A produção de energia elétrica é intimamente vinculada ao seu consumo. Ela acompanha o consumo, pois os processos de produção não armazenam energia e o ponto ótimo se dá quando não se tem nem excesso nem falta da quantidade de energia produzida em relação à consumida. Por sua vez, o consumo de energia elétrica está relacionado ao padrão de crescimento e desenvolvimento da nação. Inúmeras evidências, associando o consumo de energia elétrica ao produto interno bruto e outros índices de desenvolvimento, são encontrados na literatura, os quais mostram claramente esta justa correlação. Por outro lado, o total de energia elétrica produzida é o resultado da soma das produções individuais das diversas fontes de recursos, tais como: gás natural, carvão vapor, hídricas, produtos de cana, eólica e urânio. Este é um cenário típico de produtores e consumidores, em que os produtores concorrem, entre si, para suprir a demanda. Qualquer variação na produção de um é compensada pela produção dos outros, a fim de se manter a demanda atendida na exata medida de suas necessidades. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas uma metodologia original e uma ferramenta de simulação, no aplicativo MATLAB®, e estabelecidos parâmetros e indicadores ambientais para auxiliar a tomada de decisões quanto ao direcionamento de investimentos na área de produção de energia elétrica, mostrando como minimizar os efeitos nocivos ao meio ambiente e acompanhar o crescimento da demanda simultaneamente. São utilizadas técnicas e metodologias consagradas, tais como a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida, a Contabilidade Emergética, a Análise Estatística, a Teoria de Sistemas sobre a base de dados oficial do governo brasileiro, isto é, a matriz 27x47 do relatório anual Boletim Energético Nacional (BEN) do Ministério das Minas e Energia (MME), fornecendo uma visão holística e otimizada do setor energético nacional e em particular da área de energia elétrica. Alguns temas polêmicos como o efeito da utilização da área florestal para a produção de energia elétrica e o esgotamento de reservas energéticas são discutidos no final deste trabalho. / The production of electricity is closely linked to its consumption. It follows the consumption, because the production processes do not stock up energy and the optimum point is when it does not have over or less quantity of energy produced according to its consumption. In turn, energy consumption is related to the level of growth and development of the nation. A lot of evidence associating energy consumption to gross domestic product and other development indicators are found in the literature, which clearly shows this correlation. On the other side, there are several sources of resources from which is produced electric power, such as: natural gas, steam coal, hydro, sugarcane waste, wind and uranium in amounts that together supply the need consumption required all the time and could supply more than the required amount. This presented scenario is a typical example of producers and consumers, where producers compete to supply demand, and any variation in one of them is offset by the production of others, in order to get demand attended in the exact extent of their needs. In this work were developed a methodology and a tool, and also parameters were set to help decision making regarding guidelines for investments in the production of electricity, directing to minimize harm to the environment and at the same time meet the growing of the demand. Techniques and traditional methods were used, such as Life Cycle Assessment, Emergy Accounting, Statistical Analysis, the System Theory on the official database of the Brazilian government, that is, the 27x47 matrix of the Annual Report National Energy Bulletin (BEN) of Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME), providing an holistic and optimized overview in the energy national sector and in particular the electric power sector. Some controversial issues as the effect of using the forest for the production of electricity and the depletion of energetic reserves are discussed at the end of this work.

