Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2016-11-01T17:55:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Nelson Luiz Gangemi.pdf: 820760 bytes, checksum: 094c106c319e8602a44b13f576b42f94 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-01T17:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Nelson Luiz Gangemi.pdf: 820760 bytes, checksum: 094c106c319e8602a44b13f576b42f94 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-15 / The adherence to the rules of recognition, measurement and disclosure of information in the explanatory notes, provides greater reliability in the presentation of financial statements to users for analysis and decision making. The accounting rules, correlated to international Standards, were issued by the CPC and one of them was the Technical pronouncement, the CPC 25, which deals with the provisions and contingent liabilities and contingent assets. The contingent liability is an obligation of accounting difficult to recognition and measurement in view of the factors of uncertainty about the confirmation or not of their existence. In this context, this work had as main objective to know and analyze the criteria for the recognition, measurement and disclosure of information in the explanatory notes of the contingent liabilities (CPC 25), through a sample 17 companies corporations, capital opened and closed the sugarcane-ethanol sector in the State of S??o Paulo. The line of research was descriptive with qualitative and quantitative approach. The procedure used for data collection was the documentary research of primary and secondary sources and was motivated by its accessibility. Was analyzed a set of financial statements published annual with explanatory notes and published without explanatory notes, in the period between 2011 and 2015. The results obtained with the sample suggest that companies since segment not yet follow fully to what is required by the legislation in relation to criteria for recognition and disclosure of contingent natures and their respective content, demonstrating weakness in the context of dissemination of contingent information. These results are consistent with national and international studies conducted in other segments, which revealed low practice of disclosure and disclosure of contingent liabilities, especially the environmental. / A ader??ncia pelas normas de reconhecimento, mensura????o e divulga????o das informa????es em notas explicativas, possibilita maior confiabilidade na apresenta????o das demonstra????es cont??beis aos usu??rios para an??lise e tomada decis??o. As normas cont??beis, correlacionadas ??s normas internacionais, foram emitidas pelo CPC e uma delas foi o Pronunciamento T??cnico, o CPC 25, que disp??e sobre as provis??es e passivos e ativos contingentes. O passivo contingente ?? uma obriga????o cont??bil de dif??cil reconhecimento e mensura????o tendo em vista os fatores de incertezas sobre a confirma????o ou n??o de sua exist??ncia. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como principal objetivo conhecer e analisar os crit??rios de reconhecimento, mensura????o e divulga????o das informa????es em notas explicativas dos passivos contingentes (CPC 25), mediante uma amostra 17 empresas sociedades an??nimas, de capital aberto e fechado do segmento sucroalcooleiro do Estado de S??o Paulo. A linha da pesquisa teve car??ter descritivo com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. O procedimento utilizado para coleta de dados foi pela pesquisa documental de fontes prim??rias e secund??rias e foi motivada pela sua acessibilidade. Foi analisado um conjunto de demonstra????es cont??beis anuais publicadas com notas explicativas e publicadas sem notas explicativas, no per??odo entre 2011 e 2015. Os resultados alcan??ados com a amostra sugerem que as empresas desde segmento ainda n??o seguem plenamente ao que ?? exigido pela normativa frente aos crit??rios de reconhecimento e divulga????o das naturezas contingentes e seus respectivos conte??dos, demonstrando fragilidade no contexto da divulga????o das informa????es contingentes. Estes resultados v??o de encontro com estudos nacionais e internacionais realizados em outros segmentos, que revelou baixa pratica de evidencia????o e divulga????o dos passivos contingentes, principalmente os ambientais.

