This dissertation is a geographical analysis of the Dutch Green Urbanism planning paradigm and its origin, evolution and spatial implementation in Almere New City, the most recently planned and built city in the Netherlands. This morphological study of planned development examines the essence of the Dutch metropolitan planning process in the latter half of the twentieth century and its influence on Almere's conceptual development that began in the late 1960s and actual spatial development that began in 1975. This study is set in the context of both international and national efforts to create “green urbanism”—a revised approach to urban planning that captures both the central and environmental dimensions of a more ecological and aesthetic planning process that emphasizes the important role of cities and positive urbanism in shaping more sustainable places, communities, and lifestyles. “Green Urbanism” is a term that was first used by Timothy Beatley (2000), and it builds upon a series of approaches to urban planning. This concept is applied throughout this dissertation and encapsulated in my urban morphological analysis of planned development and urban form in Almere New City, the Netherlands.

The environment has become an important issue in planning agendas as a consequence of the industrial era. Planners have begun to use scientific findings and strategies in solving problems. Among these strategies, the greenway planning strategy is promoted by landscape-ecological planning proponents and employed by planners because of its multifunctional features. Along with the positive science-based strategies, social sciences began to discuss the meaning of environment in the light of post-modern perspectives after the late 1980s. The environment is recognized as a discourse based on intertwined social, economic and political understandings. There are different discourses on the meaning of environment among different countries; moreover, there is a significant distinction between the environmental discourses of industrial countries and developing countries. This research investigates the modes of adaptability of the green-way planning strategy in the Istanbul Metropolitan Area (IMA), Turkey, by exploring the differences in environmental discourses between industrial and developing countries. It is argued that the environmental discourses are interconnected in the process of making and implementing physical plans that have ecological concerns. Moreover, industrial and developing countries exhibit relatively sharper differences in environmental discourses than within the industrial countries or within the developing countries. The investigation has been undertaken in two phases. In the fast phase two industrial country metropolitan area plans (Toronto and Portland, OR) and two developing country metropolitan area plans (Jakarta and Mexico City) are examined. Based upon this examination, a draft strategy has been drawn. In the following phase, the possibility of implementing the strategy in the IMA is investigated through interviews. The research concludes that environmental discourses differ in developing countries as compared to industrial countries in two ways. First, developing countries do not have environmental discourses of their own in the same way as do the industrial countries; they utilize mostly the discourses imported from industrial countries. Second, the content of environmental discourses can be subject to weakening or under-utilization, as in the case of sustainability. The research also found that the greenway planning strategy can be adapted to a developing country's planning system within the limitations of the planning tradition and environmental priorities of that country.

The cultural landscape of Lisbon Metropolitan Area evolved through processes of trial and error, and cultural exchanges, leading to a landscape that is in many situations ecologically sustainable, visual attractive, and culturally and historically identifiable. This results in a high landscape quality that is underlying the attraction of population to this region, its tourist industry and urban development. This research aims to explore the significance of cultural and historic resources for the development of a greenway network for the conservation of landscape quality. The landscape is studied in two levels (regional and local), through two case studies: Northern municipalities of Lisbon Metropolitan Area, and the municipality of Amadora (in Lisbon Metropolitan Area). Research at the regional level is framed by parametric methods of landscape planning. The results show that it is possible to delineate a greenway network for Lisbon Metropolitan Area, strongly supported by the landscape patterns of cultural and historic resources. A method framework for local level draws on landscape planning, environmental history, landscape conservation, and cultural geography, is applied at the local level. This level of research also used parametric methods of landscape assessment, complemented with an environmental historic, landscape ecology, and cultural geography approaches, using secondary historic, and focus group interviews data sources. The objective is to address the local values and ascertain the significance of the regional level approach when applied to the local scale. Cultural and historic resources assessment should include the different cultural perspectives and environmental contexts existing in fragmented metropolitan areas. which eventually underlies the uniqueness of each place. This research concludes that cultural and historic resources have a high potential for the development of greenway networks in ancient settled metropolitan Mediterranean landscapes, such as in Lisbon Metropolitan Area. Such a network can provide for the conservation of landscape quality and bring about development and recreation opportunities. However to thoroughly achieve these objectives, the criteria for the assessment of cultural and historic resources have to consider diversified levels of cultural and historic significance, becoming therefore significant resources for the economic development and cultural identity at a national, regional and local scale.

As it is often the failure of governments to meet the perceived needs of identity groups in a divided society, the challenge is incumbent upon them to provide a fair and equitable distribution of a variety resources, from land, to infrastructure, to financial assistance to industry. Thus, urban planning can create the physical basis for either ameliorating or exacerbating ethnic conflict, as these conflicts are often manifest in claims on the physical environment. A strong interest in studying the dynamics of planning in polarized societies is reflective of the need to fully understand the implications of urban change in this context. This research is an exploration of national planning mandates and their effects upon ethnic conflict. Specifically, it analyzes how communal relations can deteriorate even when government leaders make genuine efforts to meet the need and demands of competing groups. This paper is a study of Northern Ireland in the early 1960s during the introduction of regional planning by way of the Matthew and Wilson Plans. These national policies, intended to promote both physical and economic development and better community relations, actually contributed to a deepening of tensions between the Catholic and Protestant communities. Through archival research, a series of three case studies undertaken at the regional, city and neighborhood levels uncovers how the plans were perceived by both groups to potentially destroy their ability to secure economic opportunity, determine the use of their land, and maintain their identity and way of life. Therefore, the plans created a context which instigated the worst collective fears of both communities, ultimately resulting in protest and violence and what had initially promised to be a relatively peaceful decade ended in some of the worst violence the region has ever witnessed.