El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral fue realizar una evaluación ambiental, efectuando una comparación de los invernaderos tipo parral y multitúnel y de tres tipos diferentes de sustratos utilizados en la producción de tomate bajo condiciones protegidas en las Palmas Gran Canaria. Para llevar a cabo esta cuantificación se utilizó la metodología del Análisis del Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Esta tesis esta estructurada en capítulos, en el primer capítulo, aparece la introducción, objetivos, el planteamiento del problema, los antecedentes, la historia de la producción de cultivo bajo condiciones protegidas, descripción de los diferentes tipos de invernaderos, así como el área cultivada, la descripción e importancia del cultivo de tomate, historia general del ACV, principales trabajos realizados en agricultura utilizando la metodología de ACV etc. En el capítulo segundo, se realiza la descripción de la metodología del ACV, de acuerdo con la normativa de la International Standard Organization, ISO 14040 (2006).En este capítulo tercero, se desarrollan las principales fases de la aplicación del ACV en invernaderos Canarios, el cual se divide en objetivos, alcance y el inventario. Dentro de los objetivos y alcance se discuten la función de los sistemas, la unidad funcional, los límites de los sistemas, las reglas de asignación de las cargas ambientales agrícola, calidad y procedencia de los datos utilizados. En la fase del inventario, se recoge la información relativa a la infraestructura y montaje de los invernaderos, la producción del cultivo de tomate, el transporte utilizado para trasladar la producción de tomates y la gestión de los residuos de los invernaderos parral y multitúnel.En el montaje de la infraestructura de los invernaderos parral y multitúnel se cuantificó la cantidad de materiales que se emplearon en la estructura y el equipo auxiliar y respecto a la producción del cultivo de tomate bajo condiciones protegidas se consideró el manejo de los invernaderos durante la producción, la producción de fertilizantes y el control fitosanitario. En la gestión de los invernaderos se consideraron las diferentes prácticas culturales, la ventilación, el empleo de la maquinaria agrícola y la cosecha.En el capítulo cuarto, se presenta el análisis de impactos e interpretación de los resultados de esta tesis. El análisis de los resultados se ha estructurado de la siguiente forma: en el ACV de la infraestructura de los invernaderos parral y multitúnel, el principal resultado que sobre- sale es que el invernadero multitúnel es más contaminante ambientalmente que el invernadero parral en lo que se refiere a la infraestructura. En el capítulo quinto, se realiza una evaluación de tres tipos de sustratos utilizados en las Islas Canarias. En este capítulo se comparan los resultados de las cargas ambientales asociadas al tipo de sustrato utilizado en la producción del cultivo de tomate en invernadero: los diferentes tipos de sustratos estudiados son fibra de coco o lana de coco (Coconut fiber) origen Filipinas, lana de Roca (Rock wool) origen Dinamarca y el picón (Basalt) origen local en Las Palmas Gran Canaria, España. Además se hace una descripción de cada uno, origen, proceso de fabricación, cartacterísticas agronómicas, tipos de presentación, residuos y los tipos de transporte terrestre y marítimo utilizado para trasladar los sustratos desde el lugar de origen al lugar en donde son utilizados.De los tres tipos de sustratos utilizados en la producción del cultivo de tomate bajo condiciones protegidas, el que produce las mayores cargas ambientales es la lana de roca (Rock wool), seguido por el sustrato de fibra de coco (Coconut fiber) y en menor cantidad el picón. (Basalt). El picón es pues una buena opción a nivel local en las zonas productoras, siempre y cuando se homogenize el material, se mejore el manejo agronómico y el traslado del sustrato sea a distancias cortas.Por último, en el capítulo sexto se recogen las principales conclusiones generales del trabajo derivadas de la detección de los puntos ambientalmente débiles, en la infraestructura de los invernaderos y en el proceso de producción del cultivo de tomate bajo condiciones protegidas y al mismo tiempo se recomiendan futuras líneas de investigación. / The main goal of this Ph D thesis was to do an environmental assessment, comparing "parral" and multitunel greenhouses and three different substrates used in tomato production under protected conditions in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. To carry out this quantification the methodology of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used. This thesis is structured in chapters, the first chapter includes the introduction, approach to the problem, goals, background, history of crop production