Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:10:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3892.pdf: 6727050 bytes, checksum: b485a9de054d3ccec33d6f736f6c5f59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-14 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Poly(butylene terephthalate)/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PBT/ABS) blends show high toughness at room temperature, low ductile-brittle transition temperature and stable morphology when compatibilized. The flowability of PBT/ABS blends compatibilized in situ with methyl metacrylate- glicydil metacrylate-etyl acrylate (MGE) copolymer changes drastically with the kinds of ABS, PBT used and with the level of interfacial adhesion. In this work, a high rubber content ABS was mixed with PMMA and SAN copolymer. These blends were introduced in PBT/ABS/MGE system to study the processability. The addition of ABS/SAN or ABS/PMMA in the PBT/ABS/MGE blends didn t show high decreased of the torque in the blends with rubber content of 12 and 16 wt%. PBT 315/ABS/MGE and PBT 325/ABS/MGE blends showed inversion of viscosity concerning pure ABS under permanent shear condition. The mechanical properties of PBT/(ABS/SAN or PMMA)/MGE showed that the Young modulus and yield stress are not affected by the change of PBT matrix molecular weight. The kind of PBT matrix used changes strongly the blends behavior under impact, altering the values of ductile-brittle transition temperature and impact resistance. PBT 315 and ABS showed almost the same flow length. The compositions with ABS/PMMA added showed a higher flow length tendency in PBT 315 and PBT 325 blends. Blends with PBT 195 showed better flowability. However, these blends didn t become tough systems. The better mechanical properties/moldability relationship to PBT 315 and PBT 325 blends was observed for ABS/SAN or ABS/PMMA added with a rubber content of 30 %wt. / Blendas poli(tereftalato de butileno)/acrilonitrila-butadieno-estireno (PBT/ABS) apresentam alta tenacidade à temperatura ambiente, baixa temperatura de transição frágil-dúctil e morfologia estável quando compatibilizadas. O comportamento no estado fundido de sistemas PBT/ABS compatibilizados in situ com o copolímero metacrilado de metila-metacrilato de glicidila-acrilato de etila (MGE) sofre forte influência dos tipos de ABS e PBT utilizados, bem como do grau de adesão interfacial gerado pelo compatibilizante. Neste trabalho, um ABS com elevado conteúdo de fase borrachosa foi diluído com copolímero SAN e PMMA. Estas blendas foram introduzidas no sistema PBT/ABS/MGE para estudo da sua processabilidade. A adição de ABS/SAN ou ABS/PMMA nas blendas PBT/ABS/MGE não apresentou acentuada diminuição do torque tanto nas blendas com proporção mássica de fase borrachosa igual a 12 % como naquelas com 16% em massa. Sob regime permanente de cisalhamento, as blendas PBT 315/ABS/MGE e PBT 325/ABS/MGE apresentam inversão da viscosidade em relação ao ABS puro. As propriedades mecânicas das blendas PBT/[(ABS/SAN ou PMMA)]/MGE mostraram que o módulo de Young e a tensão no escoamento são relativamente insensíveis à alteração da massa molar da matriz PBT numa dada composição. O tipo de matriz PBT utilizada influencia fortemente o comportamento sob impacto das blendas, alterando tanto os valores da temperatura de transição frágil-dúctil como a resistência ao impacto para uma dada temperatura. O PBT 315 e o ABS apresentaram praticamente o mesmo comprimento de fluxo. As composições em que se adicionou ABS/PMMA apresentaram uma tendência a maior comprimento de fluxo tanto nos sistemas com PBT 315 como naqueles com PBT 325. As blendas com PBT 195 apresentam maior habilidade em preencher o molde. Entretanto, estas blendas não resultaram em sistemas tenazes. A melhor correlação propriedades mecânicas/moldabilidade para blendas com PBT 315 e 325 foi para os sistemas onde adicionou-se ABS/SAN ou ABS/PMMA com 30 % em massa de fase borrachosa.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:11:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissFSP.pdf: 18802879 bytes, checksum: a9818f2ee4bfef9a0c0777ed0f312972 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-08-24 / The present work is about the influence of processing parameter and composition on the morphology of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)resins. The ABS grades chosen are commercial products with high rubber content, i. e., above 40 wt%. A styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) was blended to ABS parental compositions by melt extrusion in order to dilute the overall rubber contents, practice also used at the industry. The pure ABS in powder were processed in three different ways: compression, extrusion and injection molding. In each