Nous présentons dans ce travail l’analyse des données polarimétriques obtenues depuis le sol permettant de déterminer les propriétés des aérosols. Un travail préalable de préparation des données a été mené de manière à automatiser l’ensemble des traitements. Nous avons ensuite appliqué aux données l’algorithme d’inversion en usage au sein du réseau international de photomètre solaire AERONET (Aerosol RObotic Network) en y intégrant la polarisation. Une étude de sensibilité s’appuyant sur cinq modèles représentatifs de l’aérosol désertique, industriel et urbain, jusqu’aux aérosols marins a été réalisée. Les effets du bruit, de biais sur les mesures d'épaisseur optique aérosols et des erreurs de pointage ont été évalués. Les résultats montrent l’avantage la polarisation dans le cas de concentrations importantes en particules fines. A l’inverse, la polarisation s’est révélée moins sensible à la présence d’aérosols dominés par les grosses particules. Les données acquises sur trois sites d’observation (Beijing, Dakar, Washington), ont été traitées. Les résultats montrent l’intérêt de la polarisation dans le cas de la pollution industrielle pour améliorer la restitution de la distribution de taille des particules. La prise en compte de la polarisation améliore la qualité de la restitution de partie réelle de l’indice de réfraction et de la fraction de particules sphériques, et cela en raison de la haute sensibilité de la polarisation à la forme des particules. Cette approche est particulièrement intéressante pour mieux caractériser les aérosols dans les régions affectées par la présence d’aérosols d’origine anthropique (fraction fine prononcée) ou les aérosols de mélange. / The thesis presents the efforts on including the polarimetric data to the routine inversion of the ground-based observations and analysis of the advantages obtained. To process large amount of observations a data preparation tool was developed. It is based on AERONET inversion code. To assess the importance of polarization for aerosol retrieval results, numerical test has been performed and the real measurements were processed. First, the sensitivity study has been carried out using simulated data based on five aerosol models: desert dust, urban industrial, urban clean, biomass burning and maritime. The test investigated the effects of various errors (random noise, bias in optical thickness data, pointing errors) on aerosol retrieval using polarization data. The results demonstrate the advantage of using polarization for characterization of aerosols with pronounced concentration of fine particles. In case of the coarse mode dominated aerosols, the use of polarimetric data led to minor improvements of the retrieval. Second, the extended set of AERONET observations were processed. The data for three sites have been used: GSFC, Beijing and Dakar. The results revealed advantages of polarimetric data use for characterizing fine mode aerosol including industrial pollution. The use of polarization improves the particle size distribution retrieval by decreasing overestimated fine mode and increasing the coarse mode. It increases underestimated refractive index real part and the fraction of spherical particles due to high sensitivity of polarization to particle shape. Overall, the study demonstrates a significant value of polarimetric data for improving aerosol characterization.

Os aerossóis e nuvens desenvolvem um papel muito importante nos processos climáticos terrestres por meio das suas contribuições diretas e indiretas no balanço radiativo da atmosfera. A dificuldade na previsão dos processos de mudanças climáticas estão associadas às incertezas na distribuição e propriedades dos aerossóis e nuvens, assim como em suas interações em escala global. Tendo como principal objetivo desenvolver estudos que ajudem na diminuição dessas incertezas, a NASA, em parceria com a agência espacial francesa CNES, desenvolveu a missão do Satélite CALIPSO, que possui a bordo um sistema Lidar denominado CALIOP capaz de estudar o perfil e a distribuição vertical dos aerossóis e nuvens e os processos de interação entre eles. Uma vez que as propriedade ópticas medidas pelo CALIOP são recuperadas utilizando um complexo conjunto de algoritmos, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de estudos e metodologias de validação para inferir qual a acurácia das medidas desse sistema. Nesse contexto, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de