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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12711.pdf: 2036091 bytes, checksum: a4517356221ed0ff2c40f070f9f8233a (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12711.pdf: 2036091 bytes, checksum: a4517356221ed0ff2c40f070f9f8233a (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo

Thesis (M.A.)(Clinical Psychology) --University of Limpopo, 2010. / In this study, the researcher aimed to establish whether HIV/AIDS-related stigmas (enacted + internal) have an impact on disposition for HIV/AIDS testing uptake among pregnant women in the Limpopo Province. A total of 457 pregnant women participated for the quantitative aspects, while 40 of the 457 participated in the qualitative aspects of this study. The multiple regression analysis method was used to analyze the relationship between levels of HIV/AIDS related stigmas (enacted + internal) and pregnant women‟s decision to dispose themselves for HIV/AIDS testing uptake. Further open-ended questions were content analyzed and presented in frequency tables. The multiple regression analysis indicated that internal stigma was a significant factor negatively affecting pregnant women‟s disposition for HIV/AIDS testing uptake. External stigma was not a significant factor. Internal stigma accounted for (R-Square= 0.03) 3.0% of the variance. Qualitative, Psychosocial factors (i.e. fear of stigma, fear of being discriminated and lack of confidentiality over test results, as well lack of family and partner support) emerged to be common factors indicated by pregnant women to negatively influence some of the pregnant women‟s disposition for HIV/AIDS testing uptake. It is recommended that intensive individual counseling sessions aimed at addressing the effect of internal stigma on HIV-testing, be integrated with existing PMTCT programmes. The involvement of partners, families, and communities in programmes that address HIV/AIDS-related stigma is of paramount importance. / None

This work introduces a combination of image processing and analysis methods that perform feature extraction, shape analysis and tomographic reconstruction of Electron Microscopy images. These have been implemented on images of the AIDS virus interacting with neutralizing molecules. The AIDS virus spike is the primary target of drug design as it is directly involved in infecting host cells. First, a fully automated technique is introduced that can extract sub-volumes of the AIDS virus spike and be used to build a statistical model without the need for any user supervision. Such an automatic feature extraction method can significantly enhance the overall process of shape analysis of the AIDS virus spike imaged through the electron microscope. Accurate models of the virus spike will help in the development of better drug design strategies. Secondly, a tomographic reconstruction method implemented using a shape based regularization technique is introduced. Spatial models of known features in the structure being reconstructed are integrated into the reconstruction process as regularizers. This regularization scheme is driven locally through shape information obtained from segmentation and compared with a known spatial model. This method shows reduced blurring, and an improvement in the resolution of the reconstructed volume was also measured. It performs better than popular current techniques and can be extended to other tomographic modalities. Improved Electron Tomography reconstructions will provide better structure elucidation and improved feature visualization, which can aid in solving key biological issues. / text