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2016-12-05T16:37:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tiago Janes Ferreira.pdf: 1452563 bytes, checksum: 42128c436af13e0631fdb3b67403a530 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-05T16:37:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tiago Janes Ferreira.pdf: 1452563 bytes, checksum: 42128c436af13e0631fdb3b67403a530 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 / This research aims to study the organizational changes that the institutionalization process of accounting automation can promote in the companies. For the development of the investigation, single case study methodology was adopted, held in a medium size national family organization. The company, after an assessment process made in conjunction with an external consulting firm, which identified a number of necessary improvements to the organization??s processes, has decided to implement again you ERP system as part of its action plan. In this context, the present study sought, in the light of institutional theory and the focus of Old Institutional Economics (OIE), to understand how the structure of the organization was changed by the institutionalization of accounting automation. In parallel to the constructs of organizational changes from the perspective of the old institutional economics, this study also brought to the analysis and discussion processes, the constructs of technology, new technologies and ERP and the constructs related to the enabling and coercive technologies formalizations. The addition of these constructs have allowed the formulation of indicative questions for semi-structured interviews that aimed to collect the data needed to compare the different moments of the institutionalization process and create the basis for triangulation of information with the documents and the statements of relevant employees who took important part of the ERP implementation process. The comparisons between different moments of the institutionalization process have generated a theoric model, called accounting automation institutionalization sequential model. This model is an adaptation of the institutional theory models generally used to analyze management accounting changes, this present study provided in addition to these models, the construct of ???scripts???, linking the new model also with the different accounting processes, not only with management accounting as done by the previous models. The findings of empirical research in the company can demonstrate the organizational changes triggered by the accounting automation institutionalization, and the enactment of new rules that changed the habits and routines of the organization. The details and analysis at different moments in the company (T1 and T2), allowed to observe in relation to the present study that there was still space in the organization for more automation, which could culminate, based on the employees??? opinion, in more changes in the organizational structure. It was possible to conclude therefore that automation in accounting systems may be a structural change factor in the organization, and that still a topic within the accounting research that has received little attention. / Esta pesquisa estudou as mudan??as organizacionais que o processo de institucionaliza????o da automa????o em contabilidade pode promover nas organiza????es. Para o desenvolvimento deste processo investigativo, adotou-se um estudo de caso, realizado em uma organiza????o nacional com administra????o familiar de m??dio porte. Esta, ap??s um diagn??stico elaborado em conjunto com uma empresa de consultoria externa, que identificou diversas melhorias necess??rias nos processos da organiza????o, decidiu pela reimplanta????o de seu sistema ERP como plano de a????o deste trabalho de consultoria. Neste contexto, o presente estudo procurou, sob a luz da Teoria Institucional e o enfoque da Old Institutional Economics (OIE), entender como a estrutura da organiza????o foi alterada pela institucionaliza????o da automa????o cont??bil. Em paralelo aos constructos sobre mudan??as organizacionais sob a ??tica da Velha Economia Institucional, este estudo tamb??m trouxe para o processo de an??lise e discuss??es constructos e conceitos de tecnologia, novas tecnologias e ERP, al??m dos constructos sobre as forma????es capacitantes e coercitivas. As adi????es destes constructos permitiram a formula????o de quest??es orientativas para as entrevistas semiestruturadas que objetivaram colher os dados necess??rios para a compara????o dos diferentes momentos do processo de institucionaliza????o e criar base para triangula????o das informa????es com os documentos e as afirma????es dos colaboradores relevantes ao processo de reimplanta????o. A compara????o dos diferentes momentos no processo de institucionaliza????o desencadeou uma proposta de modelo te??rico, denominado modelo sequencial de institucionaliza????o da automa????o cont??bil. Esse modelo ?? uma adapta????o do modelo proposto pela Teoria Institucional utilizados normalmente para estudos em contabilidade gerencial, por??m o presente estudo forneceu adicionalmente aos modelos geralmente estudados, o constructo de ???scripts???, vinculando o modelo a outros processos al??m daqueles relacionados ?? contabilidade gerencial. Os achados da pesquisa emp??rica na organiza????o estudada demonstram claramente as mudan??as organizacionais desencadeadas pelo processo de institucionaliza????o da automa????o cont??bil e da promulga????o de novas regras que alteraram os h??bitos e rotinas da organiza????o. O detalhamento e a an??lise em momentos diferentes na organiza????o, momentos T1 e T2, do processo de implanta????o do sistema ERP, permitiu observar, em rela????o ao estudo realizado, oportunidades para mais automa????es, que culminariam, segundo a opini??o dos colaboradores, com outras altera????es na estrutura organizacional al??m daquelas analisadas no presente estudo. Concluiu-se, portanto, que a automa????o em sistemas cont??beis pode ser um fator de altera????o estrutural na organiza????o, como tamb??m se concluiu que ainda ?? um t??pico inexplorado dentro das pesquisas em contabilidade.