avaliação e validação dos valores de Razão Lidar utilizados a priori pelos algoritmos do CALIOP utilizando dois instrumentos de sensoriamento remoto instalados em solo, um sistema Lidar de retroespalhamento elástico instalado no IPEN - São Paulo e o fotômetro solar da rede AERONET instalado em cinco diferentes localidades, Rio Branco - Acre (RB), Alta Floresta - Mato Grosso (AF), Cuiabá - Mato Grosso (CB), Campo Grande - Mato Grosso do Sul (CG) e São Paulo - São Paulo (SP). Foram determinados os dias de medidas correlativas entre os sistemas em solo e o CALIOP e analisados os dados para os dias de medidas com condições livre de nuvens e com trajetórias de massas de ar se deslocando das regiões de medidas do satélite para as regiões de medidas pelos instrumentos fixos. Foram calculados novos valores de Razão Lidar obtidos pelo Modelo Aeronet/Caliop (Modelo A/C) proposto. Esses valores mostraram-se coerentes com aqueles utilizados inicialmente pelo algoritmo do sistema CALIOP. Realizando uma comparação quantitativa, obteve-se uma diferença percentual de 2,17 ± 30,12%, esse valor mostra-se compatível com outros valores obtidos na literatura de validação desse sistema Lidar a bordo do Satélite CALIPSO. Essa subestimação nos valores de Razão Lidar utilizados pelo CALIOP pode estar ocorrendo devido um problema no processo de calibração dos dados do sistema CALIOP, uma vez que o território brasileiro se encontra na região da Anomalia do Atlântico Sul (SAA). A diferença percentual dos valores de Razão Lidar utilizados pelo CALIOP com aqueles obtido por meio de medidas com o sistema Lidar do IPEN forneceram valores de 2,34 ± 17,53%, demonstrando que o modelo de validação proposto é aceitável e acurácia nos valores de Razão Lidar utilizados a priori pelo CALIOP está dentro das margens de incerteza de 30%. / Aerosol and clouds play an important role in the Earths climate process through their direct and indirect contributions to the radiation budget. The largest difficulty in predicting the climate change processes is associated with uncertainties in the distribution and properties of aerosols and clouds, as well as their interactions on a global scale. The CALIPSO mission was developed as part of the NASA program, in collaboration with the French space agency CNES, with the main goal to develop studies that will help to quantify the uncertainties about aerosols and clouds. The CALIPSO satellite carried a Lidar system on board, named CALIOP, as a primary instrument, able to provide the aerosol and cloud vertical profiles and distribution, as well as their interactions. Once the optical properties measured by CALIOP are retrieved, using a complex set of algorithms, it is necessary to study and develop methodologies in order to assess the accuracy of the CALIOP products. In this context, a validation methodology was developed in order to verify the assumed values of the Lidar Ratio selected by the CALIOP algorithms, using two ground-based remote sensing instruments, an elastic backscatter Lidar system (MSP) installed at IPEN in São Paulo and the AERONET sunphotometers operating at five different locations in Brazil, Rio Branco - Acre (RB), Alta Floresta - Mato Grosso (AF), Cuiabá - Mato Grosso (CB), Campo Grande - Mato Grosso do Sul (CG) e São Paulo - São Paulo (SP). Those days when the CALIOP system and ground-based instruments spatially coincided, were selected and analyzed under cloud-free conditions, as well as days when the trajectories of air masses indicated the transport of air parcels from the CALIOP track towards the ground-based sensors. The Lidar Ratio values from the Aeronet/Caliop proposed model was determined and showed good consistency with those initially assumed by the CALIOP Algorithm. Based on the quantitative comparison, a mean difference of 2,17 ± 30,12%. This value shows to be in good agreement with other papers in the CALIPSO validation literature, demonstrating the accuracy of the proposed model. The apparent underestimation in the CALIOP Lidar Ratio values indicates a possible problem with the calibration process, since the Brazilian territory is in the so-called South Atlantic Anomaly (SSA) Region. The Lidar Ratio retrieved by the MSP-Lidar system at IPEN provided a mean difference of 2,34 ± 17,53%, confirming that the accuracy in the Lidar Ratio assumed a priori by the CALIOP algorithms is within the uncertainty range of 30%.