under protected conditions, description of different types of greenhouses, as well as the cultivated area, the description and importance of the tomato crop, general history of the LCA, principal works realized in agriculture using methodology LCA etc.In the second chapter, the description of the methodology of the LCA, in accordance with the normative International Standard Organization, ISO 14040 (2006), is given.In the third chapter, the main stages of the implementation of LCA in Canarian greenhouses are developed. Within the objectives and scope, the function of the systems, the functional unit, the system's boundaries and the rules for the allocation of environmental burdens, quality and origin of data used are discussed. In the inventory phase, data from infrastructure and assembly of the greenhouses, crop production of tomato, the transport used to move the production of the crop of tomatoes and the management of the waste of the greenhouses parral and multitunel is collected.In the assembly of the parral and multitunel greenhouses infrastructure the amount of materials used in the structure and auxiliary equipment is quantified. In relation to tomato production under protected conditions, the management of greenhouses for the production, the fertilizer production and phytosanitary control are considered. In the management of greenhouses different cultural practices, ventilation, use of farm machinery and harvesting are considered.The fourth chapter presents the impact analysis and results interpretation of this thesis. The Analysis of the results is structured in the following form: the LCA of the infrastructure of the greenhouses parral and multitunel highlights that the multitunel greenhouse is environmentally more polluting that the parral one as it refers to the infrastructure.In the fifth chapter the environmental assessment of three types of substrates used in the Canary Islands, Spain is presented. This chapter compares the results of the environmental burdens associated with the type of substrate used in the production of greenhouse tomato crop. The different types of substrates studied are coconut fiber or wool coconut (Coconut fiber) from Philippine origin, Rock wool (Rock wool) from Denmark origin and picón (Basalt) from local sources in Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain. In addition, a description of each source is done: manufacturing process, agronomic characteristics, types of presentation and types of waste (residues), and land and sea transportation used to move the substrates from the origin to the place where they are used.Of the three types of substrates used in crop production of tomato under protected conditions, which produces the greatest environmental burdens is the Rock wool (Rock wool), followed by coconut fiber substrate (Coconut fiber) and less the amount picón. (Basalt). The substrate picón is then a good choice at the local level in production areas, provided that the material is homogenized, agricultural management is improved and the transfer of the substrate is at a short distance.Finally, in the chapter sixth the main conclusions derived from this work are described, taking into account the detection of the environmentally weak points in the greenhouses infrastructure and in the production process of the tomato crop under protected conditions. Furthermore, future research is recommended.

The Diploma thesis is dedicated to design of a hovercraft. The concept of design is a small hovercraft for personal use. The hovercraft is styled into a sports category. The interior is designed for 4 persons and personal luggage. Main part of the work is the exterior of the hovercraft. But it contains also a basic vision of interior solution with basic dimensions according to antropometric measures and other ergonomical criteria. So the result is original hovercraft, which is solved in area of design with regards for ergonomics and technological limitations, which hovercraft brings.

Orientador: Gerson Araújo de Medeiros / Resumo: A tomada de decisão na gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) demanda uma avaliação integrada de aspectos políticos, culturais, sociais, econômicos e ambientais, para se delinear cenários que contemplem especificidades regionais. Neste contexto, a escolha do melhor cenário pode ser apoiada por modelos de avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV), uma técnica que permite estimar os impactos ambientais de todas as etapas de um sistema de gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (SGRSU). Deste modo, a presente pesquisa propôs e analisou cenários para a gestão dos RSU, baseado na transição da ecoeficiência, na sub-região da Amazônia Ocidental. Para isto, foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso na região do município de