Initial representations of the Rwanda genocide in the Western media were at best inaccurate and at worst, stereotypical, citing African "tribal savagery" and "centuries-old tribal hatred" as the reason for the mass killings. Two major human rights organizations, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, had the opportunity to correct media portrayals and help shape the agenda for policymakers. The purpose of this study was to take a critical look at media portrayals and discover whether these two nongovernmental organizations played a role in influencing the coverage. An extensive media analysis of three elite Western newspapers found that NGOs were the single largest source of nuanced political explanations countering stereotypes of African "tribal warfare." Human Rights Watch, in particular, played a pivotal role in sensitizing the media to the genocide's character as a planned, politically motivated campaign.

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The growing political interest in new communities in North America in response to central city congestion and the problems of urban sprawl underscores the need for empirical data on current new community activity as it is now being applied on this continent. This study proposes an examination of such communities but with a particular problem in mind. It attempts to identify and ascertain the relative importance of the locational determinants for private enterprise new communities in metropolitan regions. The point of view taken is that the recent proliferation of these privately developed communities provides planners with a unique opportunity to help structure the future urban pattern of the metropolitan region. But if such planners are to anticipate and plan for these communities, they must strive for an understanding of the underlying decision-making criteria involved in such projects, including their possible future locations. In addition to the basic problem outlined above, this study has also been guided by the following secondary objectives: (1) to establish the importance of examining the location of private enterprise new communities by exploring the idea that such projects reflect attempts to improve the efficiency of the housebuilding and land development industry and, therefore, represent a logical progression in the private sector's contribution to urban development; (2) to examine past new town locational experience, particularly in Britain and Scandinavia; and (3) to assess the regulatory tool presently available to planners for influencing the location of private enterprise new communities. The methodology of the study consists in part of an extensive literature review. Since there are no studies that one can point to as dealing specifically with the locational aspects of new towns, this review involved the collection of data from a wide variety of sources, However, from the existing information available it was not possible to determine the relative importance of the locational criteria selected by new community developers. The data base was therefore augmented with a questionnaire survey of twelve developers. Eight of these questionnaires were returned although one was only partly answered. The organization of the study first involved an examination of the changing nature of the housebuilding industry and the emergence of new communities after 1960. Reference was made to such factors as the structural shift towards the large building firm, the attempts to improve both the marketability of houses and management techniques in the industry, increasing corporate investment, and the economies in land costs to be gained by building new communities with balanced facilities further out on the urban fringe. It was concluded that the appearance of private enterprise new communities can be partly attributed to the evolution of the housebuilding and land development industry itself, and partly to the conditions of a period characterized by such variables as industrial decentralization, new freeways and a more articulate market demand. Chapter III identifies and lists fifteen possible locational criteria that might be applied in the selection of a site for a new community. The reasons for selecting each of these criteria are discussed in turn. Where appropriate, reference is made to European experience to illustrate the applicability of a particular locational variable. Chapter IV discusses the results of the questionnaire survey. It was emphasized that due to the small sample involved the survey should be treated as a pilot study and not as a comprehensive analysis of comparative new community experience in North American metropolitan regions. The results of the survey generally substantiate the hypothesis contended in Chapter I that the rate and direction of urban growth, land costs, land assembly, freeway accessibility and government restrictions are the most important criteria influencing the location of privately developed hew communities. The two exceptions were that government restrictions were not as significant as originally thought and access to a highway was given equal rating with freeway accessibility. It was concluded that the exact order of the variables should not necessarily be interpreted as representing the true situation. But the results do give some idea as to which variables as a group are more important than others. In Chapter V the existing regulatory tools available to planners to influence the location of new communities were examined. The various types of land acquisition techniques, in particular the land bank concept, were viewed as particularly relevant. Development sectors and skip annexation also held some potential. It was emphasized, however, that the location of new communities is very much dependent on the success of the whole land development control program. No one device, whether it be zoning, land acquisition or taxation measures is sufficient. A combination of many techniques is necessary and that increased financing should be made available to local governments for this specific purpose. Finally, three possible administrative arrangements for planning for new communities are suggested. These are a provincial development corporation, a federal crown corporation and a provincial new community committee. None of these proposals was explored in a rigorous manner. Further research would be necessary to determine their constitutional appropriateness. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Unidirectional broadcast structures constitute a class of high performance local network architectures. They are very flexible and well suited for fiber optic implementation. The access methods used in these networks are often based on certain implicit token-passing mechanisms to provide superior delay-vs-throughput characteristics. The performance of these unidirectional broadcast protocols is evaluated in this thesis via a study on the classical token-ring system. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of mean delay-vs-throughput performance for the gated exhaustive service discipline under asymmetric traffic. The analysis involves examination of the statistical behaviour of interacting queues. A number of exact results are derived and based on these results, a very good approximation for the average delays is developed. The approximation agrees closely with exact numerical solutions over a wide range of system parameters. The implications of the approximation are also discussed. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of / Graduate