Studies on the development of the accountancy profession in the ex-colony countries have recently adopted theoretical and methodological frameworks that linked such development with the socio-historical context of these countries as former colonies or dependants of the more developed countries. More specifically, they associate the emergence and development of the accountancy profession in these countries with the historical and contemporary global expansion of capitalism. However, there is still a need for further research. First, how global expansion of capitalism penetrates is different across different country settings. Hence, this process would be best understood by incorporating the socio-political, economic and historical specificity of the given country. Second, previous studies emphasize the internal dialectic contradictions of capitalism in analysing the changes and dynamics of the profession in ex-colony countries. Recent literature, however, has introduced methodologies that recognize the need to acknowledge the existence of any rivalling structures as possible external sources of the dialectic progress of capitalist expansion. In regard to this, the socio-political and historical context of Indonesia may offer a case of how the interactions between global expansion of capitalism and existing rivalling structures may shape the development of the accountancy profession. The need for further research is amplified by the fact that previous studies on the Indonesian accountancy profession have generally ignored the influence of these wider socio-political factors. The primary aim of this study is thus to investigate how the accountancy profession has emerged and developed in Indonesia over the last five decades. To achieve its objectives, this research draws insights from the tradition of the globalization theory as a critique to global expansion of capitalism and Robert Cox historical structure methodology. The central argument of this thesis is that the development of the Indonesian accountancy profession followed the changes in the country's system of political economy, which in turn has been heavily influenced by the relationship between ex-colony countries with their former colonizers within the context of the capitalistic world order. In other words, this study accepts the contention that the spread of the Western-style accountancy profession across the globe, including Indonesia, was the consequence of global expansion of capitalism. However, the working and the extent of such influence is also shaped by alternative social structure(s) existing at the global level and/or emanating from the complexities of the Indonesian historical and societal context. To substantiate this argument, the study uses document analysis to understand the development of the Indonesian accountancy profession during the three main periods in its history. In the first period (1954-1966), the analysis shows that the Westernization of the accounting profession was compromised by Indonesian nationalism, ideological division amongst the Indonesian leaders and the Cold War. In the second period (1967-1997), the process was compromised by the oligarchic capitalism of the New Order political regime. The Westernization of the profession could only reach full speed after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, which has undermined the politico-business coalitions under the New Order that had prevented Indonesia from fully integrating into the global capitalist economic order.

Studies on the development of the accountancy profession in the ex-colony countries have recently adopted theoretical and methodological frameworks that linked such development with the socio-historical context of these countries as former colonies or dependants of the more developed countries. More specifically, they associate the emergence and development of the accountancy profession in these countries with the historical and contemporary global expansion of capitalism. However, there is still a need for further research. First, how global expansion of capitalism penetrates is different across different country settings. Hence, this process would be best understood by incorporating the socio-political, economic and historical specificity of the given country. Second, previous studies emphasize the internal dialectic contradictions of capitalism in analysing the changes and dynamics of the profession in ex-colony countries. Recent literature, however, has introduced methodologies that recognize the need to acknowledge the existence of any rivalling structures as possible external sources of the dialectic progress of capitalist expansion. In regard to this, the socio-political and historical context of Indonesia may offer a case of how the interactions between global expansion of capitalism and existing rivalling structures may shape the development of the accountancy profession. The need for further research is amplified by the fact that previous studies on the Indonesian accountancy profession have generally ignored the influence of these wider socio-political factors. The primary aim of this study is thus to investigate how the accountancy profession has emerged and developed in Indonesia over the last five decades. To achieve its objectives, this research draws insights from the tradition of the globalization theory as a critique to global expansion of capitalism and Robert Cox historical structure methodology. The central argument of this thesis is that the development of the Indonesian accountancy profession followed the changes in the country¿s system of political economy, which in turn has been heavily influenced by the relationship between ex-colony countries with their former colonizers within the context of the capitalistic world order. In other words, this study accepts the contention that the spread of the Western-style accountancy profession across the globe, including Indonesia, was the consequence of global expansion of capitalism. However, the working and the extent of such influence is also shaped by alternative social structure(s) existing at the global level and/or emanating from the complexities of the Indonesian historical and societal context. To substantiate this argument, the study uses document analysis to understand the development of the Indonesian accountancy profession during the three main periods in its history. In the first period (1954 ¿ 1966), the analysis shows that the Westernization of the accounting profession was compromised by Indonesian nationalism, ideological division amongst the Indonesian leaders and the Cold War. In the second period (1967 ¿ 1997), the process was compromised by the oligarchic capitalism of the New Order political regime. The Westernization of the profession could only reach full speed after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, which has undermined the politico-business coalitions under the New Order that had prevented Indonesia from fully integrating into the global capitalist economic order. / Bradford University School of Management

Although there have not been many ta law changes this year, one tax policy change being implemented this year is sure to cause confusion for a plethora of our clients. That change is the new reporting requirements for the 1099- K. CPA firms are already beginning to get calls from clients about these information reporting forms. If you are a tax preparer, you will no doubt have to help your clients sort through the tax consequences of this form if they use third parties such as PayPal, Venmo and many others for day-to-day cash transactions [...]

