FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / The use of stainless steels has intensified with the industrial demand growing, which extends its application for various sectors such as the oil and gas, desalination equipment in industry, sugar industry, among others. In that context, the use of ferritic stainless steels has grown in recent years on account of its excellent relationship between corrosion resistance and cost, and a great option in substitution of austenitic stainless steels. Intending to study the connection of dissimilar stainless steels by means of a welding process, this paper will lay the submit the ferritic stainless steel AISI 444 and AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel with TIG welding autogenous (without filler metal) with pulsed current. That union seeks to get a fused zone with better mechanical properties together with the correction of possible related to welding those steels problems, such as grain growth in ferritic steels, to which its refinement is possible through the use of pulsed current during the procedure. The choice of these two materials was based on the characteristics of each one separately for they possess closest properties, despite having different classifications, allowing the combined use of both, and thus ferritic act in order to partially replace the austenitic stainless steel in situations where the combination of high corrosion resistance and mechanical strength are not relevant. That action combined, and does not affect the characteristics of the set of negative way is to use lower cost benefit, because the presence of nickel austenitic stainless steels by more expensive finishes them. Thus, it is expected to provide, through this work, further deepening the respect of dissimilar welding between stainless steel AISI 444 ferritic and austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L, evaluating operational parameters such as the pulse of current and heat input on obtained microstructure and mechanical properties. / A utilizaÃÃo dos aÃos inoxidÃveis tem se intensificado juntamente com a crescente demanda industrial, em que sua aplicaÃÃo se estende pelos mais variados setores, como por exemplo, na indÃstria de petrÃleo e gÃs, em equipamentos de dessalinizaÃÃo, na indÃstria sucroalcooleira, entre outros. Neste contexto, o uso de aÃos inoxidÃveis ferrÃticos tem crescido nos Ãltimos anos devido a sua excelente relaÃÃo entre resistÃncia à corrosÃo e custo, sendo uma Ãtima opÃÃo em substituiÃÃo aos aÃos inoxidÃveis austenÃticos. Objetivando estudar a uniÃo de aÃos inoxidÃveis dissimilares por meio de um processo de soldagem, o presente trabalho submeterà o aÃo inoxidÃvel ferrÃtico AISI 444 e o aÃo inoxidÃvel austenÃtico AISI 316L à soldagem TIG autÃgeno (sem metal de adiÃÃo) com corrente pulsada. Essa uniÃo visa obter uma zona fundida com melhores propriedades mecÃnicas juntamente com a correÃÃo dos possÃveis problemas relacionado à soldagem desses aÃos, como por exemplo, o crescimento de grÃo nos aÃos inoxidÃveis ferrÃticos, em que seu refinamento se torna possÃvel atravÃs da utilizaÃÃo de corrente pulsada durante o procedimento. A escolha desses dois materiais baseou-se nas caracterÃsticas inerentes a cada um separadamente e tambÃm por possuÃrem propriedades muito prÃximas, apesar de possuÃrem classificaÃÃes diferentes, permitindo a utilizaÃÃo combinada de ambos e dessa forma o aÃo inoxidÃvel ferrÃtico atuarà de forma a substituir parcialmente o aÃo inoxidÃvel austenÃtico nas situaÃÃes em que a combinaÃÃo de elevada resistÃncia à corrosÃo e resistÃncia mecÃnica nÃo sÃo tÃo relevantes. Essa utilizaÃÃo combinada, alÃm de nÃo afetar as caracterÃsticas do conjunto de maneira negativa tem como benefÃcio reduzir custos, visto que a presenÃa de nÃquel nos aÃos inoxidÃveis austenÃticos acaba por encarecÃ-los. Dessa forma, espera-se fornecer atravÃs deste trabalho um maior aprofundamento a respeito da soldagem dissimilar entre o aÃo inoxidÃvel ferrÃtico AISI 444 e o aÃo inoxidÃvel austenÃtico AISI 316L, avaliando os parÃmetros operacionais, como a pulsaÃÃo da corrente e a energia de soldagem sobre a microestrutura obtida, bem como as propriedades mecÃnicas.