Humaitá, estado do Amazonas. Realizou-se, inicialmente, uma análise de aspectos conjunturais relacionados à gestão dos RSU na Amazônia por meio de um levantamento bibliográfico nos países dessa região, uma análise do arcabouço legal com base na Política Nacional de RSU, consulta a especialistas, caracterização quali-quantitativa dos resíduos gerados no meio urbano e avaliação in loco nos municípios de Humaitá, Manicoré e Ariquemes, utilizando da ferramenta SWOT. A consulta aos especialistas associada a um levantamento de aspectos econômicos e estruturais da região de Humaitá permitiu fundamentar a decisão de excluir a incineração e o tratamento mecânico biológico dos cenários de gestão dos RSU em ambiente amazônico. Assim, foram elaborados cinco cenários para o SGRSU de Humaitá, s... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Decision-making in the management of waste solid urban (MSW) requires an assessment integrated of aspects political, cultural, social, economic and environmental, for if to outline scenarios that include regional specificities. In this context, the choice of the best scenario can be supported by life cycle assessment models (LCA), a technique that allows estimating the impacts environmental of all stages of a solid urban waste management system (SGRSU). In this way, the present research proposed and analyzed different scenarios for the management of MSW, based on the transition of eco-efficiency, in the sub-region of the Western Amazon. For this, was developed a case study in the region of the municipality of Humaitá, state of Amazonas. It took place, initially, an analysis of conjunctural aspects related to the management of MSW in the Amazon through a bibliographic survey in the countries of that region, an analysis of the legal framework based on the National Policy of MSW, consultation with specialists, characterization qualitative and quantitative from waste generated in the urban environment and on-site assessment in the municipalities of Humaitá, Manicoré and Ariquemes, using the SWOT tool. The consultation with specialists associated with a survey of aspects economic and structural of the region of Humaitá provided the basis for the decision to exclude incineration and biological mechanical treatment from the scenarios for the management of waste solid in environm... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Tesis por compendio / [EN] The main objective of this thesis is to provide knowledge about the influence of nanomaterials as additives for food packaging purposes. Their influence on final packaging performance and also on the environmental impact of the whole packaging & product system, waste management once the packaging is empty. Besides, the environmental impacts not only considering global environmental impacts but ecotoxicity effects are analysed when nanomaterials are incorporated as additives for packaging. The common link between the research articles is according to the main objective intended of this thesis. This objective is to provide novel data and specific research work and results regarding nanomaterials on their application to packaging from different perspectives; functional but mainly environmental. The research activities carried out and detailed in each one of the published papers aim at providing valuable scientific contribution to such ambitious objective commented. Thus, it was considered a key starting point to carry out an exhaustive analysis of the State-of-the-Art on nanomaterials and their applications to food packaging. Due to the huge diversity of existing nanomaterials and that they can be applied not only to the package but to the food product, the analysis was made considering the final properties improvement of the package compared to those only considering conventional materials. The analysis considered three main categories for the properties studied: Technical, active and intelligent. The qualitative evaluation results were grouped to identify the ones with the most relevant potential actual and future for food packaging. That was made applying Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). Although some constraints were identified, such as no availability of specific applications for some nanomaterials, case by case analysis demands, it could be concluded that those nanomaterials have had been focused on barrier properties improvement, microbial activity reduction, mechanical functionality, and water permeability minimisation. Among the more than 84 publications reviewed, it could be observed that the one with the highest application potential was calcium carbonate or the chitosan, due to their combination of active and improved properties. Besides, nanoclays (caolinite), carbon nanotubes/nanofibres, and nanobiocomposites based on bioplastics like PLA and PHB were