Thesis (MAcc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The requirements of broad-based black economic empowerment (‘BEE’) are set out in the BEE scorecard. When an entity incurs expenditure relating to indirect empowerment measures (i.e. the preferential procurement, enterprise development, skills development and socio-economic development categories on the BEE scorecard), it is unclear whether the expenditure will be deductible for income tax purposes (BEE Partner, 2008). The objectives of the current study are to determine whether such expenditure is deductible and to formulate best practice guidelines for the deduction of the expenditure. The best practice guidelines consist of factors that should be considered when determining whether expenditure is deductible, as well as recommendations on how to justify that such expenditure should, in fact, be deductible. The methodology used was to first consider the requirements of the BEE scorecard, the types of expenditure and the reasons for incurring expenditure towards indirect empowerment measures. The deduction of such expenditure was then considered in a general sense and specifically for each broad category of expenditure. Lastly, the best practice guidelines were formulated based on the conclusions reached. Common expenditure towards indirect empowerment measures of BEE was grouped into broad categories. The different reasons why entities incur such expenditure were identified, as the reason for incurring expenditure can influence whether it is incurred in the production of income (Van Schalkwyk, 2010b:110). It is submitted that expenditure that is excessive or that is incurred for philanthropic purposes would not be incurred in the production of income. Four issues were identified that could preclude a deduction in terms of the general deduction formula (section 11(a)) – notably, that expenditure has to be in the production of income and non-capital in nature to be deductible. In addition to section 11(a), special income tax deductions (sections 12H, 12I or 18A) and capital allowances (sections 11(e), 13sex or 15(a)) could also possibly apply, but only for certain types of expenditure and only in qualifying circumstances. The conclusions drawn as to the deductibility of expenditure are summarised as a guideline for taxpayers. The above-mentioned conclusions, along with the literature examined, were used to formulate general best practice guidelines. One such guideline is that the onus is on taxpayers to show (through one of the ways suggested) that expenditure is in the production of income. Taxpayers should also note that excessive expenditure is not in the production of income and that certain expenditure required by sector charters is more likely to be capital in nature. Furthermore, specific best practice guidelines were submitted for each broad category of expenditure and relate to, for example, the applicability of the identified special deductions and the quantification of non-monetary expenditure. The specific best practice guidelines should be considered when incurring expenditure in a specific category. In summary, even though expenditure towards indirect empowerment measures has been found to be deductible in most cases, there are exceptions of which taxpayers should be aware. The proposed best practice guidelines include guidance that could be considered before incurring expenditure towards indirect BEE measures. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vereistes van breë-basis swart ekonomiese bemagtiging (‘SEB’) word in die SEB-telkaart uiteengesit. Wanneer ’n entiteit onkostes met betrekking tot indirekte bemagtigingsmaatreëls (die telkaartkategorieë vir voorkeurverkryging, besigheidsontwikkeling, vaardigheidsopleiding en sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling) aangaan, is dit nie duidelik of sodanige onkoste vir inkomstebelasting-doeleindes aftrekbaar sal wees nie (BEE Partner, 2008). Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of sulke onkostes belastingaftrekbaar is en om bestepraktyk-riglyne te formuleer vir die aftrekking van die onkostes. Die bestepraktyk-riglyne bestaan uit faktore wat oorweeg moet word in die bepaling of onkostes belastingaftrekbaar is, sowel as aanbevelings oor hoe aftrekbaarheid geregverdig kan word. Die studiemetodologie het eerstens ’n ondersoek behels na die vereistes van die SEB-telkaart, die soorte onkostes sowel as die redes vir die aangaan van onkostes wat met indirekte bemagtigingsmaatreëls verband hou. Daarna is die belastingaftrekbaarheid van sodanige onkostes in die algemeen sowel as spesifiek vir elke breë kategorie van onkoste oorweeg. Laastens is die bestepraktyk-riglyne opgestel op grond van die gevolgtrekkings wat bereik is. Algemene onkostes wat met indirekte SEB-maatreëls verband hou, is in breë kategorieë gegroepeer. Die verskillende redes waarom entiteite die uitgawes aangaan, is bepaal, aangesien dit kan beïnvloed of die uitgawe in die voortbrenging van inkomste is of nie (Van Schalkwyk, 2010b:110). Daar word aangevoer dat onkoste wat oormatige is of onkostes met betrekking tot filantropiese doeleindes nie as deel van die voortbrenging van inkomste beskou kan word nie. Vier kwessies is geïdentifiseer wat ’n aftrekking ingevolge die algemene aftrekkingsformule (artikel 11(a)) kan verhoed – die belangrikste is dat die onkostes in die voortbrenging van inkomste aangegaan moet word en nie kapitaal moet wees om afgetrek te kan word. Benewens artikel 11(a), kan spesiale belastingaftrekkings (artikel 12H, 12I of 18A) en kapitaaltoelaes (artikel 11(e), 13sex of 15(a)) ook moontlik geld, maar slegs vir sekere soorte onkostes en in omstandighede wat daarvoor in aanmerking kom. Die gevolgtrekkings oor die belastingaftrekbaarheid van onkostes word uiteindelik as ’n riglyn vir belastingbetalers opgesom. Bogenoemde gevolgtrekkings, tesame met die bestudeerde literatuur, is gebruik om algemene bestepraktyk-riglyne te formuleer. Een so ’n riglyn is dat die bewyslas op die belastingbetaler rus om (op een van die voorgestelde maniere) aan te toon dat onkostes in die voortbrenging van inkomste aangegaan word. Belastingbetalers moet ook daarop let dat oormatige onkostes nie as deel van die voortbrenging van inkomste beskou kan word nie en dat sekere onkostes ingevolge die vereistes van sektorhandveste meer waarskynlik kapitaal van aard sal wees. Spesifieke bestepraktyk-riglyne is voorts vir elke breë kategorie van onkostes voorgestel, byvoorbeeld met betrekking tot die toepaslikheid van die geïdentifiseerde spesiale aftrekkings en die kwantifisering van nie-monetêre onkostes. Hierdie spesifieke bestepraktyk-riglyne behoort in ag geneem te word wanneer onkostes in ’n spesifieke kategorie aangegaan word. Ter samevatting behoort belastingbetalers daarop bedag te wees dat hoewel onkostes met betrekking tot indirekte bemagtigingsmaatreëls in die meeste gevalle belastingaftrekbaar is, daar wel sekere uitsonderings is. Die voorgestelde bestepraktyk-riglyne bied derhalwe leiding oor die faktore wat oorweeg kan word voordat onkostes met betrekking tot indirekte bemagtigingsmaatreëls aangegaan word.