Shear spinning of Haynes 282, Alloy 718, Alloy 600 and AISI 316L was done using several tool feeds and mandrel clearances. Multi passing of the materials was limited due to strain hardening and circumferential cracking except for AISI 316L. The effect of the tool feed and the mandrel clearance on the successful forming of the materials was established. The successfully spun samples were solution heat treated at varying temperatures and holding times to establish a range of grain sizes and hardness levels. An aging heat treatment process was performed for Haynes 282 and Alloy 718 to achieve precipitation strengthening. The micro hardness measurements were conducted for the materials prior to spinning and after spinning. The same was also done after the various heat treatment processes. Grain size mapping was conducted by the use of lineal intercept methods. Comparison of the results in terms of grain sizes and hardness values was done. The temperature ranges suitable for full recrystallization of the materials after the shear spinning were identified and the effect of the holding times on the grain growth established. Comparison with unspun samples showed that the heat treatment times required to achieve comparative hardness and grain sizes were distinctively different.

Orientador: Vicente Afonso Ventrella / Resumo: A evolução do processo de furação nos trouxe ao desenvolvimento do método de furação por laser pulsado, mas não temos definido o que a variação de cada parâmetro produz nos microfuros em relação à qualidade dos mesmos medidos com base em seu formato em aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 316L. O presente estudo analisou como variações na potência de pico, largura temporal do pulso e existência ou não de atmosfera protetora podem mudar os tamanhos, formatos e profundidades em microfuros. Produziram-se combinações dos parâmetros que foram usadas para obter furos em chapas de aço AISI 316L com 1 mm de espessura com o uso de uma fonte de laser pulsado Nd:YAG e analisar as propriedades em cada combinação, tais como diâmetros de entrada e de saída, profundidades e formatos observados em estereoscópio. / Mestre

Orientador: Vicente Afonso Ventrella / Resumo: O aço inoxidável austenítico 316L é um material empregado nas indústrias que requerem resistência à corrosão e mecânica como a indústria de petróleo, gás natural e papel e celulose. O uso do laser vem se tornando uma ferramenta atrativa em relação as soldagens convencionais, devido aos seus benefícios que vão desde processo sem contato, controle de energia do feixe e fácil automatização do sistema. Nesse trabalho o objetivo foi analisar a influência do processo de soldagem laser pulsado Nd: YAG nas características mecânicas e microestruturais da junta soldada de chapas de aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 316L com 1,0 mm de espessura, averiguando o efeito da energia de soldagem nas características do cordão de solda desenvolvidas no Laboratório de Soldagem Laser, do Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da FEIS UNESP. Foram realizadas soldagens de juntas de chapas aço inoxidável austenítico com valores fixos de energias de soldagem em 8 Joules, largura temporal em 4 ms, velocidade de soldagem em 1 mm/s, variando apenas a frequência entre 2 e 10 Hz, com isso obteve-se diferentes taxas de sobreposição, com proteção gasosa de argônio. Com as diferentes condições obtidas foram realizadas análises macrográficas das juntas soldadas, através de secções transversais das mesmas e, ensaios de microdureza Vickers e ensaios de tração. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o cordão de solda se comportou de forma frágil, rompendo-se todos no cordão, a fractografia da seção transversal aparentem... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Submitted by DAIR FERREIRA SALGADO JUNIOR null (dairsalgado@gmail.com) on 2017-01-05T17:54:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 5078960 bytes, checksum: f66841a9969c704bd527a1761f8e7e3b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-10T17:08:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 salgadojunior_df_me_ilha.pdf: 5078960 bytes, checksum: f66841a9969c704bd527a1761f8e7e3b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-10T17:08:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 salgadojunior_df_me_ilha.pdf: 5078960 bytes, checksum: f66841a9969c704bd527a1761f8e7e3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / A evolução do processo de furação nos trouxe ao desenvolvimento do método de furação por laser pulsado, mas não temos definido o que a variação de cada parâmetro produz nos microfuros em relação à qualidade dos mesmos medidos com base em seu formato em aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 316L. O presente estudo analisou como variações na potência de pico, largura temporal do pulso e existência ou não de atmosfera protetora podem mudar os tamanhos, formatos e profundidades em microfuros. Produziram-se combinações dos parâmetros que foram usadas para obter furos em chapas de aço AISI 316L com 1 mm de espessura com o uso de uma fonte de laser pulsado Nd:YAG e analisar as propriedades em cada combinação, tais como diâmetros de entrada e de saída, profundidades e formatos observados em estereoscópio.