in the first ranking positions of the MCDA. Nonetheless the good ranking carbon nanotubes/nanofibres, there are still great uncertainties due to their citotoxicity and the non-desired migration potential to the food product. Another interesting result was that metallic particles like ZnO, TiO2 and Ag were not in the first ranking positions of the MCDA carried out. The potential influence of the presence of nanomaterials in the packaging recycling process as well as their influence on the final recycled material properties were evaluated in the second paper. Combinations of three different film polymers (polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) y polyethilenterephtalate (PET) reinforce with four different nanomaterials (nanoclays, calcium carbonate, zinc dioxide and nano silver) were anaylised. Tested combinations were: PE-nanoclay, PE-CaCO3, PP-Ag, PET-ZnO, PET-Ag, PET-nanoclay. The experimental recycling tests show that smells and degradation fumes appears in the processing of PET reinforced with nanoclay, as well as increasing number of pinholes when this polymer is reinforced with Ag. / [ES] La presente tesis tiene como objetivo principal conocer la repercusión que la aplicación de nanomateriales como aditivos puede tener sobre las propiedades de los envases en los que se aplican, sobre los impactos ambientales del sistema de envase, así como en la gestión de los residuos generados una vez se han consumido los productos contenidos. Consecuencia de la investigación realizada en el marco de esta tesis, se han preparado tres artículos científicos que se adjuntan como anejos en su totalidad. El primero de ellos, se publicó en la revista ¿Packaging Technology and Science¿, el segundo en la revista ¿Waste Management¿ y el tercero en la revista ¿Journal of Cleaner Production¿. La selección de las revistas se realizó en base a la temática de cada artículo. El nexo de los artículos refleja de forma fiel los objetivos pretendidos en la tesis. Así, se consideró un buen punto de partida realizar un exhaustivo análisis del estado del arte de los nanomateriales empleados en envase alimentario. Debido a la enorme variedad de nanomateriales, y al hecho que pueden ser utilizados en algunos casos, tanto en el propio envase como sobre el propio producto contenido, el análisis se abordó desde el punto de vista de las propiedades mejoradas respecto a los materiales convencionales. El estudio, se basó en la valoración cualitativa de las propiedades mejoradas clasificadas en tres grupos: propiedades técnicas, activas e inteligentes. A pesar de las limitaciones observadas, tales como la ausencia de aplicaciones concretas para algunos nanomateriales, y la necesidad de análisis caso por caso, pudo concluirse que dichos materiales se han enfocado a la mejora de propiedades barrera, la reducción de la actividad microbiana, la mejora de las propiedades mecánicas y la reducción de la permeabilidad al agua. Las implicaciones derivadas de la presencia de nanomateriales en los procesos de reciclado de envases plásticos fueron evaluadas en el segundo trabajo. Se analizaron combinaciones de tres films plásticos polietileno (PE), polipropileno (PP) y polietiléntereftalato (PET) reforzados con cuatro nanomateriales diferentes (nanoarcilla, carbonato cálcico, óxido de zinc, y nanoplata). / [CA] La present tesi te com a principal objectiu conèixer la repercussió de la aplicació de nanomaterials com additius sobre les propietats finals d¿un envàs en la seua aplicació al sector alimentari, així com proporcionar les dades concretes del potencial de reciclat dels mateixos i els impactes ambientals en termes no únicament mediambientals, sinó també en relació amb la toxicitat que deriva de estes substancies. El nexe de unió dels articles manifesta de forma ferma els objectius proposats en la tesis, sent el objectiu final la aportació de dades i estudis concrets dins del camp dels nanomaterials aplicats a l¿envàs i la seua repercussió no sols funcional, sinó també i fonamentalment ambiental. Les investigacions plantejades i detallades en cadascú dels articles pretenen contribuir parcialment a un objectiu tan ambiciós com el que planteja aquest treball. Així mateix, es va considerar com a punt de partida portar a terme un exhaustiu anàlisis de l¿estat de l¿art dels nanomaterials incorporats en envasos per al sector alimentari. A causa de la varietat de nanomaterials, i pel fet de que en algunes ocasions es poden utilitzar tant en el envàs com sobre el propi producte contingut, el anàlisis es va afrontar des del punt de vista de les propietats millorades respecte als materials convencionals. La valoració qualitativa de les propietats millorades és va classificar en tres grups: propietats tècniques, actives e intel·ligents. Aquestes valoracions qualitatives es van agrupar posteriorment