Thesis (MAcc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Share incentive schemes have become an important part of the remuneration package of employees in South Africa. Employers offer share incentive schemes to employees in order to attract and retain high quality workers while aligning the interests of the employees with those of the shareholders. Employees are motivated to participate in share incentive schemes due to the opportunity to invest in their financial future, as well as the opportunity to share in the economic success and growth of the employer company. Due to the increase in the utilisation of share incentive schemes to remunerate employees, the South African Revenue Service (the SARS) increased its focus on the taxation of such schemes. Section 8C of the Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962 (the Act) was introduced by the SARS on 24 January 2005 to govern the taxation of share incentive schemes in South Africa. Prior to the introduction of section 8C, section 8A sought to tax the gains realised by employees participating in share incentive schemes, being the difference between the market value on the exercise date and the grant price. The tax liability incurred by employees in terms of section 8A did not tax the full gain eventually realised by employees upon vesting of the shares and the SARS sought to close this loophole through the introduction of section 8C to the Act. The employer company is required by the Fourth Schedule to withhold employees’ tax amounting to the gain realised by the employee in terms of section 8C of the Act. This assignment analysed the workings of the four share incentive schemes most commonly found in the South African marketplace, namely: share option scheme, share purchase scheme, deferred delivery share scheme and phantom share scheme. The current normal income tax legislation governing share incentive schemes in relation to employees was examined by considering literature contained in the Act, amendment bills and acts, case law and other material. Based on current income tax legislation, the tax implications of each of the four selected share incentive schemes was determined and compared in order to determine which of the selected share incentive schemes are most tax efficient in relation to the employee. It was concluded that the share option scheme and the deferred delivery share scheme are the most tax efficient schemes in relation to the employee. Based on case studies conducted, along with an analysis of the current income tax legislation contained in the Act, the share option scheme and the deferred delivery share scheme resulted in the lowest overall tax liability for employees. It was further concluded that employers will be required to revisit the structuring of their current share incentive schemes in order to ensure that any dividends paid to employees in terms of the schemes will remain exempt in terms of the amended section 10(1)(k)(i)(dd). The assignment includes recommendations relating to how share incentive schemes can be structured to be more tax efficient. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Aandele-aansporingskemas het ’n belangrike deel van die vergoedingspakkette van werknemers in Suid-Afrika geword. Werkgewers bied aandele-aansporingskemas aan werknemers om sodoende hoë-kwaliteit werkers te lok en te behou terwyl die belange van die werknemers met dié van die aandeelhouers belyn word. Werknemers word gemotiveer om aan aandele-aansporingskemas deel te neem vanweë die geleentheid om in hul finansiële toekoms te belê, sowel as die geleentheid om in die ekonomiese sukses en groei van die werkgewer-maatskappy te deel. Weens die toename in die aanwending van aandele-aansporingskemas om werknemers te vergoed, het die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstebelastingdiens (die SAID) sy fokus op die belasting van welke skemas verskerp. Artikel 8C van die Inkomstebelastingwet Nr. 58 van 1962 (die Wet) is deur die SAID op 24 Januarie 2005 ingestel om die belasting van aandele-aansporingskemas in Suid-Afrika te beheer. Voor die instelling van artikel 8C het artikel 8A gepoog om die winste gerealiseer deur werknemers wat aan aandele-aansporingskemas deelneem, te belas, synde die verskil tussen die markwaarde op die uitoefeningsdatum en die toekenningsprys. Die belastingaanspreeklikheid aangegaan deur werknemers ingevolge artikel 8A het nie die volle wins uiteindelik gerealiseer deur werknemers ten tye van vestiging van die aandele belas nie, en die SAID het gepoog om hierdie skuiwergat te sluit deur die instelling van artikel 8C in die Wet. Daar word van die werkgewer-maatskappy verwag om werknemersbelasting ingevolge die Vierde Bylaag te weerhou ten bedrae van die wins deur die werknemer ingevolge artikel 8C van die Wet gerealiseer. Hierdie studie het die werking van die vier mees algemene aandele-aansporingskemas in die Suid-Afrikaanse mark geanaliseer, naamlik: die aandele-opsieskema, aandeleaankoopskema, uitgestelde-leweringskema, en die skyn-aandeleskema. Die huidige normale inkomstebelastingwetgewing wat aandele-aansporingskemas ten opsigte van werknemers beheer, is ondersoek deur die literatuur in die Wet, wysigingswetsontwerpe en wette, beslissings en ander materiaal in oënskou te neem. Gebaseer op huidige inkomstebelastingwetgewing is die belastingimplikasies van elk van die vier geselekteerde aandele-aansporingskemas bepaal en vergelyk om sodoende te bepaal watter van die geselekteerde aandele-aansporingskemas die mees belastingdoeltreffend ten opsigte van die werknemer is. Daar is gevind dat die aandele-opsieskema en die uitgestelde-leweringskema die mees belastingdoeltreffende skemas ten opsigte van die werknemer is. Gebaseer op gevallestudies wat uitgevoer is, tesame met ’n analise van die huidige inkomstebelastingwetgewing vervat in die Wet, het die aandele-opsieskema en die uitgestelde-leweringskema gelei tot die laagste algehele belastingaanspreeklikheid vir werknemers. Daar is verder tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat daar van werkgewers verwag gaan word om die strukturering van hul huidige aandele-aansporingskemas te hersien om sodoende te verseker dat enige dividende wat aan werknemers in terme van die skemas betaal word, vrygestel sal bly ingevolge die aangepaste artikel 10(1)(k)(i)(dd). Die studie sluit aanbevelings in oor hoe aandele-aansporingskemas gestruktureer kan word om meer belastingdoeltreffend te wees.

