O carcinoma de células renais (CCR) é o tumor mais agressivo que afeta o rim de pessoas adultas. O CCR é uma doença heterogênea, com diferentes alterações moleculares e variados patrões histológicos e clínicos que apresentam evolução diferente. Atualmente apenas variáveis anatomopatológicas clássicas são utilizadas para determinar o prognóstico dos pacientes. Utilizando uma plataforma de microarranjos de DNA, nosso grupo identificou em um trabalho anterior um conjunto de genes que se encontram diferencialmente expressos em tumores de rim. Neste estudo, nove candidatos foram selecionados para avaliação como marcadores de prognóstico no CCR. Foi confirmada a alteração na expressão dos genes ARNTL, ACTN4 e EPAS1 (p < 0,05) em amostras tumorais de CCR através de PCR em tempo real. Adicionalmente, foi observada a alteração da expressão dos genes ARNTL, EPAS1 e CASP7 em linhagens celulares imortalizadas derivadas de tumores renais, recapitulando por tanto, as alterações observadas nos tumores obtidos de pacientes. Posteriormente investigamos o padrão de expressão proteica destes candidatos por imunohistoquímica utilizando microarranjos de tecidos. Foi detectada a diminuição significativa (p < 0,05) da expressão das proteínas ACTN4, ARNTL, CASP7 e EPAS1 em tumores de pacientes com CCR relativamente ao tecido renal não tumoral. Além disso, foi possível determinar valores de imunomarcação capazes de estratificar pacientes com CCR em diferentes grupos de risco quanto à sobrevida câncer-específica, que adicionalmente apresentaram associação significativa com parâmetros anatomopatológicos utilizados na clínica. As imunomarcações de ACTN4, ARNTL, e EPAS1 se mostraram parâmetros independentes de prognóstico de sobrevida dos pacientes. A imunomarcação de CASP7 foi capaz de identificar subgrupos de pacientes com pior prognóstico dentro de um conjunto de pacientes de baixo risco em função do estadio clinico, além de identificar pacientes com menor risco de morte pelo câncer entre aqueles apresentaram recorrência em até 5 após a cirurgia. O conjunto de resultados obtidos aponta para um novo conjunto de biomarcadores moleculares com potencial relevância para auxiliar no prognóstico de pacientes com carcinoma de células renais. / The renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most aggressive tumor that affects the kidney in adult people. The RCC is a heterogeneous disease, with many different molecular alterations and varied histological and clinical patterns with different outcome. Currently, only classic anatomopathological variables are used to determine patients\' prognosis. Using a DNA microarray platform, our group identified in a previous work a set of genes differentially expressed in renal tumors. In this study, nine candidates were selected for evaluation as prognostic biomarkers in RCC. Alteration of the gene expression in RCC tumor samples was confirmed for ARNTL, ACTN4 and EPAS1 (p < 0.05) by real time PCR. Additionally, gene expression changes of ARNTL, EPAS1 and CASP7 were also observed in immortalized cell lines derived from renal tumors, recapitulating the expression changes detected in the patients\' tumors. Next, we used tissue microarrays to investigate the protein expression of the selected candidates by immunohistochemistry. Expression of the proteins ACTN4, ARNTL, CASP7 and EPAS1 was detected as significantly downregulated (p < 0.05) in patients´ tumors relative to non-tumor renal tissue. Furthermore, immunostaining patterns of the selected candidates were able to stratify patients with RCC in different risk groups according to cancer-specific survival, which also showed significant associations with anatomopathological parameters used in the clinics. ACTN4, ARNTL and EPAS1 immunostaining resulted as independent prognostic parameters of patient survival. CASP7 immunostaining was able to identify subgroups of patients with worse prognosis in a set of low risk patients as determined by their clinical stage, and also identified patients with lower risk of death from cancer amongst patients that relapsed within 5 years after surgery. Overall, these results point to a new set of molecular biomarkers with potential relevance to help in the prognosis of patients with renal cell carcinoma.