process there were variation of molding condition, and its influence on morphology formation were studied by transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. Blends of SAN content 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30 and even 50 wt% of SAN had their morphologies investigated. Besides that, the polymeric components of the blends were chemically, rheologically and thermo-mechanically characterized. The analysis showed how the grafting grade and the amount of free SAN on ABS can be critical on the rheological characteristics of these materials. The pure ABS morphology showed agglomerated rubber particles, big enough to become the system matrix phase. Changes on the processing parameters alter the morphology only on the disperse phase domains size and distribution. The SEM morphology analysis of injection molded samples showed enhanced rubbery phase particles agglomeration at the border regions of the specimen. Adding up to 30 wt% of SAN in ABS wasn t enough to promote phase inversion, yielding a SAN rich phase as the system matrix. This result suggests that the added SAN wasn t miscible into the ABS free SAN. / O trabalho desenvolvido versa sobre a influência de parâmetros de processamento e da composição na morfologia de terpolímeros acrilonitrilabutadieno- estireno (ABS). As resinas de ABS escolhidas para este estudo são produtos comerciais e têm elevado teor de borracha, ou seja, acima de 40% em massa. O copolímero estireno-acrilonitrila (SAN) foi escolhido para diluir o teor de elastômero das resinas ABS, através de misturas por extrusão, prática utilizada também na indústria. Os ABS puros na forma de pó foram processados em três diferentes maneiras: compressão, extrusão e moldagem por injeção. Em cada processo foram variados parâmetros de processo, e suas influências na formação da morfologia foram estudadas através de microscopias eletrônicas de transmissão (MET) e de varredura (MEV). Blendas ABS/SAN contendo 2,5; 5; 10; 20; 30% e até 50% em massa de SAN foram alvo de estudos morfológicos. Além disso, os componentes poliméricos das blendas foram caracterizados química, reológica e termo-mecanicamente. As análises mostraram como as diferenças de grau de enxertia e de porcentagem de SAN livre nos ABS podem ser determinantes nas características reológicas destes materiais. A morfologia dos ABS puros apresentou aglomerados de partículas de borracha, grandes o suficiente para se tornarem a fase matriz do sistema contrapondo-se a morfologia típica dos sistemas obtidos por emulsão. As mudanças nos parâmetros de processamento alteraram a morfologia somente no que diz respeito ao tamanho e distribuição dos domínios da fase dispersa. A análise da morfologia em MEV de amostras injetadas mostrou que a aglomeração das partículas da fase elastomérica foi mais acentuada nas regiões próximas a parede do corpo de prova. A adição de até 30% em massa de SAN nos ABS foi insuficiente para promover a inversão de fases, onde a matriz do sistema passa a ser a fase rica em SAN. Este resultado leva a crer que o SAN adicionado foi imiscível com o SAN presente nos ABS.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:12:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4729.pdf: 10882358 bytes, checksum: 1355e0996ed8344ec0c886ce1e8e44e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-09 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / At the present work several properties of PBT/ABS blends processed with different extrusion conditions as feed rate, screw speed and profile and die geometry were studied in order to verify how these parameters affect their properties. The specimens were obtained directly from the extruded blends to keep extrusion characteristics on the results. The main reason to add ABS to the PBT was to have tough PBT/ABS blends. It was verified that even without a compatibilizer, impact strength of the blends was higher than the impact strength of neat components. In addition, the ductile brittle temperature transition (DBTT) has decreased almost 60ºC when compared to the neat PBT. It was also verified that differences on processing parameters affect mostly DBTT, exhibiting values in the range of -5ºC to 40ºC. The best results were obtained using higher feed rates, low screw speed rotation, kneading blocks lagged 90º and shorter dies. It was also developed a degradation evaluation method and showed that the thermal mechanical degradation of the blend components can be verified by analyzing the consumption of the double bonds of the polybutadiene rich phase from ABS and the reduction of molecular weight of PBT. Although adequate results were obtained on preliminary degradation analyses of the components mixed in a torque rheometer, the method was insufficiently sensitive