Os aerossóis e nuvens desenvolvem um papel muito importante nos processos climáticos terrestres por meio das suas contribuições diretas e indiretas no balanço radiativo da atmosfera. A dificuldade na previsão dos processos de mudanças climáticas estão associadas às incertezas na distribuição e propriedades dos aerossóis e nuvens, assim como em suas interações em escala global. Tendo como principal objetivo desenvolver estudos que ajudem na diminuição dessas incertezas, a NASA, em parceria com a agência espacial francesa CNES, desenvolveu a missão do Satélite CALIPSO, que possui a bordo um sistema Lidar denominado CALIOP capaz de estudar o perfil e a distribuição vertical dos aerossóis e nuvens e os processos de interação entre eles. Uma vez que as propriedade ópticas medidas pelo CALIOP são recuperadas utilizando um complexo conjunto de algoritmos, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de estudos e metodologias de validação para inferir qual a acurácia das medidas desse sistema. Nesse contexto, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de avaliação e validação dos valores de Razão Lidar utilizados a priori pelos algoritmos do CALIOP utilizando dois instrumentos de sensoriamento remoto instalados em solo, um sistema Lidar de retroespalhamento elástico instalado no IPEN - São Paulo e o fotômetro solar da rede AERONET instalado em cinco diferentes localidades, Rio Branco - Acre (RB), Alta Floresta - Mato Grosso (AF), Cuiabá - Mato Grosso (CB), Campo Grande - Mato Grosso do Sul (CG) e São Paulo - São Paulo (SP). Foram determinados os dias de medidas correlativas entre os sistemas em solo e o CALIOP e analisados os dados para os dias de medidas com condições livre de nuvens e com trajetórias de massas de ar se deslocando das regiões de medidas do satélite para as regiões de medidas pelos instrumentos fixos. Foram calculados novos valores de Razão Lidar obtidos pelo Modelo Aeronet/Caliop (Modelo A/C) proposto. Esses valores mostraram-se coerentes com aqueles utilizados inicialmente pelo algoritmo do sistema CALIOP. Realizando uma comparação quantitativa, obteve-se uma diferença percentual de 2,17 ± 30,12%, esse valor mostra-se compatível com outros valores obtidos na literatura de validação desse sistema Lidar a bordo do Satélite CALIPSO. Essa subestimação nos valores de Razão Lidar utilizados pelo CALIOP pode estar ocorrendo devido um problema no processo de calibração dos dados do sistema CALIOP, uma vez que o território brasileiro se encontra na região da Anomalia do Atlântico Sul (SAA). A diferença percentual dos valores de Razão Lidar utilizados pelo CALIOP com aqueles obtido por meio de medidas com o sistema Lidar do IPEN forneceram valores de 2,34 ± 17,53%, demonstrando que o modelo de validação proposto é aceitável e acurácia nos valores de Razão Lidar utilizados a priori pelo CALIOP está dentro das margens de incerteza de 30%. / Aerosol and clouds play an important role in the Earths climate process through their direct and indirect contributions to the radiation budget. The largest difficulty in predicting the climate change processes is associated with uncertainties in the distribution and properties of aerosols and clouds, as well as their interactions on a global scale. The CALIPSO mission was developed as part of the NASA program, in collaboration with the French space agency CNES, with the main goal to develop studies that will help to quantify the uncertainties about aerosols and clouds. The CALIPSO satellite carried a Lidar system on board, named CALIOP, as a primary instrument, able to provide the aerosol and cloud vertical profiles and distribution, as well as their interactions. Once the optical properties measured by CALIOP are retrieved, using a complex set of algorithms, it is necessary to study and develop methodologies in order to assess the accuracy of the CALIOP products. In this context, a validation methodology was developed in order to verify the assumed values of the Lidar Ratio selected by the CALIOP algorithms, using two ground-based remote sensing instruments, an elastic backscatter Lidar system (MSP) installed at IPEN in São Paulo and the AERONET sunphotometers operating at five different locations in Brazil, Rio Branco - Acre (RB), Alta Floresta - Mato Grosso (AF), Cuiabá - Mato Grosso (CB), Campo Grande - Mato Grosso do Sul (CG) e São Paulo - São Paulo (SP). Those days when the CALIOP system and ground-based instruments spatially coincided, were selected and analyzed under cloud-free conditions, as well as days when the trajectories of air masses indicated the transport of air parcels from the CALIOP track towards the ground-based sensors. The Lidar Ratio values from the Aeronet/Caliop proposed model was determined and showed good consistency with those initially assumed by the CALIOP Algorithm. Based on the quantitative comparison, a mean difference of 2,17 ± 30,12%. This value shows to be in good agreement with other papers in the CALIPSO validation literature, demonstrating the accuracy of the proposed model. The apparent underestimation in the CALIOP Lidar Ratio values indicates a possible problem with the calibration process, since the Brazilian territory is in the so-called South Atlantic Anomaly (SSA) Region. The Lidar Ratio retrieved by the MSP-Lidar system at IPEN provided a mean difference of 2,34 ± 17,53%, confirming that the accuracy in the Lidar Ratio assumed a priori by the CALIOP algorithms is within the uncertainty range of 30%.