La recherche initiée traite de l'évaluation de la pertinence du référentiel comptable de l'OHADA à traduire fidèlement la réalité économique vécue par les entreprises béninoises et particulièrement à permettre la mesure des performances financières desdites entreprises. La philosophie de la recherche procède de l'idée que l'on ne peut diriger que ce que l'on peut mesurer, et qu'il est nécessaire de s'assurer de la fiabilité des éléments qui fondent les décisions de gestion et d'investissement, ainsi que les politiques économiques.Les investigations menées sur un échantillon représentatif de plus de 300 producteurs et utilisateurs de l'information comptable et financière ont permis de faire émerger leurs besoins et le degré de satisfaction desdits besoins. Les travaux effectués révèlent les défaillances à la base des systèmes d'information comptable mis en œuvre dans les entreprises béninoises, ce qui conduit à mettre en doute la fiabilité des états financiers produits. Pour pallier cette insuffisance, un modèle de gestion des données de base est proposé pour améliorer la collecte desdites données, et a fortiori, contribuer à la pertinence du processus décisionnel des managers, rassurer les investisseurs potentiels et surtout rendre efficaces les orientations économiques des gouvernants. / The undertaken research deals with the evaluation of the OHADA accountancy system of reference aptness to express accurately the factual economic reality experienced by the beninese enterprises and particularly to enable the financial performance assessment of these enterprises.The philosophy originates in the idea that one manages only what can be assessed, and that it is necessary to make sure the different bases of management and investment decisions are reliable, as well as the economic policies.The investigation led on a representative range of more than three hundred accountancy information producers and users help us make their needs and the degree (level) of satisfaction of these needs stand out.The carried out work reveal the weaknesses at the base (root) of the accountancy information systems implemented by the Beninese enterprises, what leads to question the reliability of the provided financial statements. To compensate this inadequacy, a model of data base management has been proposed so as to ameliorate the collection of these data, and all the decision process, to ease the potential investors and above all to make more efficient the government economic orientations.

The relationship between deteriorated outdoor air quality and human health is one of the most studied environmental health issues. The concept of exposure, the link between environmental status and human health, has emerged in the late 1970's, recognizing that fixed monitoring stations do not represent concentrations at the places where persons spend time. Many advances have been made since. Characterizing the individual's exposure reduces uncertainty in links with health, but it implies a question about how exposure (as opposed to directly using concentrations) can be used in the regulatory process. This thesis addresses exposure assessment from several perspectives, with the aim to address its role in air quality management. We are interested in how to use exposure information for policy- and decision making, we investigate if a European-level subgroup-based exposure estimate can provide useful information for designing differentiated measures to protect specific groups, we design an exposure estimate for risk assessment in a specific situation with limited health and air pollution data, and we describe the challenges of the inherent inter-disciplinarity and suggest how to deal with them. We introduce the "full chain" approach to environmental health that links policy - pollution source -...

A lease is used by many companies as an instrument of external financing by which their investing and operational needs are financed. The lease itself is divided under the existing accounting standard IAS 17 Leases - into two parts -- the finance and the operating. The different classification of the lease can be used - position of a lessee and the position of a lessor. The problem in the case of the lessee is that the division into the finance and the operating lease is very sophisticated and also enables the opportunity of the creative accountancy. The reason is that some companies instead of the finance lease recognise the operating lease and conversely. This fact results in a fact that the financial statements are not comparable and users cannot rely on them. This thesis analyses these problems and it is looking for the solutions for the lessees and the lessors.