Occlusal asymmetries are common in orthodontic patients. A treatment option for correcting moderate asymmetries is asymmetric extractions. This study evaluated post-treatment dental arch symmetry in patients treated with unilateral premolar extractions. Post-treatment casts of 60 patients were divided into four treatment groups based on the history of occlusal asymmetry and the treatment plan. DesignCAD3000 software (Upperspace Corporation, Pryor, OK) was used to evaluate asymmetrically treated arches for symmetry. The four treatment groups were compared to identify differences in arch asymmetry based on treatment. The lateral incisor and canine were found to be more palatal on the extraction side in patients treated with unilateral extractions (P < .001). Arch length increased (P < 0.001) and area under the arch decreased (P < 0.01) on the extraction side. On average, patients with asymmetric extractions did not finish with more arch asymmetry than those without asymmetric extractions.

This paper examines the relationship between virtual currency, the Bitcoin, and the real economy. In the first part the description of the term virtual currency is provided with special focus on Bitcoin. Also the legal and taxation issues are discussed. In the main part the volatility of Bitcoin is inspected using various models from Autoregressive heteroskedasticity models family. We found that the volatility of Bitcoin differs significantly through time and that this relation is captured best by T-GARCH (1,1) model. Finally the relationship between Bitcoin and real economy indicators is observed to be inconsistent and mostly insignificant in time. Thus we conclude that the independency of Bitcoin cannot be rejected. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This thesis compared tooth widths, arch widths, and arch lengths; their differences between males and females, and changes from early mixed dentitions to adult dentitions. Comparing subjects who were known to have Angle Class I normal occlusion in their permanent dentitions to subjects who were known to be Class I or Class II crowded malocclusions in their permanent dentitions. These comparisons can only be achieved utilizing data from a longitudinal study, such as the Iowa Growth Study. Dental casts in the early mixed dentition (average age of 8.85 years) and in the adult dentition (average age 15.45 years) taken from subjects who did not receive orthodontic treatment during or in the dates prior to data collection were measured for this study. The casts utilized were from the Iowa Growth Study; all of the subjects were of European descent. The longitudinal sample of casts in the Iowa Growth study were made from white dental stone poured into alginate impressions from 1946 until 1960. The objectives of this study were to compare individual tooth widths, mean sum tooth widths, arch widths, arch length segments, and arch perimeters of Class I Normal (CIN) and Class I and II crowded dentitions (CD) in the early mixed (MD) and permanent (PD) dentitions to explore new methods of predicting crowding. The goal was to evaluate the significance of differences between MD and PD for tooth widths, arch lengths, and arch widths in both arches of CIN and CD subjects to determine values that may be useful for MD space analysis. Thirty males and thirty females from the Iowa Growth Study with CIN and CD occlusions were selected from the longitudinal study. Casts of MD and PD subjects were double measured with digital calipers by both the primary and secondary investigators. The average of each investigator's two measurements were used to determine measurement error. All other statistical analysis was based on the mean measurements taken by CPW. Descriptive statistics were computed. The normal non-crowded and crowded samples were compared with two-sample t-test, and changes from MD to PD with paired-sample t-test. Examiner measurement errors were tested with intra-class correlation coefficients. When the mean sums of MD and PD tooth widths were compared, using data from all 60 subjects, the CD group had a significantly greater mean sum of tooth widths than the CIN group. In both genders, crowded dentitions had significantly greater mean sum of tooth widths than CIN's for both the maxilla and mandible in MD and PD. When the mean sums of the arch lengths [Perimeters] were compared using data from all 60 subjects, the arch perimeters of the CD and CIN samples did not differ. It was concluded that total arch lengths Perimeters] were not significant indicators for crowding. Gender comparisons: Within the CIN group, males had numerically larger tooth width sums and arch length sums than females. The sum of maxillary and mandibular tooth widths for CIN's and CD (both males and females) mandibular tooth widths for CIN's and CD (both males and females pooled together and sexes separately. In the MD stage the mean sum of maxillary and mandibular arch lengths in the MD were significantly greater than those in the PD, because arch perimeters decrease during the transition from mixed to permanent dentitions. In summary, the results of this research thesis study showed that the sum of tooth widths in both arches had a significant association with dental crowding. In contrast, the sum of arch lengths [perimeter in both arches] did not differ between the normal and crowded samples. Additional analysis of the measurements taken in this thesis research project, the individual arch length segments, especially the canine and posterior arch length segments in the right and left sides of the lower arch in the mixed dentition casts, and their relation to the sum of the widths of the lower permanent canines and premolars in the normal and crowded malocclusions may give us important information about the development of crowded malocclusions.