Submitted by CAROLINA DE OLIVEIRA SILVA null (caroli_oliveira@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-18T05:45:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 trabalho revisado - Carol corrigida 18-04.pdf: 4289233 bytes, checksum: 352f0db50ce2a9d93581a7a0dd27df20 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T18:52:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_co_me_ilha.pdf: 4289233 bytes, checksum: 352f0db50ce2a9d93581a7a0dd27df20 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T18:52:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_co_me_ilha.pdf: 4289233 bytes, checksum: 352f0db50ce2a9d93581a7a0dd27df20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / O aço inoxidável austenítico 316L é um material empregado nas indústrias que requerem resistência à corrosão e mecânica como a indústria de petróleo, gás natural e papel e celulose. O uso do laser vem se tornando uma ferramenta atrativa em relação as soldagens convencionais, devido aos seus benefícios que vão desde processo sem contato, controle de energia do feixe e fácil automatização do sistema. Nesse trabalho o objetivo foi analisar a influência do processo de soldagem laser pulsado Nd: YAG nas características mecânicas e microestruturais da junta soldada de chapas de aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 316L com 1,0 mm de espessura, averiguando o efeito da energia de soldagem nas características do cordão de solda desenvolvidas no Laboratório de Soldagem Laser, do Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da FEIS UNESP. Foram realizadas soldagens de juntas de chapas aço inoxidável austenítico com valores fixos de energias de soldagem em 8 Joules, largura temporal em 4 ms, velocidade de soldagem em 1 mm/s, variando apenas a frequência entre 2 e 10 Hz, com isso obteve-se diferentes taxas de sobreposição, com proteção gasosa de argônio. Com as diferentes condições obtidas foram realizadas análises macrográficas das juntas soldadas, através de secções transversais das mesmas e, ensaios de microdureza Vickers e ensaios de tração. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o cordão de solda se comportou de forma frágil, rompendo-se todos no cordão, a fractografia da seção transversal aparentemente apresentou muitos vazios, a ZTA mostrou-se muito pequena e aparentemente não houve crescimento do grão, o aumento da sobreposição da junta soldada tem influencia direta com a dureza do material. / 316L austenitic stainless steel is a material used in industries which require mechanical and corrosion resistance like the petroleum industry, natural gas and paper/cellulose industry. The usage of laser has become an attractive tool compared to conventional welding, due to its benefits ranging from contactless process, beam power control and easy system automation. In this work the objective was to analyze the influence of the Nd: YAG pulsed laser welding process on the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of the welded joint of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel sheets with 1.0 mm thickness, investigating the effect of the welding energy on the characteristics Of the weld bead developed at the Laser Welding Laboratory of the Mechanical Engineering Department of FEIS UNESP. Sheet joints of austenitic stainless steel were welded with fixed values of welding energies in 8 Joules, temporal width in 4 ms, welding speed in 1 mm / s, only varying the frequency between 2 to 10 Hz. With this, different rates of overlap, with argon gas protection. With the different conditions obtained, macroscopic analysis of the welded joints were carried out through cross sections of the welds and Vickers microhardness tests and tensile tests. The results showed that the weld bead behaved in a fragile manner, breaking all in the cord, the fracture of the cross section apparently presented many voids, the ZTA showed to be very small and apparently there was no growth in the grain, the increase of the overlap of the welded joint has a direct influence on the hardness of the material.