per a quantificar les propietats amb un major potencial actual i futur dels nanomaterials en el camp del envàs alimentari. Aquesta quantificació es va portar a terme mitjançant la tècnica de anàlisi multi criteri (MCDA en anglès). Malgrat les limitacions observades, com es la absència de aplicacions concretes per a alguns nanomaterials i la necessitat d¿analitzar cas per cas, si que es va poder concloure que els materials considerats en l¿anàlisi estaven enfocats a la millora de les propietats barrera, la reducció de l¿activitat microbiana, la millora de les propietats mecàniques i la reducció de la permeabilitat a l¿aigua. Entre els més de 84 materials referenciats, es va observar que els que presentaven un major potencial de aplicació eren el nanocarbonat càlcic o el quitosà, a causa de la possible combinació de propietats millorades i propietats actives. També de esta manera, les nanoargiles (caolinita), els nanotubs/nanofibres de carboni i els nanobiocomposites basats en bioplàstics com l¿Àcid Polilactic (PLA) i el polihidroxibutirat (PHB) figuren en els primers llocs de la llista de l¿anàlisi MCDA. Però malgrat la bona posició dels nanotubs/nanofibres de carboni, existeixen encara molts dubtes sobre la citoxicitat i la possibilitat de migració no desitjada cap al producte alimentari envasat. Com a resultat destacable del anàlisis, una gran part de les nanopartícules metàl·liques, tals com el ZnO, TiO2 i el Ag no van estar incloses entre els primers llocs de la llista de l¿anàlisi MCDA. Les limitacions derivades de la presència de nanomaterials en els processos de reciclat de envasos de plàstic van ser avaluades en el segon treball. Es van analitzar combinacions de tres films plàstics, polietilè (PE), polipropilè (PP) i polietilentereftalat (PET). Tots ells reforçats amb quatre nanomaterials diferents (nanoargila, carbonat càlcic, òxid de zinc, i nanoplata). Concretament, les combinacions testades van ser PE- nanoargila, PE-CaCO3, PP-Ag, PET-ZnO, PET-Ag, PET-nanoargila. / Sánchez Reig, MDC. (2015). Evaluación de los impactos ambientales derivados de nanomateriales aplicados al envase y embalaje [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48554 / TESIS / Compendio

Os produtos podem causar impactos negativos ao meio ambiente em uma das suas etapas do ciclo de vida, quais sejam: aquisição de matéria-prima, fabricação, distribuição, uso e disposição final. A integração dos aspectos ambientais no projeto e no desenvolvimento de produto busca prevenir e minimizar os possíveis impactos ao longo de seu ciclo de vida. Esses impactos variam quanto à categoria, magnitude, extensão e duração. A principal metodologia para avaliar os impactos ambientais do ciclo de vida do produto é a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Contudo há diversos métodos e formas de aplicações desta metodologia. O primeiro objetivo é identificar os principais métodos da ACV, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, O segundo é realizar um estudo de caso comparativo da ACV entre dois tipos de cestos (de plástico e de aço inox) utilizados nas lavadoras de roupas automáticas, identificando os potenciais impactos ambientais, baseado no método EDIP. Os principais métodos identificados na revisão sistemática foram: Ecoindicator 99, EPS, CML Ecological Footprint e EDIP. A comparação do ciclo de vida dos dois cestos demonstra que, para as categorias de impactos de potencial de aquecimento global, acidificação, eutrofização, ecotoxidade e toxidade humana, o cesto inox tem uma maior contribuição para os potencias impactos ambientais em relação ao cesto de plástico, principalmente devido à maior distância transportada da matéria-prima do aço até a fabricação do cesto. / The products can cause negative impacts to the environment in one of their stages of the life cycle, which are: raw material acquisition, production, distribution, use and final disposition. The integration of the environmental aspects in the project and in the product development it looks for to prevent and to minimize the possible impacts along his life cycle. Those impacts vary as for the category, magnitude, extension and duration. The main methodology to evaluate the environmental impacts of the life cycle of the product is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However there are several methods and forms of applications of this methodology. The first objective is to identify the main methods of LCA, through a systematic revision, THE second is to accomplish a study of comparative case of LCA among two types of baskets (of plastic and of stainless steel) used in the washers of automatic clothes, identifying the potentials environmental impacts, based on the method EDIP. The main identified methods in the systematic revision were: Echo-indicator 99, EPS, CML Ecological Footprint and EDIP. The comparison of the cycle of life of the two baskets demonstrates that, for the categories of impacts of potential of global warming, acidification, nutrient enrichment, ecotoxicity and human toxicity, the basket stainless steel has a larger contribution for the potencies environmental impacts in relation to the basket of plastic, mainly due to the largest transported distance of the raw material of the steel to the production of the basket.