This paper examines human trafficking operations in the Russian Federation as well as the efforts of the Russian government, non-governmental organizations, and the International Organization for Migration to prevent trafficking, prosecute traffickers, and provide assistance to survivors of trafficking. Russia has made considerable efforts in the past nineteen years to become a key economic player on the global stage. However, government corruption and an economy propped up by corporations entangled in the buying, selling, and exploitaiton of human beings undermines the pursuit of Great Power status. Field research conducted in Moscow in 2009 revealed that government efforts to combat human trafficking in Russia currently fall short thereby perpetuating a cycle of human trafficking, corruption, organized crime, and poverty.

0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

This work deals with issues of explanations and describing of a whole kind of probléme, which appear duiring a generations and measurings of a anionts. I would like to explain and warn for different factors why we should continue with measuring and inventing in this thema. Understanding of a anionts behavior and practice measuring of a ionts area is the most important part of my work, to correctly analyse iont area probléme, or to suggest suitable solution.

Dans l'évaluation d'Internet au cours des années, un grand nombre d'applications apparaissent, avec différentes exigences de service en termes de bande passante, délai et ainsi de suite. Pourtant, le trafic Internet présente encore une propriété de haute variabilité. Plusieurs études révèlent que les flux court sont en général liés à des applications interactives-pour ceux-ci, on s'attend à obtenir de bonne performance que l'utilisateur perçoit, le plus souvent en termes de temps de réponse court. Cependant, le schéma classique FIFO/drop-tail déployé des routeurs/commutateurs d'aujourd'hui est bien connu de parti pris contre les flux courts. Pour résoudre ce problème sur un réseau best-effort, nous avons proposé un nouveau et simple algorithme d'ordonnancement appelé EFD (Early Flow Discard). Dans ce manuscrit, nous avons d'abord évaluer la performance d'EFD dans un réseau câblé avec un seul goulot d'étranglement au moyen d'étendu simulations. Nous discutons aussi des variantes possibles de EFD et les adaptations de EFD à 802.11 WLAN - se réfèrent principalement à EFDACK et PEFD, qui enregistre les volumes échangés dans deux directions ou compte simplement les paquets dans une direction, visant à améliorer l'équité à niveau flot et l'interactivité dans les WLANs. Enfin, nous nous consacrons à profiler le trafic de l'entreprise, en plus de elaborer deux modèles de trafic-l'une qui considère la structure topologique de l'entreprise et l'autre qui intègre l'impact des applications au-dessus de TCP - pour aider à évaluer et à comparer les performances des politiques d'ordonnancement dans les réseaux d'entreprise classiques. / As the Internet evolves over the years, a large number of applications emerge with varying service requirements in terms of bandwidth, delay, loss rate and so on. Still, the Internet traffic exhibits a high variability property – the majority of the flows are of small sizes while a small percentage of very long flows contribute to a large portion of the traffic volume. Several studies reveal that small flows are in general related to interactive applications – for which one expects to obtain good user perceived performance, most often in terms of short response time. However, the classical FIFO/drop-tail scheme deployed in today’s routers/switches is well known to bias against short flows over long ones. To tackle this issue over a best-effort network, we have proposed a novel and simple scheduling algorithm named EFD (Early Flow Discard). In this manuscript, we first evaluate the performance of EFD in a single-bottleneck wired network through extensive simulations. We then discuss the possible variants of EFD and EFD’s adaptations to 802.11 WLANs – mainly refer to EFDACK and PEFD. Finally, we devote ourselves to profiling enterprise traffic, and further devise two workload models - one that takes into account the enterprise topological structure and the other that incorporates the impact of the applications on top of TCP - to help to evaluate and compare the performance of scheduling policies in typical enterprise networks.

The cornerstones of Oregon's 1973 Senate Bill 100 are the preservation of farm, forest, and other resource lands and the containment of urban development within urban growth boundaries (UCB). The UCB is a boundary around each incorporated city containing enough land to meet projected needs until the year 2000. The Land Conservation and Development Commission (LCDC), charged with adopting and implementing state planning policy, sought to keep UGBs small enough to contain urban sprawl. To avoid the potential effects of land price inflation, LCDC allowed UGBs to include more land supply than the forecasted demand. The Portland-Metropolitan region was allowed to have a 15.3-percent surplus. Policy makers are unsure what effect UGBs have on housing costs. The common belief is that by restricting the amount of land available for residential construction the market drives prices up. Contrasting opinions suggest that by substituting low-density with high-density development, per-unit construction costs are lower, thus reducing the costs of owning a home. Efforts to dispel some of the mystery about the relationship between UGBs and housing prices are needed. The objective of this research is to provide empirical evidence of the relationship between the Portland-Metropolitan area's UGB and housing prices. The study uses a hedonic model to conduct a time-series analysis for the years 1978 to 1990 for Washington County. This study found no relationship between housing price and the imposition of the UGB. In fact, the rate of increase in price for single-family housing after UGB implementation was found to be much less than before. Proximity as measured by distance of sale to the UGB was the only variable that was associated with a higher rate of increase in housing prices. All of these results, with the exception of those related to proximity, were unexpected but may be explained by several factors: imposition of the Metropolitan Housing Rule in 1981, a severe recession during the 1980s, and excess land supply. These influences do not support a conclusion that UGBs lead to an increase in housing prices, at least prior to 1990, when the UGB did not constrain the supply of land.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Geology, 1948. / MIT Science Library copy: lacking maps; in binder, 31 cm. / Accompanied by: Geologic maps of the Boston metropolitan area. [40] p. : col. maps ; 54 cm. Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Kenneth Grenville Bell. / Ph.D.