to identify significant differences on the degradation of blend components processed in a twin screw extruder. / Neste trabalho diversas propriedades de blendas PBT/ABS processadas com diferentes parâmetros de extrusão como taxa de alimentação, velocidade de rotação e perfil de rosca e geometria da matriz foram estudadas para compreender como estes parâmetros afetam suas propriedades. Como não houve injeção de corpos de prova foram mantidas assim as características da extrusão, diferenciando este trabalho de anteriores em que as propriedades também dependiam da injeção. Como o intuito principal desta blenda é a tenacificação do PBT, a principal propriedade estudada foi a resistência ao impacto em diversas temperaturas. Foi verificado que mesmo sem a presença de compatibilizantes a resistência ao impacto a temperatura ambiente apresenta resultados superiores aos dos dois componentes puros e que a temperatura de transição dúctil frágil (TTDF) do PBT é reduzida em quase 60ºC. Foi verificado também que as condições de processo afetam principalmente a TTDF das blendas havendo variações entre -5ºC e 40ºC. Os melhores resultados de impacto foram obtidos utilizando maiores vazões, menores velocidades de rotação de rosca, blocos de malaxagem defasados 90º e menor comprimento de secção paralela da matriz. Além disso foi desenvolvido um método de avaliação da degradação dos componentes da blenda que comprovou que a degradação termomecânica experimentada pelos componentes durante seu processo de mistura pode ser verificada pela quebra das duplas ligações da fase rica em polibutadieno do ABS e pela redução de massa molecular do PBT.

Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-14T11:47:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLDCC.pdf: 4367646 bytes, checksum: 6ea0bbaf8821a92bf7348237ecee172b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-15T13:42:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLDCC.pdf: 4367646 bytes, checksum: 6ea0bbaf8821a92bf7348237ecee172b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-15T13:42:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLDCC.pdf: 4367646 bytes, checksum: 6ea0bbaf8821a92bf7348237ecee172b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-15T13:42:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLDCC.pdf: 4367646 bytes, checksum: 6ea0bbaf8821a92bf7348237ecee172b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-22 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Nanocomposites based on polyamide 6 (PA6) and acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene (ABS) blends compatibilized with styrene-maleic anhydride-acrylonitrile (SANMA) and methyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride (MA-MMA) were prepared by melt blending in a twin screw extruder through different mixing protocols. The nanoclay incorporation effect, different compatibilizing systems and components mixing sequence were evaluated in morphological, mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical and rheological properties. Evidences of chemical interactions between PA6 and reactive copolymers were observed by torque rheometry. XRD analysis indicates an exfoliated structure for all the nanocomposites due to the good interaction between PA6/OMMT. The significant increase in nanocomposites viscosity when compared with their respective ternary blends corroborates the results obtained by XRD. TEM micrographs show a strong influence of both reactive copolymers on polymer blends morphology, where the presence of SANMA and MMA-MA is responsible for reducing the dispersed phase particle size when compared to the uncompatibilized blend. TEM images confirm the existence of an exfoliation structure in all nanocomposites. The addition of both reactive copolymers significantly increased the ternary blends toughness when compared with PA6/ABS. Furthermore, the nanoclay incorporation enhanced the elasticity modulus and HDT of the nanocomposites but also reduced the toughness and the elongation at break when compared with their respective compatibilized blends. / Nanocompósitos baseados em blendas de poliamida 6 (PA6) e acrilonitrila-butadieno-estireno (ABS) compatibilizadas com os estirenoacrilonitrila- anidrido maleico (SANMA) e metacrilato de metila-anidrido maleico (MMA-MA), foram preparadas por mistura no estado fundido em uma extrusora de rosca dupla corotacional através de diferentes sequências de mistura. Foram analisadas a influência da incorporação das nanopartículas lamelares de argila, dos diferentes agentes de compatibilização e da sequência de mistura dos componentes na morfologia, propriedades mecânicas, térmicas, termomecânicas e reológicas dos materiais. Evidencias de reações químicas entre a PA6 e os copolímeros reativos