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des impacts environnementaux de systèmes de production de bovins. Le premier objectif était d'analyser et de comparer les impacts environnementaux de systèmes de production de viande et de lait par analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) attributionnelle. Les effets de pratiques d'atténuation de ces impacts ont été évalués pour les systèmes de production de viande. Le second objectif était un développement méthodologique afin d'explorer les conséquences possibles d'une préférence accrue pour un lait produit à base d'herbe, par ACV conséquentielle. Dans un système de production de viande par le troupeau allaitant, le méthane entérique a été le principal contributeur à l'impact changement climatique, et la production de l'herbe a été la principale contributrice aux autres impacts (demande énergétique cumulée, eutrophisation, acidification, occupation du sol). L'atelier naisseur (vaches allaitantes et leurs veaux, génisses) a contribué de manière majeure aux impacts du système allaitant dans son ensemble. La pratique d'atténuation la plus efficace pour le système a été la diminution de l'âge au vêlage de 3 à 2 ans. L'utilisation de lipides riches en acides gras oméga-3 dans le régime a très peu affecté les impacts du système. L'application simultanée de plusieurs pratiques d'atténuation compatibles entre elles réduit sensiblement les impacts. L'application de pratiques telles que la réduction du gaspillage d'herbe, l'engraissement des génisses non utilisées pour le renouvellement et la diminution de l'âge au vêlage réduisent l'occupation du sol. Un usage alternatif des terres libérées tel que la plantation de forêt pour séquestrer du carbone dans la biomasse semble prometteur. L'étude de systèmes de production de lait a été centrée sur les comparaisons de systèmes à base d'herbe ou d'ensilage de maïs, d'une race spécialisée (Holstein) ou mixte (Normande) et sur l'effet du niveau de production laitière par ACV attributionnelle. Quelle que soit la méthode d'attribution des impacts aux co-produits, les impacts par kg de lait ont été plus faibles pour les systèmes à base d'ensilage de maïs et pour les Holstein, sauf pour l'eutrophisation. L'accroissement de la production de lait par vache grâce à une consommation d'énergie accrue et au vêlage à 2 ans a permis de réduire les impacts du lait et de son co-produit viande. Les conséquences de la conversion d'une exploitation laitière utilisant beaucoup de maïs ensilage vers une exploitation utilisant de l'herbe comme unique source de fourrage pour répondre à une demande de lait produit à base d'herbe en France ont été évaluées par ACV conséquentielle. Cette conversion entraîne des changements notables de l'utilisation des sols en dehors de l'exploitation, et donc un fort accroissement des impacts du système dans son ensemble et du lait produit.

Os produtos podem causar impactos negativos ao meio ambiente em uma das suas etapas do ciclo de vida, quais sejam: aquisição de matéria-prima, fabricação, distribuição, uso e disposição final. A integração dos aspectos ambientais no projeto e no desenvolvimento de produto busca prevenir e minimizar os possíveis impactos ao longo de seu ciclo de vida. Esses impactos variam quanto à categoria, magnitude, extensão e duração. A principal metodologia para avaliar os impactos ambientais do ciclo de vida do produto é a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Contudo há diversos métodos e formas de aplicações desta metodologia. O primeiro objetivo é identificar os principais métodos da ACV, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, O segundo é realizar um estudo de caso comparativo da ACV entre dois tipos de cestos (de plástico e de aço inox) utilizados nas lavadoras de roupas automáticas, identificando os potenciais impactos ambientais, baseado no método EDIP. Os principais métodos identificados na revisão sistemática foram: Ecoindicator 99, EPS, CML Ecological Footprint e EDIP. A comparação do ciclo de vida dos dois cestos demonstra que, para as categorias de impactos de potencial de aquecimento global, acidificação, eutrofização, ecotoxidade e toxidade humana, o cesto inox tem uma maior contribuição para os potencias impactos ambientais em relação ao cesto de plástico, principalmente devido à maior distância transportada da matéria-prima do