The issue of ductile damage prediction can be generally divided in two types of tasks. The first one is to preventing the initiation of ductile damage with is most common group of calculation today. The second task can be described as aimed damaging, such as machining, cutting, etc. The significant development of this issue occurred in recent decades by help of development and access to powerful computational techniques and new experimental possibilities. However, the behaviour of ductile damage at multiaxial proportional and non-proportional loading is insufficiently described. This thesis helped to clarify some of the unknown this topic. It contributed to the understanding of selected materials behaviour at room temperature and quasistatic loading. Austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L was selected for detail study of ductile damage. A large number of experiments were performed on this material, such as uniaxial tensile tests of smooth and notched specimens, upsetting tests of smooth cylinder and special cylinder with dimple, butterfly specimens, notched tube specimens and penetration tests. Experimental results is used for calibration of five so-called simple criteria, taking into account fracture strain and stress triaxiality (Equivalent fracture strain, Johnson-Cook, simplify Bao-Wierzbicki, RT, RTCL) and universal criteria (Bai-Wierzbicki, Xue-Wierzbicki, EMC, LOU, KHPS). SPT potentially enable the determination of actual mechanical behaviour using only a fraction of specimen volume compared to standard specimen. It is promising tool to improve accuracy when assessing working life of components in operation. The inverse numerical simulation loop of SPT was designed using program OptiSLang on the basis of detailed sensitivity analysis. It was achieved 2% deviation of yield strength and 6% deviation of ultimate strength obtained from tensile tests. A several modification of SPT specimen was suggested for universal criteria calibration of small material volume. The 3D numerical model was built for numerical simulation with ductile damage simulation. The criteria KHPS and EMC gave the most accurate results.

The present work aims to reveal the microstructural evolution and post-processing mechanical behavior of difficult-to-work alloys upon severe plastic deformation. Severe plastic deformation is applied using equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) where billets are pressed through a 90o corner die achieving simple shear deformation. Three different materials are studied in this research, namely Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-4V reinforced with 10% TiC and AISI 316L stainless steel. Microstructure and mechanical properties of successfully extruded billets were reported using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tension and compression experiments and microhardness measurements. The effects of extrusion conditions (temperature and processing route) on the microstructure and mechanical properties are investigated. The underlying mechanisms responsible for observed mechanical behaviors are explored. It is seen that ECAE shear deformation leads to refinement in α plates and elimination of prior β boundaries in Ti-6Al-4V. Decreasing extrusion temperature and increasing number of passes decreases α plate size and grain size. Refined α grain size leads to a significant increase in tensile and compressive flow stresses at room temperature. Texture produced by ECAE has a pronounced effect on mechanical properties. Specifically it leads to tension/compression asymmetry in flow strengths and strain hardening coefficients may be described by the activation of differing slip systems under tension and compression loading. ECAE of Ti-6Al-4V+10%TiC samples also improved mechanical properties due to α plate size refinement. Nevertheless, further extrusion passes should be carried out for tailoring reinforcement size and distribution providing optimum strength and ductility. ECAE deformation of AISI 316L stainless steel at high homologous temperatures (0.55 to 0.60 Tm) results in deformation twinning as an effective deformation mechanism which is attributed to the effect of the high stress levels on the partial dislocation separation. Deformation twinning gives rise to high stress levels during post-processing room temperature tension and compression experiments by providing additional barriers to dislocation motion and decreasing the mean free path of dislocations. The highest tensile flow stress observed in the sample processed at 700 oC following one pass route A was on the order of 1200 MPa which is very high for 316L stainless steel. The ultimate goal of this study is to produce stabilized end microstructures with improved mechanical properties and demonstrate the applicability of ECAE on difficult-to-work alloys.

The present work aims to reveal the microstructural evolution and post-processing mechanical behavior of difficult-to-work alloys upon severe plastic deformation. Severe plastic deformation is applied using equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) where billets are pressed through a 90o corner die achieving simple shear deformation. Three different materials are studied in this research, namely Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-4V reinforced with 10% TiC and AISI 316L stainless steel. Microstructure and mechanical properties of successfully extruded billets were reported using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tension and compression experiments and microhardness measurements. The effects of extrusion conditions (temperature and processing route) on the microstructure and mechanical properties are investigated. The underlying mechanisms responsible for observed mechanical behaviors are explored. It is seen that ECAE shear deformation leads to refinement in α plates and elimination of prior β boundaries in Ti-6Al-4V. Decreasing extrusion temperature and increasing number of passes decreases α plate size and grain size. Refined α grain size leads to a significant increase in tensile and compressive flow stresses at room temperature. Texture produced by ECAE has a pronounced effect on mechanical properties. Specifically it leads to tension/compression asymmetry in flow strengths and strain hardening coefficients may be described by the activation of differing slip systems under tension and compression loading. ECAE of Ti-6Al-4V+10%TiC samples also improved mechanical properties due to α plate size refinement. Nevertheless, further extrusion passes should be carried out for tailoring reinforcement size and distribution providing optimum strength and ductility. ECAE deformation of AISI 316L stainless steel at high homologous temperatures (0.55 to 0.60 Tm) results in deformation twinning as an effective deformation mechanism which is attributed to the effect of the high stress levels on the partial dislocation separation. Deformation twinning gives rise to high stress levels during post-processing room temperature tension and compression experiments by providing additional barriers to dislocation motion and decreasing the mean free path of dislocations. The highest tensile flow stress observed in the sample processed at 700 oC following one pass route A was on the order of 1200 MPa which is very high for 316L stainless steel. The ultimate goal of this study is to produce stabilized end microstructures with improved mechanical properties and demonstrate the applicability of ECAE on difficult-to-work alloys.