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-12T20:05:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Rafael da Silva Palácios.pdf: 2215346 bytes, checksum: b8216273fda68ffc2a56fff1d9183dc4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-04-27T13:56:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Rafael da Silva Palácios.pdf: 2215346 bytes, checksum: b8216273fda68ffc2a56fff1d9183dc4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T13:56:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Rafael da Silva Palácios.pdf: 2215346 bytes, checksum: b8216273fda68ffc2a56fff1d9183dc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-23 / CAPES / Estudos das propriedades óticas de aerossóis em escalas locais e suas relações com a radiação solar são de grande importância para a pesquisa atmosférica. Essas pesquisas contribuem para o entendimento das propriedades radiativas e seu processo de transmissão à superfície. Uma das formas de se avaliar os efeitos provocados pelos aerossóis é através da análise de suas propriedades óticas. Desta forma o presente trabalho desenvolve uma análise da Profundidade Ótica de Aerossóis (AOD) e do coeficiente de Angstrom (), assim como estima a Forçante Radiativa de Aerossóis (ARF) sobre a superfície em uma região de Cerrado no Estado de Mato Grosso. A região de estudo é acometida, todos os anos na estação seca, por inúmeros registros de focos de incêndios. Os dados adquiridos junto a AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) foram analisados e correlacionados com variáveis micrometeorológicas de precipitação, temperatura de superfície e umidade relativa. A AOD total para o comprimento de onda de 500nm e suas respectivas parcelas devido à fração fina e grossa de material particulado foi correlacionada, concluindose que a AOD nessa região possui uma alta correlação com a fração a moda fina de aerossóis, apresentando um coeficiente de correlação de Spearman de 0,975 com um intervalo de confiança na faixa de 0,996 a 0,981. Os valores obtidos para o coeficiente de Angstrom () indicaram grande relação do aumento da AOD com as partículas emitidas por queima de biomassa. Buscou-se investigar quantitativamente os valores de ARF em um período de transição de seca-úmida. Os valores de ARF foram obtidos através de medidas simultâneas de Profundidade Ótica de Aerossóis (AOD) para a faixa de 500nm e radiação solar na faixa do visível (Sw). Os picos para AOD 500nm chegaram a 1,6 no mês de setembro onde foram registrados 5.576 focos de incêndio no Estado de Mato Grosso. O valor da ARF para o dia 13-08-12 atingiu (-93,01 ± 8,46) Wm-2, sendo que a variação da AOD 500nm em 0,1 provocou uma queda de aproximadamente 80 Wm-2 sobre a superfície, durante o fim do mês de agosto e começo do mês de setembro os picos de ARF atingiram -120 Wm-2 para valores de profundidade ótica acima de 1,0. / Studies of the optical properties of aerosols on local scales and their relationship with solar radiation are of great importance for atmospheric research. These studies contribute to the understanding of the radiative properties and the process of transmission to the surface. One of the ways to assess the effects caused by aerosols is by analyzing their optical properties. Thus this paper provides an analysis of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and the Angstrom coefficient () and estimates the Forcing Radiative of Aerosols (ARF) on the surface in a region of Cerrado in Mato Grosso. The study area is affected every year in the dry season by numerous records of outbreaks of fire. The data acquired from AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) were analyzed and correlated with micrometeorological variables precipitation, surface temperature and Relative Humidity. The total AOD to the wavelength of 500nm and their plots due to the fine and coarse fraction of particulate matter was correlated, concluding that the AOD in this region has a high correlation with the fine fraction of aerosols fashion, with a coefficient Spearman correlation of 0.975 with a confidence interval ranging from 0.996 to 0.981. The values obtained for the Angstrom coefficient () showed a large increase in the ratio of AOD to the particles emitted by biomass burning. We attempted to quantitatively investigate the values of ARF in a period of transition from dry-moist. The ARF values were obtained by simultaneous measurements of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) for the range of 500nm and solar radiation in the visible range (Sw). The peaks for AOD 500nm reached 1.6 in September where 5,576 fires in Mato Grosso were recorded. The value of ARF for the day reached 8.12.13 (-93.01 ± 8.46) Wm-2, with the variation of the AOD 500 nm in 0.1 caused a decrease of about 80 Wm-2 on the surface during the end of August and beginning of September peak ARF reached -120 Wm-2 for values above 1.0 optical depth.