aço até a fabricação do cesto. / The products can cause negative impacts to the environment in one of their stages of the life cycle, which are: raw material acquisition, production, distribution, use and final disposition. The integration of the environmental aspects in the project and in the product development it looks for to prevent and to minimize the possible impacts along his life cycle. Those impacts vary as for the category, magnitude, extension and duration. The main methodology to evaluate the environmental impacts of the life cycle of the product is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However there are several methods and forms of applications of this methodology. The first objective is to identify the main methods of LCA, through a systematic revision, THE second is to accomplish a study of comparative case of LCA among two types of baskets (of plastic and of stainless steel) used in the washers of automatic clothes, identifying the potentials environmental impacts, based on the method EDIP. The main identified methods in the systematic revision were: Echo-indicator 99, EPS, CML Ecological Footprint and EDIP. The comparison of the cycle of life of the two baskets demonstrates that, for the categories of impacts of potential of global warming, acidification, nutrient enrichment, ecotoxicity and human toxicity, the basket stainless steel has a larger contribution for the potencies environmental impacts in relation to the basket of plastic, mainly due to the largest transported distance of the raw material of the steel to the production of the basket.

Le véhicule électrique est aujourd’hui présenté comme l’une des solutions alternatives sérieuses au véhicule à moteur à combustion interne, visant à limiter la consommation d’énergies fossiles, ainsi que les émissions de polluants locaux et de gaz à effet de serre. L’évaluation des forces et faiblesses de cette technologie au regard de l’environnement est aujourd’hui limitée, compte tenu notamment du peu de retour d’expérience sur ce type de véhicules.L’objectif de ce travail de recherche est de proposer une approche combinant une connaissance fine du véhicule étudié (obtenu notamment par des essais expérimentaux et l’utilisation de modèles de consommation) et de la méthode d’évaluation environnementale Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV), pour identifier les paramètres clefs du bilan environnemental, et par différentes analyses de sensibilité, d’en proposer une analyse détaillée. Pour y parvenir, des essais expérimentaux ont été réalisés sur un véhicule électrique à usage essentiellement urbain et son équivalent thermique. Un modèle permet d’estimer les consommations de véhicules selon leurs spécificités (chimie et capacité de batterie, rendement de la chaîne de traction) et leurs conditions d’utilisation (trafic, usages d’auxiliaires). Des hypothèses et scénarios sont également établis sur la durée de vie des batteries qui équipent le véhicule. Les jeux de données obtenus sont mis en œuvre dans l’ACV d’un véhicule électrique, et les résultats obtenus interprétés puis comparés à ceux du véhicule thermique équivalent. Enfin, analyses de sensibilité et test de divers scénarios permettent l’identification des paramètres clefs du bilan environnemental. / Today, the electric vehicle is seen as a potent substitute to the internal combustion engine vehicle, aiming at reducing consumption of fossil fuels, and emissions of local pollutants and greenhouse gases. The assessment of strengths and weaknesses of this technology from the environmental viewpoint is currently limited, especially considering the lack of experiment feedbacks.The objective of this research is to offer an approach combining a deep understanding of the studied vehicle (through experiments and use of consumption patterns) and the environmental assessment method “Life Cycle Analysis” (LCA), to identify the key parameters of environmental appraisal, and relying on different sensitivity analysis, to propose a detailed analysis.To achieve this, experimental tests were carried out on an urban electric vehicle and its internal combustion engine equivalent. A model was built to estimate the consumption of electric vehicles according to their characteristics (chemistry and battery capacity, vehicle energy efficiency) and use (traffic, use of auxiliaries). Assumptions and scenarios are also made on the lifetimes of batteries in the vehicle. The data sets obtained are implemented in the life cycle analysis of an electric vehicle, and the results are interpreted and compared to its internal combustion engine equivalent vehicle. In the end, sensitivity analysis and test of various scenarios allow the identification of key parameters for the environmental assessment.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.