foram observadas por reometria de torque. Ensaios de DRX fornecem indícios da formação de estrutura esfoliada para todos os nanocompósitos decorrente da boa interação entre PA6/OMMT. O significativo aumento da viscosidade dos nancompósitos quando comparados com suas respectivas blendas ternárias corroboram os resultados obtidos por DRX. As micrografias de MET evidenciam a forte influencia da incorporação de ambos os copolímeros reativos na morfologia das blendas poliméricas onde a presença, tanto do SANMA quanto do MMA-MA, é responsável pela redução do tamanho de partícula da fase dispersa quando comparadas com a blenda não compatibilizada. Adicionalmente as imagens obtidas por MET reafirmam o alto grau de esfoliação da argila em todos os nanocompósitos estudados. Além de refinar a morfologia, a adição de ambos os copolímeros reativos aumentou significativamente a tenacidade das blendas ternárias em relação à blenda PA6/ABS. Por fim, a incorporação de nanoargila foi responsável pelo incremento no módulo de elasticidade e HDT dos nanocompósitos, resultado esse acompanhado pela redução da tenacidade e da deformação na ruptura quando comparados com suas respectivas blendas compatibilizadas.

The increased demand in stringent requirements on engineered surfaces in the aerospace and manufacturing industries drove the need for developing advanced surface engineering techniques such as chemical etching, plasma etching, corona discharge and laser surface texturing in order to alter material surface physical and chemical properties. Among these techniques, laser surface texturing has been identified as one of the most efficient and effective surface treatment/ texturing techniques which utilizes laser ablation to meet the demand of practical engineering requirements. This thesis details three practical engineering challenges in the field of paint adhesion, dust adhesion and tribology performance of SPF sheet forming dies in which case the problems and motivation for development came from projects by industrial partner collaborations with BAe Systems, Rolls-Royce and Dyson Ltd. The proposed solutions to these challenges are formulated around laser surface texturing techniques using excimer and femtosecond lasers on three engineering materials which are CFRP, ABS polymer and HR4 nickel alloy. As ablation is the main mechanism used in laser surface texturing techniques in achieving surface property changes, the understanding of laser beam interaction with materials is crucial. The fundamental understanding of laser beam interaction with different materials has been researched since the use of lasers in practical engineering applications by which laser material interaction parameters such as ablation threshold, incubation coefficient and optical penetration depth are of primary interest in addition to the ablation rate. Currently the published literatures are either material specific or laser specific with minimal or zero comparison between different types of lasers and materials as such which limits the understanding of laser beam interaction with materials. In addition, laser beam interaction with polymers has always been done using ultraviolet wavelength lasers. In this thesis, the interaction between two types of lasers and three types of materials which includes metals and polymers are presented through comparison and discussion between different interactions. It has been discovered that the ablation threshold value is lower for ABSinteraction with excimer laser as compared to the interaction with femtosecond laser due to the difference in the ablation mechanism. The optical penetration depth value is higher for ABS interaction with the excimer laser as compared to the interaction with the femtosecond laser due to differences in the photon energy of the laser beam of different wavelength. Two ablation rate curves were identified on ABS interaction with infrared wavelength femtosecond laser beams which has not been reported before. Chemical composition of the laser treated layer changes through chain scission process, creating free radical carbons that reacted with oxygen, nitrogen and water vapour in air creating oxygen and nitrogen rich functional groups which increased with increasing laser fluence and number of pulses. Laser ablation is known for its capability of altering surface morphology and surface chemistry of materials through excitation of electrons causing bond scission or melt where materials are vaporised, ejected or undergo chemical compositional changes. In the case of polymers, addition of oxygen and nitrogen rich functional groups are identified whereas in the case of metals, changes in crystallographic, orientation and oxidation states are identified. Such changes are deemed ideal for applications such