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in air, which directly and indirectly interact with solar radiation and can be monitored through its optical depth. The aims of this study was to analyze the time series of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) on São Martinho da Serra, RS and compare them with São Paulo. The AOD of São Martinho da Serra, RS were obtained by Brewer Spectrophotometer (29.44 ° S, 53.82 ° W), from 1992 to 2008, using the Langley method at wavelengths: 306.3, 310.1, 313, 5, 316.7, 320.1 nm. Values above the mean plus standard deviation were considered peaks of aerosol. Was analyzed the behavior of the EOA to São Martinho da Serra, by the MODIS sensor (TERRA and AQUA satellites), the AERONET sun photometer and Brewer, being compared with the AERONET AOD of São Paulo (large industrial area). Satellite images were generated for verification of burning and air mass trajectories (HYSPLIT model). Over 70% of The AOD on São Martinho were below 0,3. Any aerosol peaks were identified with values above 0.31, which can be attributed to high relative humidity (fog formation) and the burned sites (November to February) and/or remote (August to October - an increase of burned in Brazil). In the days 06/09/2007 and 22/08/2010, was observed the transport of pollutants from the center of Brazil to RS, with AOD of up to 1.9. As for instruments, Brewer presented a behavior similar to MODIS AOD (which recorded absolute values lower). The AERONET, absolute values recorded near the MODIS (wavelengths near) and better behavior. Sao Paulo recorded AOD bigger than São Martinho, perhaps influenced by the various sources of pollutants in the region. Although São Martinho has low AOD, days with peak aerosols were recorded, concluding that, even away from urban centers, the region isn t free of high concentrations of aerosols. / Os aerossóis são partículas sólidas ou líquidas suspensas no ar, que interagem direta e indiretamente com a radiação solar e podem ser monitorados através de sua espessura óptica. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar o comportamento da série temporal das espessuras ópticas de aerossóis sobre São Martinho da Serra, RS e compará-las com São Paulo. As EOA de São Martinho da Serra, RS foram obtidas pelo Espectrofotômetro Brewer (29.44°S, 53.82°O), de 1992 a 2008, por meio do Método de Langley nos comprimentos de onda: 306,3; 310,1; 313,5; 316,7; 320,1 nm. Valores acima da média mais o desvio padrão foram considerados picos de aerossóis. Foi analisado o comportamento das EOA, para São Martinho da Serra, pelo sensor MODIS (satélites TERRA e AQUA), fotômetro solar da AERONET e o Brewer, sendo comparadas com as EOA do AERONET de São Paulo (área industrial). Imagens de satélites foram geradas para a verificação de focos de queima e trajetórias de massas de ar (modelo HYSPLIT). Mais de 70% das EOA sobre São Martinho ficaram abaixo de 0,3. Eventuais picos de aerossóis foram identificados com valores acima 0,31, que podem ser atribuídos à elevada umidade relativa do ar (formação de nevoeiro) e às queimadas locais (Novembro a Fevereiro) e/ou remotas (Agosto a Outubro aumento de queimadas no Brasil). Nos dias 06/09/2007 e 22/08/2010, foi observado o transporte de poluentes do centro do Brasil para o RS, com EOA de até 1,9. Quanto aos instrumentos, o Brewer apresentou um comportamento de EOA similar ao MODIS (que registrou valores absolutos menores). O AERONET registrou valores absolutos próximos do MODIS (comprimentos de onda próximos) e um melhor comportamento. São Paulo registrou EOA maiores que São Martinho, talvez influenciadas pelas diversas fontes de poluentes da região. Apesar de São Martinho possuir EOA baixas, eventuais picos de aerossóis foram registrados, concluindo que, mesmo afastada de centros urbanos, a região rural não esta livre de altas concentrações de aerossóis.