This study investigated arch dimension changes associated with growth and tooth wear in Australian Aboriginals aged from age 8 to 15 years using 2D and 3D digital imaging systems. Serial dental casts of Australian Aboriginals from Yuendumu were used in the study. The sample comprised 25 females and 24 males for whom casts were available at ages of 8, 12 and 15 years ( a total of 294 dental study casts). The primary method of data acquisition involved obtaining digital photographs and digitizing the images using an Apple IIGS computer and customised software program. A subset of 40 dental stone models (5 individuals at ages 8, 12, 15 and 18 years) were duplicated and scanned using the Minolta Vivid 900 laser surface scanner at the DSIRO Laboratories, National University Singapore. The 3-D images were digitised using the Rapidform software package (Inus, technology, Seoul, Korea). Study variables included mesiodistal crown diameters, arch widths, arch depths and arch lengths. Mesiodistal crown dimensions in males tended to be larger than those in females. All arch dimensions were significantly larger in males than females. Upper and lower Intercanine width increased from age 8 to age 12 years but did not change thereafter. Upper and lower intermolar widths increased with age from 8 years to 15 years while arch depth decreased. No significant reduction in arch lengths was found from age 12 to 15 years. The two imaging systems were comparable in their measurement reliability, although the 2D method provided consistently larger crown diameters than the 3D method. Changes in arch dimensions with age in the Aboriginal sample were similar to those reported for other populations. However, no measurable change was detected in arch length over time, even though the Aboriginals had abrasive diets that would be expected to contribute to interproximal wear. It was concluded that the 2D and 3D imaging methods were suitable for clinical use but would require further refinement for research projects aimed at assessing minor changes in arch lengths associated with interproximal wear. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1347947 / Thesis (D.Clin.Dent.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Dentistry, 2008

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1984.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1951.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1984.

Branchial arches (BAs) are a series of transient structures that develop on the ventro-lateral surface of the head in vertebrate embryos. BAs initially appear as a series of similar segments; as development proceeds each BA will contribute to different structures. Here, it was investigated the transcriptional mechanisms that instruct the different fates of the BAs in development. Initially, each BA contains a blood vessel, known as aortic arch (AA) artery, that connects the dorsal aorta with the heart. Remodelling of the AAs is crucial to form the adult heart circulation. This process leads to regression of the anterior AAs, running though the first and second BAs (BA1 and BA2), and persistence of the AAs contained in more posterior BAs (PBA). To identify the mechanisms that control remodelling of the AAs, we compared the transcriptomes and epigenomic landscapes of different BAs. Using RNA-seq and H3K27Ac ChIP-seq, we uncovered the activation of a vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation transcriptional program exclusively in the PBAs (and not in BA1/BA2). In support of this finding, we show that VSMC differentiation occurs specifically in the PBAs, but not BA1-2 in mouse embryonic development. Despite the absence of VSMC differentiation in developing BA1-2, cells harvested from these tissues reveal a spontaneous tendency to differentiate towards VSMC fate when grown in vitro, and activate several VSMC-specific genes (Myocd, Acta2, Tagln, Jag1). Together, our results suggest that forming VSMCs is a key process for the persistence of AAs. We also showed that cells derived from all BAs have the potential to differentiate to VSMCs in vitro. However, only cells in the PBAs differentiate to VSMCs in vivo, resulting in the maintenance of posterior AAs. In this study, we also uncovered a novel transcriptional principle that specifies the fate of BA2. Using ChIP-seq, we found that binding of Meis transcription factors establish a ground pattern in the BAs. Hoxa2, which specifies BA2 identity, selects a subset of Meis-bound sites. Meis binding is strongly increased at these sites, which coincide with active enhancers, linked to genes highly expressed in the BA2 and regulated by Hoxa2. Thus, Hoxa2 modifies a ground state binding of Meis to instruct segment-specific transcriptional programs.