as adhesion where it is mainly used for bonding and joining of similar or dissimilar materials. In this research, excimer laser surface treatment showed improvement in CFRP paint adhesion where a better adhesion is achieved than sand-papered surfaces. Paint adhesion of CFRP surfaces is affected by surface contaminants, surface chemical composition and surface roughness where the degree of inuence is in the respective order. In addition, excimer and femtosecond laser surface treated ABS also improved dust adhesion. The main factors that affect the ABS surface dust adhesion performance are surface roughness and surface chemical composition. The increase in surface roughness increases the surface area available for dust to adhere to. In addition, it also increases the drag coefficient of the air flow results in a higher removal force exerted by the air flow onto the dust particles through changes in the localised aerodynamic flow. The increase in polar functional groups increases the adhesion of the dust particles onto the surface due to an induced dipole moment by the charged dust particles. Laser micro-dimpled surfaces have been reported to be effective in reducing friction coefficient and wear rate of surfaces under oil lubricated conformal contact conditions where the dimples act as reservoirs to store lubricant and wear particles. But such surfaces have not been extensively researched under non-conformal contact conditions for different lubricated environments. In addition, there are contradictory results found between published literatures which observe under similar wear environments and conditions but with different dimple geometry. Hence a detailed investigation on dimpled surfaces under non-conformal contact conditions is being carried out. Laser surface texturing of 100 μm size dimples shows a reduction in nickel alloy wear rate under dry and oil lubricated environments. A higher dimple area ratio reduces the wear rate under dry condition with abrasive wear as the main wear mechanism. Under oil lubricated environments, the friction coefficient is dependent on the surface contact pressure, sliding speed and the viscosity of the lubricant and the wear rate is dependent on the film thickness which correlates to the friction coefficient. The wear rate of a dimpled surface is dependent on three factors which are the dimple diameter to contact area diameter ratio, depth of the dimple produced and the density of the dimples. Positive results are obtained in all three engineering applications indicating the feasibility of laser surface texturing techniques in providing suitable material surface properties for these applications.

Vymezení CDO jako samostatného druhu sekuritizace a porovanání se sekuritizaci tradiční. Vymezení základních parametrů (kreditní struktura, účel vytvoření, struktura tranší, podkladová aktiva), které charakterizují CDO a systematizace CDO dle uvedených parametrů. Vysvětlení specifik vybraných struktur (Cash Flow, Market Value, Syntetická CDO) a rizik s nimi spojených. Popis kolaterálu a specifik struktury Structured Finance CDO.

This research critically analyse the existing international intellectual property regime with regard to protection of Genetic Resources (GRs) and Traditional Knowledge (TK) in respect of developing countries. It further discusses access and benefit-sharing (ABS) law and its agreement and the implications of such agreement for developing countries and the extent of effectiveness of the existing IIP regimes specifically on the protection of GRs and TK. Developing countries, such as Ethiopia, are considered to be rich in GRs and the associated TK. It is to their disadvantage in such cases that the current IIP regime is not able to protect GRs and TK, and to date, the international intellectual property regime has failed, permitting excessively broad patents over genetic biodiversity. The study also seeks to address the bearing of international intellectual property regimes on access and benefit sharing to biodiversity resources and associated knowledge. It then argues that there is an inherent gap in the current international intellectual property (IIP) regime with regard to GRs and TK, and unless IIP regime is revised in a manner that gives protection to GRs and TK, developing countries will remain disadvantaged. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014 / gm2015 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