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Irene Ferreira Lima Neta.pdf: 2849930 bytes, checksum: ad4464b637898ea65a22b30d48f1b288 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Family has passed through distinct chances both in structures and functional throughout its conception some millions of years ago. Some of these chances have happen in respect to the reduction on children number in families; increase of families with no children; increase of elder people among others. All such chances, one way or another, influence social events, legal events, health and diseases one. For 31 years, society recognized a new sexually transmitted disease by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Such disease causes, not only modifications in the diseased, but also in their families when they get to know the HIV positive virus. Being it a disease that brings great prejudice and due to knowing that the diagnosis, usually, brings to the attention of one of the couple´s member the betrayal point. There are a few people who mention to their family the fact of being an HIV positive. Among those who talk about it, there are criteria on how to tell it to one relative and not the other and thus, such studies demonstrate that the diagnosis influences the family movements when it comes to modifications such as the relationship among relatives. As the increase of older HIV positive people take place and, as they are the oldest family members who represent the concept, being them family tradition depositaries, the aim here is to analyze their family existence from the discover of the disease on. The work is performed both in the extended family and nuclear family. This research has been performed at Ambulatório de Moléstias Infecto-Contagiosas e Parasitárias da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, where 37 elderly took part of it, being 24 men and 13 women, from 60 to 82 years old. They all signed the Free and Informed Consent Term, individually interviewed and correctly recorded, they all replied back about questions on family relations, self-care, health, and disease history and treatment adherence. Thus, they performed a family genogram on its origin pointing out to those relatives who are aware about the HIV positive virus and also regarding the relatives who are not aware about it, those who live with the HIV positive and how it is their relation with them. Results demonstrated the settled relations in the family such as the style and the way each relative behave upon the ones undertaking the responsibility to set free the news about the diagnosis. Living with the diagnosis in an individual approach is shown here in 3 elderly cases, while the diagnosis for 26 families is restricted to some members enabling this way a trust centered family inside the extended family. There are 8 families where all members know the older relative has the HIV positive virus. Finally, it is possible to verify that family living having HIV positive virus may cause changes, both positive or negative in the family dynamic basis. Positive basis have to do with love and care. Negative ones are related to those who preferred to be kept away or provoked prejudice distinctions towards the diseased. Health cares are performed usually in an independent way, with no family meddling. Also, the aim on not smoking, not drinking alcohol, having a specific diet and a healthy treatment adherence, physical activities are practiced only by a minority / A família tem sofrido inúmeras modificações tanto estruturais quanto funcionais ao longo de sua existência há milhões de anos. Algumas dessas mudanças dizem respeito à diminuição no número de filhos; aumento no número de casais sem filhos; aumento no número de idosos; dentre outros. Todas essas modificações de uma forma ou de outra tem influência de acontecimentos sociais, jurídicos, bem como de saúde e doença. Há 31 anos a sociedade tomou conhecimento de uma nova doença sexualmente transmissível por meio do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Esta é causadora de alterações não apenas na vida de quem vive com HIV, mas também de familiares que tomam conhecimento da vivência de um familiar soropositivo. Sendo uma doença que carrega grandes preconceitos e porque o seu diagnóstico, em muitos casos, revela a traição de um dos membros do casal, são poucas as pessoas que falam para a família sobre a sua vivência com HIV. Dentre os que contam, há critérios para contar a um familiar e não contar a outro, desta forma, estudos mostram que este diagnóstico tem influência em uma mudança no funcionamento familiar, bem como na relação existente entre os familiares. Com o aumento no número de idosos soropositivos, e sendo estes os representantes mais antigos da família, depositários das tradições familiares, objetiva-se analisar a sua vivência familiar a partir do diagnóstico de HIV+. Trabalha-se tanto com a família extensa quanto com a família nuclear. Este trabalho foi realizado no Ambulatório de Moléstias Infectocontagiosas e Parasitárias da Universidade Federal de São Paulo/SP, participaram 37 idosos, sendo 24 homens e 13 mulheres, com idades entre 60 e 82 anos. Todos assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, e de forma individual e gravada, responderam a questões relacionadas a relações familiares, autocuidado, saúde, história do adoecimento e adesão ao tratamento. E por fim fizeram o genograma da família de origem e atual apontando os familiares que tem conhecimento de sua soropositividade, os que não tem, com quem moram e como é a sua relação com os mesmos. Os resultados nos mostram que as relações estabelecidas na família bem como o estilo e formas de agir de cada familiar são responsáveis pelo contar ou não sobre o diagnóstico. O viver com o diagnóstico de forma individualizada é feito por 3 idosos, enquanto que para 26 famílias o diagnóstico está restrito a alguns familiares formando um núcleo de confiança em meio a família extensa. Havendo também 8 famílias em que todos sabem da vivência do idoso com HIV. Finalizando, percebe-se que a vivência familiar com soropositividade para o HIV pode causar modificações tanto positivas quanto negativas na dinâmica familiar. As positivas dizem respeito a maior amor e cuidado, enquanto as negativas estão relacionadas a afastamentos e discriminações. Os cuidados com a saúde são realizados em sua maioria de forma independente, sem interferência familiar, e no sentido de não fumar, beber, ter uma alimentação específica e boa adesão ao tratamento, mas a prática de atividade física é realizada pela minoria