaram que os softwares Abaqus e MSC MARC possuem boa aproximação para o teste de expansão hidrostática à frio. O Software Abaqus apresentou dificuldades para convergir e tempo de processamento muito superior ao MSC MARC nos estudos de expansão hidrostática à frio e na condição superplástica. Através dos ensaios de saltos determinou-se que a condição 328 rpm e 65 mm/min possui coeficiente de sensibilidade à taxa de deformação m muito superior ao do alumínio 5083 O sem PFM, isto resultou em uma melhor distribuição de espessura da chapa após o ensaio de expansão hidrostática superplástico em software. / The aim of this study is to determine the sheet metal formability of 5083 O aluminum sheets after friction stir processing \"FSP\". To achieve the proposed objectives the friction stir processing was be reviewed and modeled in order to enable the design and manufacture of a proper FSP tool. The quality of the process was carried out through metallographic tests of the FSP region looking for the presence of voids. The best conditions for plasticity and superplastic forming after FSP was studied by means of an approach of jump steps in the hot tensile tests, looking for a coefficient of strain rate sensitivity. The micro hardness tests and tensile tests at room temperature were carried out for the specimens with and without FSP processing in order to characterize their material mechanical behavior. The formability of the FSP blanks was evaluated through Bulge tests. The results enable to plot Forming Limit Curves friction stir processed blanks after FSP and without FSP. The numerical simulation of the Free Bulge tests was carried out using a Finite Element Method model in order to compare the numerical theoretical and experimental practical results. The numerical simulation approach allows for the determination the forming limit curve of 5083 O aluminum sheets processed by the FSP process. The Finite Element Method modeling and simulation have employed two nonlinear FEM codes: the MSC MARC and Abaqus were compared as software for the simulations. The Yeld Strength of specimens with FSP increased 30% in comparison with specimens without FSP in cold tensile tests, the formability of shapes with and without FSP was de same. The practical tests showed that Abaqus and MSC MARC results has a good approach, the processing time in Abaqus was much greater than in MSC MARC, Abaqus had convergence problems when contact condition is applied. Through the jump tensile tests the 328 rpm and 65 mm/min condition showed a m factor much higher in comparison with condition without FSP in AA 5083 O, this results led in a better thickness distribution after the superplastic bulge test in software.