O presente estudo analisa dois tipos de aços inoxidáveis, o Austenítico AISI 316L e o Duplex AISI 318, para a fabricação de biorreatores. Esses aços possuem propriedades físicas e químicas que podem suprir as necessidades de resistências mecânicas e anticorrosivas dos ambientes dos biorreatores anaeróbicos. Para comparar os dois tipos de aço, foram feitos testes das propriedades mecânicas e químicas antes e depois da exposição ao ambiente de biorreação. Um protótipo de biorreator foi projetado no software Autodesk Inventor 2013 e construído com uma das ligas metálicas em estudo, o aço AISI 316L, criando um ambiente favorável aos testes de campo. Para tal utilizou-se processos de conformação e união de chapas por rebitagem e soldagem. As amostras dos aços para os testes mecânicos e de corrosão foram preparadas e inseridas no biorreator onde permaneceram por 14 meses. Os resultados dos ensaios mostraram que não houve alterações significativas nas propriedades mecânicas dos aços Duplex, porém as amostras de aço Austenítico apresentaram aumento na tensão de escoamento, na tensão limite de resistência e no módulo de elasticidade, demonstrando aumento na rigidez do material após a biorreação. Quanto às propriedades anticorrosivas os resultados apresentam uma leve vantagem do aço Duplex AISI 318 em relação ao Austenítico AISI 316L. Em relação à construção, os aços Austeníticos, por serem mais dúcteis, possuem melhor conformação; o Duplex AISI 318, por ter maior resistência mecânica, possibilita a construção com chapas mais finas, o que acarreta em redução de peso final do biorreator. O aço AISI 318 apresenta maior estabilidade nas propriedades mecânicas do que o AISI 316L. A relação favorável de custo-benefício da aplicação dos aços inoxidáveis na construção de biorreatores anaeróbios é comprovada pelas plantas de produção de biogás existentes em várias partes do mundo, principalmente na Europa. / The present study analyzes two kinds stainless steel, the Austenitic AISI 316L and the Duplex AISI 318 for manufacturing bioreactors. These kinds of stainless steel have the physical and chemical properties to meet the need the anticorrosive and mechanical resistances from the anaerobic bioreactors environments. Before and after the exposition to the bioreaction environment, both kinds of stainless steel were compared by testing their mechanical and chemical properties. A prototype bioreactor was designed in Autodesk Inventor 2013 software and built with on of the alloys in study, the AISI 316L, creating a favorable environment for fielding testing. For this purpose, we used the processes of forming and joining the plates by riveting and welding. The stainless steel samples for the mechanical and corrosion tests were prepared and placed in the bioreactor and they stayed there for fourteen months. Results show that there weren't significant changes in the mechanical properties of Duplex steel. However, Austenitic steel samples showed an increase in yield strength, resistence limit and in the elastic modulus, demonstrating an increase in the stiffness of the materials after bioreaction. The results show that there were not significant changes in mechanical properties, as the corrosive properties, results show a slight advantages of Duplex 318 compared to Austenitic AISI 316L. Regarding the construction, the Austenitic steel has better conformation, because it is more ductile and the Duplex steel has greater mechanical resistance and it enables the construction with thinner plates. Thus, the bioreactor becomes lighter. The AISI 318 steel has higher stability in mechanical properties than AISI 316L. The cost-benefit of the application of stainless steel in the construction of anaerobic bioreactors is proven by production plants of biogas worldwide, mainly in Europe.