Dans cette thèse, nous analysons les principales caractéristiques des aérosols atmosphériques sur un site urbain en Afrique de l’Ouest : la ville de Ouagadougou. Cette analyse est suivie de l’évaluation du forçage radiatif produit par cette population d’aérosols au sommet de l’atmosphère, dans la couche atmosphérique ainsi qu’à la surface terrestre. Une étude climatologique des propriétés optiques (épaisseurs optiques, exposant d’Angström, albédo de simple diffusion, facteur d’asymétrie) et microphysiques (distribution granulométrique, indice complexe de réfraction) a été effectuée sur la base des données de mesures et d’inversions photométriques du réseau AERONET. L’analyse de ces données a permis de définir à diverses échelles de temps les différentes variabilités des propriétés étudiées. Ces propriétés ont mis en exergue les effets combinés de l’activité anthropique, du cycle de production des poussières minérales d’origine saharienne, de la succession saisonnière et la dynamique du climat spécifiques à cette région de la terre. La composition du panache d’aérosols a également été déduite de l’analyse des données optiques, et les conclusions tirées se sont avérées être en bon accord avec des mesures chimiques effectuées au LSCE sur des échantillons obtenus par prélèvement manuel sur filtres. Le bilan radiatif a été évalué en utilisant le modèle GAME. Cette simulation a montré une forte corrélation du forçage avec la succession des saisons sèche et humide, avec des valeurs extrêmes au mois d’Août (humide) et de Mars (sec avec poussières maximales). Les résultats traduisent un refroidissement en surface pouvant atteindre -41 W/m 2 en Mars, un réchauffement de la couche atmosphérique qui va de 15 à 35 W/m 2 environ et un refroidissement au sommet de l’atmosphère compris entre -2 et -6 W/m 2 . La représentation du forçage calculé en fonction de l’albédo de simple diffusion a montré une tendance linéaire avec un coefficient de corrélation traduisant une fiabilité de nos résultats de l’ordre de 88%. La cohérence des valeurs simulées a été aussi montrée par une comparaison avec des résultats obtenus dans la région Ouest Africaine par d’autres chercheurs utilisant des techniques différentes. De même, la représentation de l’efficacité radiative simulée en fonction de celle inversée par AERONET a montré un très bon accord. / In this thesis, we analyze the main characteristics of atmospheric aerosols on an urban site in West Africa: Ouagadougou. This analysis is followed by an assessment of the radiative forcing produced by this population of aerosols at the top of the atmosphere, in the atmospheric layer and at the Earth's surface. A climatological study of the optical properties (optical thickness, Angstrom exponent, single scattering albedo, asymmetry factor) and microphysical properties (particle size distribution, complex refractive index) was performed on basis of data obtained from photometric measurement and inversions of AERONET network. The analysis of these data allowed us to define the different variabilities of the properties studied at various time scales. These properties have highlighted the combined effects of human activity, the cycle production of mineral dust from the Sahara region, the seasonal succession and the climate dynamics known in this region of the earth. The composition of the aerosol plume was also deduced from the analysis of optical data, and the conclusions were found to be in good agreement with chemical analysis carried out at LSCE on samples obtained by sampling on filters at Ouagadougou. The radiation balance was assessed using the GAME model. This simulation showed a strong relationship of the radiative forcing with the succesion of wet and dry seasons, with extreme values in August (wet) and Mars (dry with maximum dust emissions). The results showed a cooling at the surface that can reach -41 W / m 2 in March, a warming of the atmosphere, ranging from 15 to 35 W / m 2 about and a cooling at the top of the atmosphere between -2 and -6 W / m 2 . The representation of the radiative forcing calculated as a function of the single scattering albedo showed a linear trend with a correlation coefficient reflecting relatively good reliability of our results (about 88%). The consistency of simulated values was also shown by a comparison with the results obtained in the West African region by other researchers using different techniques. Similarly, the representation of the radiative efficiency simulated as a function of the inverted AERONET one showed a very good agreement.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis assesses the performance of the Naval Postgraduate School Aerosol Optical Depth (NPS AOD) model utilizing very high spatial resolution QuickBird (QB) satellite data. QuickBird derived AOD results are compared to other satellite and ground based AOD results, specifically, AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET), MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Data is collected around Sir Bu Nuair Island, United Arab Emirates in September 2004 as part of the UAE2 Campaign. Satellite measured radiances are calibrated and due to spatial resolution differences between sensors, modal radiances are calculated for areas matching the highest resolution sensor. The AOD model is based on AVHRR wavelengths; hence, the modal satellite measured radiances are linearly extrapolated to the effective wavelengths of AVHRR. Results show application of the NPS AOD model to QuickBird data yields findings that are consistent with other satellite and ground based retrievals. In general, the NPS AOD model works well for nadir and near-nadir view angles, but not for high zenith angles. / Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy

The goal of this research was to construct a time series of accurate chlorophyll-a concentration for the Strait of Georgia (SoG), Canada, using an improved atmospheric correction scheme and workflow for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer AQUA (MODIS) satellite instrument to describe the chla dynamics and spring bloom phenology in the SoG. In situ radiometric samples were acquired via Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), and hyperspectral data collected from a Hyperspectral Surface Acquisition System (HyperSAS) to assess three potential atmospheric correction schemes. Water property samples including total suspended material (TSM), chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and chlorophyll concentrations (chla) were collected to further assess atmospheric corrections and the applied ‘Ocean Color 3 Modis’ (OC3M) standard chlorophyll algorithm. Regression, Absolute percentage difference (APD), Relative Percentage difference (RPD), and Root mean squared error (RMSE) analysis revealed the most appropriate method to be the ‘Management Unit of the North Seas Mathematical Models’ (MUMM) using the shortwave infrared spectrum (SWIR) to determine NIR-derived aerosol model. This method was used to construct a time series (July 2002-June 2014) of daily chlorophyll maps for all available imagery. Files were spatially binned into 8-day composites for the North and Central SoG where a modified threshold-based definition was used to determine the start of the spring phytoplankton bloom period, as well as timing of maxima and duration of the largest spring bloom. Results indicate Central SoG start dates range from late February to late April, with an average start date at the last week of March. These results compare favorably to Hindcast predictive modelling of bloom start dates. The Northern SoG bloom phenology starts on average 9 days earlier, and experiences lower chlorophyll-a magnitudes. Hierarchical clustering with correlation similarity of spring seasons indicate 2008 and 2007 were anomalous, while 2009 and 2012 were the most correlated for blooms occurring in the spring season. / Graduate / 0366 / 0416 / 0752 / 0368 / carswell@uvic.ca

To identify the long-term trend of particle size variation, we analyzed aerosol optical depth (AOD, τ) separated as dust (τD) and coarse-(τPC) and fine-pollution particles (τPF) depending on emission sources and size. Ångström exponent values are also identified separately as total and fine-mode particles (αT and αPF). We checked these trends in various ways; (1) first-order linear regression analysis of the annual average values, (2) percent variation using the slope of linear regression method, and (3) a reliability analysis using the Mann–Kendall (MK) test. We selected 17 AERONET sun/sky radiometer sites classified into six regions, i.e., Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, and Northeast Asia. Although there were regional differences, τ decreased in Europe and Asian regions and increased in the Middle East, India, and North Africa. Values of τPC and τPF, show that aerosol loading caused by non-dust aerosols decreased in Europe and Asia and increased in India. In particular, τPF considerably decreased in Europe and Northeast Asia (95% confidential levels in MK-test), and τPC decreased in Northeast Asia (Z-values for Seoul and Osaka are −2.955 and −2.306, respectively, statistically significant if |z| ≥ 1.96). The decrease in τPC seems to be because of the reduction of primary and anthropogenic emissions from regulation by air quality policies. The meaningful result in this paper is that the particle size became smaller, as seen by values of αT that decreased by −3.30 to −30.47% in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East because αT provides information on the particle size. Particle size on average became smaller over India and Asian regions considered in our study due to the decrease in coarse particles. In particular, an increase of αPF in most areas shows the probability that the average particle size of fine-mode aerosols became smaller in recent years. We presumed the cause of the increase in αT is because relatively large-sized fine-mode particles were eliminated due to air quality policies.