Esta tese tem por objetivo determinar a estampabilidade de chapas de alumínio 5083 O processadas pelo processo de fricção e mistura (PFM). Para atingir os objetivos propostos o processo de fricção por mistura foi estudado e uma ferramenta de soldagem PFM construída, a verificação da qualidade da solda foi realizada com metalografia da região processada para verificar a presença de vazios, obtidas as melhores condições a superplasticidade através do processo PFM é estudada com os ensaios de tração a quente e de saltos. Ensaios de tração a frio foram realizados nos corpos de prova com o processamento e sem o processamento com o objetivo de obter a curva tensão versus deformação do material processado e sem processamento. Foi efetuado o ensaio de microdureza da região soldada. A estampabilidade das chapas foi verificada através do ensaio de expansão hidrostática e empregadas na determinação da conformabilidade das chapas processadas e sem processar. Os ensaios de expansão hidrostática foram realizados em software de elementos finitos com o objetivo de comparar os resultados práticos e teóricos. Este estudo simulou pelo método dos elementos finitos a determinação da curva limite de conformação de chapas de alumínio 5083 O processadas através do processo PFM. A simulação de elementos finitos implicou em utilizar o método não linear e os softwares MSC MARC e Abaqus para simulação. Determinou-se neste estudo que a resistência à tração de chapas após processo PFM é 30% maior do que sem processamento, a estampabilidade à frio das chapas manteve-se a mesma. Os testes práticos determinaram que os softwares Abaqus e MSC MARC possuem boa aproximação para o teste de expansão hidrostática à frio. O Software Abaqus apresentou dificuldades para convergir e tempo de processamento muito superior ao MSC MARC nos estudos de expansão hidrostática à frio e na condição superplástica. Através dos ensaios de saltos determinou-se que a condição 328 rpm e 65 mm/min possui coeficiente de sensibilidade à taxa de deformação m muito superior ao do alumínio 5083 O sem PFM, isto resultou em uma melhor distribuição de espessura da chapa após o ensaio de expansão hidrostática superplástico em software. / The aim of this study is to determine the sheet metal formability of 5083 O aluminum sheets after friction stir processing \"FSP\". To achieve the proposed objectives the friction stir processing was be reviewed and modeled in order to enable the design and manufacture of a proper FSP tool. The quality of the process was carried out through metallographic tests of the FSP region looking for the presence of voids. The best conditions for plasticity and superplastic forming after FSP was studied by means of an approach of jump steps in the hot tensile tests, looking for a coefficient of strain rate sensitivity. The micro hardness tests and tensile tests at room temperature were carried out for the specimens with and without FSP processing in order to characterize their material mechanical behavior. The formability of the FSP blanks was evaluated through Bulge tests. The results enable to plot Forming Limit Curves friction stir processed blanks after FSP and without FSP. The numerical simulation of the Free Bulge tests was carried out using a Finite Element Method model in order to compare the numerical theoretical and experimental practical results. The numerical simulation approach allows for the determination the forming limit curve of 5083 O aluminum sheets processed by the FSP process. The Finite Element Method modeling and simulation have employed two nonlinear FEM codes: the MSC MARC and Abaqus were compared as software for the simulations. The Yeld Strength of specimens with FSP increased 30% in comparison with specimens without FSP in cold tensile tests, the formability of shapes with and without FSP was de same. The practical tests showed that Abaqus and MSC MARC results has a good approach, the processing time in Abaqus was much greater than in MSC MARC, Abaqus had convergence problems when contact condition is applied. Through the jump tensile tests the 328 rpm and 65 mm/min condition showed a m factor much higher in comparison with condition without FSP in AA 5083 O, this results led in a better thickness distribution after the superplastic bulge test in software.

Este trabalho trata da avaliação da técnica de conformação por expansão fluidostática (bulge forming) através de uma matriz com múltiplas cavidades. Duas ligas de especificação AA5083 e Pb-60Sn foram submetidas ao processo de superplasticidade (Superplastic Forming) para a verificação de diferentes parâmetros de trabalho e comparação com os resultados por simulação numérica. Uma das principais conclusões obtidas é que o método multidomo foi válido para o estudo do fenômeno superplástico. Os testes foram realizados através do método de pressão constante, onde foi possível obter variáveis como tensão, taxa de deformação e índice de sensibilidade a taxa de deformação. Uma importante implicação deste processo é o controle correto do tempo de trabalho com cavidades conformadas em ensaios distintos. / This study aims to evaluate the forming technique fluidostatic expansion (bulge forming) through a die with multiple cavities. Two AA5083 alloy and Pb-60Sn specification were submitted to superplasticity process (superplastic forming) for checking different working parameters and comparison with the results in numerical simulation. One of the main conclusions is that the multidomo method was valid to study the superplastic phenomenon. The tests were performed using the constant pressure method, where it was possible to obtain variables such as stress, strain rate and the strain rate sensitivity index. An important implication of this process is the correct control of working time with shaped cavities in separate trials.