This thesis presents the development and implementation of two fundamental communication sublayers, medium access and logical link, for a new Local Area Network (LAN) which utilizes the intra-building power distribution circuit as physical transmission medium. This medium provides a low cost means for data communications with a high degree of portability. A low-to-medium data rate and a relatively high error rate are two of the major disadvantages associated with the use of the medium. The Logical Link Control (LLC) protocol adopted is a modified version of the IEEE 802.2 protocol; whereas, the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol used is a simple hub polling scheme. For efficiency reason, both LLC and MAC sublayers are implemented in the kernel of the UNIX¹ operating system. The schemes used, justifications for the decisions made and their implementations are discussed in details in the thesis. The performance of the power line LAN formed with four Sun workstations² using modems with a data rate of 14.4 kilo-bit per second is measured and analyzed. ¹UNIX is a trademark of AT & T Bell laboratories. ²Sun workstation is a trademark of Sun Microsystems. / Science, Faculty of / Computer Science, Department of / Graduate

A high-speed local area communication network--the Expressnet--is investigated in this thesis with regard to voice and data transmissions. Performance criteria, such as channel utilizations, delay characteristics, and queue lengths are determined from computer simulation and numerical calculation approaches. The protocol is particularly suitable for the transmission of packetized voice as it is able to guarantee an upper bound on the transmission delay for each packet. The network under study thus will find major application in future office automation, where large amounts of voice will be integrated with data. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of / Graduate

The Fraser estuarine area is characterized by an abundance of biophysical resources interacting with high levels of human demand for food, recreation, transportation, industrial location, and other uses. Our society frequently relies on the market to allocate resources in a socially optimal fashion. But for estuarine resources this approach is often inadequate because externalities from resource uses are not considered, or because a competitive market is not operative. In such cases government intervention is considered necessary to allocate resources in accordance with societal preferences. This thesis seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of government intervention in allocating estuarine resources in the Fraser estuarine area for navigation and port development in a socially optimal fashion, through an examination of the planning process leading to the generation of a proposal to train the lower reaches of the main are of the Fraser River. The purpose of the proposal is to create, through a self-scouring channel, an improved draft for deep sea shipping. This proposal has been chosen for analysis because it represents a major demand on the resources of the estuary, and has considerable potential for affecting a wide range of interests. As such it should prove a good test of the effectiveness of government intervention in allocating estuarine resources in a socially optimal manner. This thesis thus has the following objectives: 1. To evaluate the effectiveness of the "ports provision system" in arriving at a socially optimal allocation of estuarine resources for navigation and port development. To achieve this objective it is necessary to achieve the following sub-objectives: 2. To identify those interests who will benefit and those who will bear a significant share of the costs that will result if the training works proposal is implemented. 3. To describe the activities and interactions among affected interests in the process of deriving the training works proposal. 4. To determine whether adequate information for the evaluation of alternatives has been generated. These objectives were pursued as follows. Normative criteria were derived for evaluating the effectiveness of an ideal process for allocating estuarine resources for navigation and port development. A basic assumption behind these criteria was that societal preferences can be elicited through a process of bargaining amongst legitimate interests. The interests affected by the training works proposal were identified by reviewing the potential effects on biophysical processes, by identifying other uses displaced by the project, and by a description of anticipated economic effects. The available literature on these factors was reviewed, and interviews were held with representatives of likely affected interests. Next, the involvement of interests in the planning process was determined. This historical antecedents to the training works proposal were outlined to place the project in context and to define the extent of past involvement by interest in port development. Those interests with a formal legislative basis for involvement in the process were then identified. The involvement of other interests was determined by reviewing written material and by informal discussions with as many affected interests as could be contacted within time constraints. For convenience, the planning process was considered in three stages: conceptualization of the problem, derivation of alternatives, and evaluation of alternatives. The decision stage, yet to come, was not considered. The effectiveness of the process in arriving at a socially optimal proposal was analyzed in terms of the extent to which affected interests were able to bargain "for the consideration of alternatives which they favoured, and the extent to which evaluative information generated on alternatives identified the effects on the various legitimate interests. Six general categories of information were evaluated. Finally, a number of behavioural factors which appear to have inhibited the generation of alternatives and of evaluative information were noted, based on a review of the literature on limits to rationality, and on interviews with actors involved in the planning process. The analysis showed that the planning process failed to meet the normative criteria and that the problem was of sufficient magnitude to seriously affect the optimal allocation of estuarine resources for navigation and port development. The ports problem was conceptualized in a manner that precluded the consideration of a wide range of alternative solutions, because only the values of those interests who would benefit from the proposal were brought to bear on the problem. Similarly, the alternative generated, and the evaluative information did not meet the concerns of many affected interests because they were excluded from the bargaining process. The attitudes of those interests involved were thus permitted to guide the process. There was little bargaining amongst interests to determine social preferences because many interests were excluded from the process or lacked the necessary evaluative information to become involved. Finally, elected representatives played a limited role in the process, permitting civil servants in powerful agencies to interpret societal preferences. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Unknown

When the heterogeneity of the city is considered, the sociological implications which stem from this heterogeneity become important to understanding the social structure of the city. One of these sociological implications is intrinsic in the patterns of transportation. This is an ecological study of the structure and changing structure of parts of the city. We will study the relationship between two variables; social area characteristics and patterns of transportation.