El proceso de inyección es un proceso de conformado de los materiales poliméricos termoplásticos que, en la actualidad, presenta una notable importancia económica y tecnológica, y cuyo estudio ha supuesto multitud de investigaciones relacionadas con la determinación de condiciones óptimas de proceso. Por otra parte, los materiales poliméricos reciclados, resultado del desecho de productos que han finalizado su vida útil, representan una importante fuente de materias primas que puede ser reaprovechadas para la obtención de productos con calidades aceptables y con costes inferiores a los convencionales. Aglutinando los dos aspectos anteriores, la presente tesis tiene como objetivo el estudio y determinación de las condiciones de proceso mediante moldeo por inyección de blends de ABS/PC obtenidos a partir de materiales reciclados, proponiendo un modelo de procesabüidad de material que minimice la defectología de la pieza en condiciones de máxima estabilidad de variables de proceso. Para la realización de este estudio se han considerado mezclas de ABS con contenidos bajos de PC (0 - 5 -10) y se han comprobado las diferencias que dichos contenidos provocan sobre el comportamiento del material. Este estudio se ha estructurado en dos etapas diferenciadas, cuya secuenciación ha sido necesaria para su desarrollo. La primera fase está dedicada al estudio y modelización del material, con la perspectiva de la determinación de las características y parámetros necesarios para su procesado. A este respecto se ha desarrollado un modelo de comportamiento reológico de las diferentes mezclas del material, evaluable a partir de ensayos simples de laboratorio y cuyo resultado se ha adoptado como parámetro de entrada para las simulaciones de inyección. Asimismo, se han verificado las características del comportamiento p-v-T de las mezclas, constatando la mínima influencia del PC sobre el ABS puro. La segunda fase lleva a cabo el estudio y modelización del proceso de inyección, consideran / Reig Pérez, MJ. (2004). Estudio y modelización de las condiciones de proceso en el moldeo por inyección de blends ABS/PC procedentes de materiales reciclados [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/56766

El proceso de inyección es un proceso de conformado de los materiales poliméricos termoplásticos que, en la actualidad, presenta una notable importancia económica y tecnológica, y cuyo estudio ha supuesto multitud de investigaciones relacionadas con la determinación de condiciones óptimas de proceso. Por otra parte, los materiales poliméricos reutilizados, procedentes de los desechos de producción como bebederos y canales de alimentación, representan una importante fuente de materias primas que pueden ser aprovechadas para la obtención de productos con calidades aceptables y con costes inferiores a los convencionales. Al beneficio económico que supone la reutilización de los desperdicios de inyección hay que sumar el ahorro que supone no realizar la gestión de residuos y el beneficio medioambiental consecuente. En la actualidad se mezclan polímeros para conseguir un nuevo material que combine las características de los materiales de partida. El principal problema que presenta esta práctica es que se desconocen las características del material resultante hasta que se ha realizado la mezcla y se ha caracterizado. Aglutinando los dos aspectos anteriores, la presente tesis tiene como objetivo la determinación de la influencia de las condiciones de procesado sobre las características reológicas del ABS, además se proponen dos modelos matemáticos, uno que permite determinar la viscosidad de un ABS reprocesado por inyección en función de las condiciones en las que ha sido procesado. El segundo modelo determina los parámetros que definen la viscosidad de una mezcla a partir de los parámetros de viscosidad de los materiales de partida. Para la realización de este estudio se han realizado reprocesados consecutivos de dos grados de ABS con diferentes índices de fluidez para simular los procesos de reutilización. De esta manera se dispone de todo el historial de procesado y se puede cuantificar más fácilmente las consecuencias de la degradación del material. El objetivo princi / Boronat Vitoria, T. (2009). Estudio y modelización de la procesabilidad mediante moldeo por inyección de materiales termoplásticos reciclados [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/5024 / Palancia

This diploma thesis deals with the study of 3D printing based on the FDM method. This method focuses on the possibility of using two extruders it means that the composite parts can be printed. This diploma thesis describes the available variants of composite printing currently on the market. Based on the gained knowledge and the availability of 3D printers and software, individual variants of composite parts were printed. A tensile test was performed on these samples to determine the strength characteristics. Additionally, compatibility and adhesion of two selected materials were tested. Based on the testing is made an evaluation of the achieved results, effectiveness and feasibility.