Este trabalho trata da avaliação da técnica de conformação por expansão fluidostática (bulge forming) através de uma matriz com múltiplas cavidades. Duas ligas de especificação AA5083 e Pb-60Sn foram submetidas ao processo de superplasticidade (Superplastic Forming) para a verificação de diferentes parâmetros de trabalho e comparação com os resultados por simulação numérica. Uma das principais conclusões obtidas é que o método multidomo foi válido para o estudo do fenômeno superplástico. Os testes foram realizados através do método de pressão constante, onde foi possível obter variáveis como tensão, taxa de deformação e índice de sensibilidade a taxa de deformação. Uma importante implicação deste processo é o controle correto do tempo de trabalho com cavidades conformadas em ensaios distintos. / This study aims to evaluate the forming technique fluidostatic expansion (bulge forming) through a die with multiple cavities. Two AA5083 alloy and Pb-60Sn specification were submitted to superplasticity process (superplastic forming) for checking different working parameters and comparison with the results in numerical simulation. One of the main conclusions is that the multidomo method was valid to study the superplastic phenomenon. The tests were performed using the constant pressure method, where it was possible to obtain variables such as stress, strain rate and the strain rate sensitivity index. An important implication of this process is the correct control of working time with shaped cavities in separate trials.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a well recognised method for joining aluminium alloys and other engineering materials at a temperature below their melting point. However, the microstructure of the alloys may be modified during the welding process due to frictional heat and severe plastic deformation. In this study, the microstructures of friction stir welded AA5754-H111 and AA5083-O aluminium alloys have been investigated using optical microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy equipped with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) facilities. Typical weld zones introduced by FSW were observed. Further, a joint line remnant flaw (JLR) within the thermomechanical affected zone (TMAZ) of the welds was also revealed. The formation of the JLR is attributed to dispersion of the magnesium rich oxides within the joining line.The effect of the modified alloy microstructure on the corrosion behaviour of the welds has been investigated by corrosion susceptibility testing and ex-situ SEM examination. Both parent alloys and welds showed good exfoliation and intergranular corrosion resistance (IGC). However, severe localized corrosion was observed at joint line remnant and the weld root.Reduced hardness was recorded in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of AA5754-H111 aluminium alloy weldment. This is attributed to the heat generated during welding that led to grain coarsening. In contrast, slightly increased hardness was recorded within the TMAZ. This was related to the grain refinement as a result of the recrystallization process that took place due to the effect of the thermal cycle and the plastic deformation. Little hardness change was recorded within AA5083-O aluminium alloy weldment. This was attributed to the effect of the alloy temper condition.Thermal simulation of the service environment of the friction stir welded alloys was conducted to assess the resistance to sensitization of welds. After exposure of the welded AA5754 and AA5083 alloys at 50, 70 and 170°C for prolonged time, the resistance of the AA5083 alloy weld to the IGC drastically decreased owing to the precipitation of magnesium rich particles known as β-phase at the grain boundaries. On the contrary, the resistance of the AA5754 alloy weld to IGC remained after the thermal exposure. Thus, the level of Mg content in Al-Mg alloys plays an important role in determining the corrosion characteristics of the alloys. The precipitation of Mg rich particles (β-phase) on the grain boundary is the determining factor for the resistance of the AA5xxx alloys to IGC owing to the difference in the electrode potentials between the β-phase and the grain interior, which leads to the generation of microgalvanic cells and selective dissolution of the grain boundary.

No description available.

The ideal properties of a structural material are light weight with extensive strength and ductility. A composite with high strength and tailorable ductility was developed consisting of nanocrystalline AA5083, boron carbide and coarser grained AA5083. The microstructure was determined through optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A technique was developed to determine the nitrogen concentration of an AA5083 composite from secondary ion mass spectrometry utilizing a nitrogen ionimplanted standard. Aluminum nitride and amorphous nitrogen-rich dispersoids were found in the nanocrystalline aluminum grain boundaries. Nitrogen concentration increased as a function of cryomilling time up to 72hours. A greater nitrogen concentration resulted in an enhanced thermal stability of the nanocrystalline aluminum phase and a resultant increase in hardness. The distribution of the nitrogen-rich dispersoids may be estimated considering their size and the concentration of nitrogen in the composite. Contributions to strength and ductility from the Orowan relation can be more accurately modeled with the quantified nitrogen concentration.