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma estratégia Metropolis-Hastings para inferência Bayesiana, usando a estrutura ARCH multivatriada com representação BEKK.Em problemas complexos, como a generalização ARCH/GARCH univariadas para estruturas multivariadas, o processo de inferência é dificultado por causa do número de parâmetros envolvidos e das restrições a que eles estão sujeitos. Neste trabalho desenvolvemos uma estratégia Metropolis- Hastings para inferência Bayesiana, usando uma estrutura ARCH multivariada com representação BEKK. / [en] The objective of this work is to develop Metropolis-Hasting for strategy Bayesian Inference, based on a Multivariate ARCH model with BEKK representation. In complex problems, such as the multivariate generalization of ARCH/GARCH structures, the inference process in complicated, due to the large number of parameters involved and to the restrictions they must satisfy. We propose Metropolis- Hastings structure to provide inference, in a Bayesian framework, for a multivariate ARCH model with BEKK representation. / [es] EL objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar una estrategia Metropolis-Hastings para inferencia Bayesiana, usando La extructura ARCH multivatriada con representación BEKK.En problemas complejos, como la generalización ARCH/GARCH univariadas para extructuras multivariadas, el proceso de inferencia se hace dificil por causa del número de parámetros involucrados y de las restricciones a que ellos están sujetos. En este trabajo desarrollamos una estrategia Metropolis- Hastings para inferencia Bayesiana, usando una extructura ARCH multivariada con representación BEKK.

Submitted by Clebson Anjos (clebson.leandro54@gmail.com) on 2015-05-11T23:10:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1652595 bytes, checksum: 710a017046df065e6e144420fb6ecb8e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Clebson Anjos (clebson.leandro54@gmail.com) on 2015-05-11T23:12:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1652595 bytes, checksum: 710a017046df065e6e144420fb6ecb8e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Clebson Anjos (clebson.leandro54@gmail.com) on 2015-05-11T23:15:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1652595 bytes, checksum: 710a017046df065e6e144420fb6ecb8e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-12T12:40:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1652595 bytes, checksum: 710a017046df065e6e144420fb6ecb8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research aimed to analyze the dynamics and transmission of volatility of future sugar prices traded at the New York Stock Exchange for the Brazilian spot market between the years 2003 and 2014. The dynamics of volatility was estimated by the ARCH family models: GARCH, EGARCH and TARCH. In order to verify the transmission of the future foreign market prices to the Brazilian spot market ones, we applied Engler & Granger’s cointegration test. The results indicated: a) the existence of cointegration between the sugar prices of future foreign market and the Brazilian spot market prices, showing that future market price information is transmitted to the spot market prices in the three periods analyzed ; b) high volatility of the future sugar market, resulting from the sum of the volatility persistence coefficients; c) the presence of the asymmetric effect of volatility; d) absence of the leverage effect; e) in period 1 (05/20/2003 to 04/30/2014), the EGARCH model (2.1), presented the best fit to estimate the dynamics of the volatility of sugar future returns, considering the AIC and SBC criteria ; f) in period 2 (05/20/2003 to 06/21/2012), there was also the best fit through the EGARCH model (2.1); g) in period 3 (06/22/2012 to 04/30/2014), the GARCH model (1.1) presented the best fit in measuring the dynamics of the volatility of sugar future returns. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a dinâmica e transmissão da volatilidade dos preços futuros do açúcar negociados na Bolsa de Nova York para o mercado à vista brasileiro entre os anos de 2003 e 2014. A dinâmica da volatilidade foi estimada através dos modelos da família ARCH: GARCH, EGARCH e TARCH. No intuito de verificar a transmissão dos preços do mercado futuro estrangeiro para os preços do mercado à vista brasileiro, aplicou-se o teste de cointegração de Engler & Granger (1987). Os resultados indicaram: a) a existência de cointegração entre os preços do mercado futuro estrangeiro do açúcar com os preços do mercado à vista brasileiro, evidenciando que informações dos preços do mercado futuro são transmitidas para os preços do mercado à vista, nos três períodos analisados; b) acentuada volatilidade do mercado futuro do açúcar, resultante do somatório dos coeficientes de persistência da volatilidade; c) presença do efeito assimetria da volatilidade; d) ausência do efeito alavancagem; e) no período 1 (20/05/2003 a 30/04/2014), o modelo EGARCH (2,1), apresentou o melhor ajustamento na estimação da dinâmica da volatilidade dos retornos futuros do açúcar, considerando os critérios AIC e SBC; f) no período 2 (20/05/2003 a 21/06/2012), ocorreu igualmente o melhor ajustamento através do modelo EGARCH (2,1); g) no período 3 (22/06/2012 a 30/04/2014), o modelo GARCH (1,1) foi o que apresentou o melhor ajustamento na mensuração da dinâmica da volatilidade dos retornos futuros do açúcar.