La région Caraïbe est régulièrement survolée par des masses d'air chargées en poussières désertiquesd'origines saharienne et sub-saharienne. Pour quatre îles de l'arc antillais : Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique etBarbade; nous avons évalué l'origine de la pollution particulaire et son impact sur la qualité de l'air, en effectuant uneétude statistique des évènements de poussière qui s'appuie sur les réseaux de mesure de qualité de l'air implantés surchacune des îles, sur le réseau international de mesures photométriques AERONET et sur les données deradiosondages réalisés localement. La première étape de notre travail, a visé à définir ce que l'on pouvait qualifier« d'épisode de poussières désertiques» dans notre région en établissant des critères utilisant le jeu de données dontnous disposions. Deuxièmement, nous avons réalisé une étude climatologique des évènements poussiéreux dans laCaraïbe au cours de la dernière décennie (2006-2016). Le troisième axe de la thèse repose sur la caractérisation de lataille des particules afin de mettre en relief les effets du transport à longue distance. Nous avons clôturé notre étudepar la description de la structure verticale de l'atmosphère de la zone tropicale en situation de « brumes de poussièredésertique » afin d'observer les effets thermodynamiques des aérosols minéraux sur la couche atmosphérique. Ladéfinition des évènements de brumes désertique que nous avons adoptée nous a permis de prendre en considérationune grande partie des évènements poussiéreux affectant l'arc antillais, ce qui nous a amené à mieux cerner le cycle detranspon des poussièl'es désertiques au terme d'une étude basée sur onze années de données. / The Caribbean region is regularly flown over by desert dust air masses (Saharan Air Layer) corne fromSaharan and sub-Saharan area. For four islands of the West Indies arc: Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique andBarbados; we assessed the origin of polluting particles and their impact on air quality, by performing a statistical andclimatological study of desert dust events. We therefore based on the air quality measurement networks, theinternational AEronet RObotic NETwork (AERONET) photometric measurements installed on each of these islands.And finally, this study builds on sounding data produced locally.The first step in our work was to define and describe an "desert dust episode" in the tropical region. Thus, we studiedthe relationship of correlation between Aerosols Optical Depth (AOD), Angstrom Exponent (AE, characterizing theparticle size) and Particulate Matter 10 microns or Jess in diameter (PM10 data). On the other hand, the radiativeproperties (Single Scattering Albedo, refractive indexes) have been used to highlight sea sait contribution (coarseparticle just as dust particle) that significantly influences PM10 measurement due to the geographical context ofCaribbean islands. Our investigations led us to propose a daily PM 10 threshold at 35 μg m·3 that mainly associatedwith desert dust phenomenon. This latter is more suited for the Lesser Antilles compared to the European PM10threshold related to desert dust events: 50 μg m·3.As a result, a climatological study of dusty events in the Caribbean during the last decade (2006-2016) is carried out.Four dust seasons were identified: the high dust season (May to August), the low dust season (November to February,and two intermediate periods (March to April, September to October). We then examine dust exportation fromAfrican coasts toward the Lesser Antilles (Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe Martinique and Barbados) by mean of backtrajectories[Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) mode\] displaying atmosphericcirculation day-to-day over the Atlantic Ocean.This analysis enabled us to better understand the seasonal cycle of desert dust transportation, specific to each island(Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Barbados); while most of the previous studies treats average data including thewhole Caribbean zone. lt emerges that islands are not affected by dust events similarly, i.e. by intensity of events andits includes some variation in dust periods.Lastly, we describe the vertical structure of the tropical zone atmosphere in situation of "desert dust events" and"Non-desert dust event" to observe the thermodynamic effects of minerai aerosols on the Caribbean atmosphericlayer. This analysis allowed us to consider desert dust aerosols effects on the thermodynamic parameters(Temperature and humidity) during the dry-season (November to April) named "câreme" and the wet season (May toOctober) named "hivernage".