O carcinoma de células renais (CCR) é o tumor mais agressivo que afeta o rim de pessoas adultas. O CCR é uma doença heterogênea, com diferentes alterações moleculares e variados patrões histológicos e clínicos que apresentam evolução diferente. Atualmente apenas variáveis anatomopatológicas clássicas são utilizadas para determinar o prognóstico dos pacientes. Utilizando uma plataforma de microarranjos de DNA, nosso grupo identificou em um trabalho anterior um conjunto de genes que se encontram diferencialmente expressos em tumores de rim. Neste estudo, nove candidatos foram selecionados para avaliação como marcadores de prognóstico no CCR. Foi confirmada a alteração na expressão dos genes ARNTL, ACTN4 e EPAS1 (p < 0,05) em amostras tumorais de CCR através de PCR em tempo real. Adicionalmente, foi observada a alteração da expressão dos genes ARNTL, EPAS1 e CASP7 em linhagens celulares imortalizadas derivadas de tumores renais, recapitulando por tanto, as alterações observadas nos tumores obtidos de pacientes. Posteriormente investigamos o padrão de expressão proteica destes candidatos por imunohistoquímica utilizando microarranjos de tecidos. Foi detectada a diminuição significativa (p < 0,05) da expressão das proteínas ACTN4, ARNTL, CASP7 e EPAS1 em tumores de pacientes com CCR relativamente ao tecido renal não tumoral. Além disso, foi possível determinar valores de imunomarcação capazes de estratificar pacientes com CCR em diferentes grupos de risco quanto à sobrevida câncer-específica, que adicionalmente apresentaram associação significativa com parâmetros anatomopatológicos utilizados na clínica. As imunomarcações de ACTN4, ARNTL, e EPAS1 se mostraram parâmetros independentes de prognóstico de sobrevida dos pacientes. A imunomarcação de CASP7 foi capaz de identificar subgrupos de pacientes com pior prognóstico dentro de um conjunto de pacientes de baixo risco em função do estadio clinico, além de identificar pacientes com menor risco de morte pelo câncer entre aqueles apresentaram recorrência em até 5 após a cirurgia. O conjunto de resultados obtidos aponta para um novo conjunto de biomarcadores moleculares com potencial relevância para auxiliar no prognóstico de pacientes com carcinoma de células renais. / The renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most aggressive tumor that affects the kidney in adult people. The RCC is a heterogeneous disease, with many different molecular alterations and varied histological and clinical patterns with different outcome. Currently, only classic anatomopathological variables are used to determine patients\' prognosis. Using a DNA microarray platform, our group identified in a previous work a set of genes differentially expressed in renal tumors. In this study, nine candidates were selected for evaluation as prognostic biomarkers in RCC. Alteration of the gene expression in RCC tumor samples was confirmed for ARNTL, ACTN4 and EPAS1 (p < 0.05) by real time PCR. Additionally, gene expression changes of ARNTL, EPAS1 and CASP7 were also observed in immortalized cell lines derived from renal tumors, recapitulating the expression changes detected in the patients\' tumors. Next, we used tissue microarrays to investigate the protein expression of the selected candidates by immunohistochemistry. Expression of the proteins ACTN4, ARNTL, CASP7 and EPAS1 was detected as significantly downregulated (p < 0.05) in patients´ tumors relative to non-tumor renal tissue. Furthermore, immunostaining patterns of the selected candidates were able to stratify patients with RCC in different risk groups according to cancer-specific survival, which also showed significant associations with anatomopathological parameters used in the clinics. ACTN4, ARNTL and EPAS1 immunostaining resulted as independent prognostic parameters of patient survival. CASP7 immunostaining was able to identify subgroups of patients with worse prognosis in a set of low risk patients as determined by their clinical stage, and also identified patients with lower risk of death from cancer amongst patients that relapsed within 5 years after surgery. Overall, these results point to a new set of molecular biomarkers with potential relevance to help in the prognosis of patients with renal cell carcinoma.

No description available.

No description available.

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is characterized by proteinuria, hypalbuminemia and edemas. It occurs during first and second glomerulopathies. This disease can be divided into two groups: primary (idiopathic) and secondary. The heredity of the familial nephrotic syndrome is autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive. There are four most important genes that condition the formation of hereditary nephrotic syndrome in adult patienst. These genes are ACTN4, CD2AP, NPHS2 and TRPC6. The gene ACTN4, which encodes protein α-actinin 4, is responsible for the autosomal dominant form of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). FSGS is included in first glomerulopathies. α-Actinin 4 was also researched for some types of carcinomas. There was performed the mutational analysis of the gene ACTN4 on the set of 48 patients with nephrotic syndrome in this diploma thesis. High resolution melting (HRM) analysis and sequencing selected samples were used during this mutation detection. During this process many published and unpublished SNPs and one unpublished candidate mutation that could have causal associations with FSGS were found.

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, edemas and hyperlipidemia. It occurs in primary (e.g. focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, FSGS or minimal change disease, MCD) and in secondary glomerulopathies (e.g. kidney amyloidosis). In primary forms, great attention is paid to the potential genetic background of the disease and due to new molecular genetic methods genes, whose mutations cause different nephropathies (e.g. ACTN4 or INF2) were identified. The aims of presented doctoral thesis were following. Firstly, to continue the mutational analysis of ACTN4 that was described in the author's diploma thesis in other glomerulopathies. Secondly, to implement the mutational analysis of INF2 and subsequently analyse this gene in patients with FSGS/MCD and in patients from special group characterized by positive family history for end stage renal disease (ESRD) in combination with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) or already developed ESRD at the time of diagnosis. Thirdly, mutational analysis of NPHS2 and TRPC6 (methods implemented in laboratory earlier) in selected patients from the special group. Finally, expression analyses of genes important for podocyte function or connected with human immune system. This part also verifies the applicability of NPHS2/SYNPO expression...