Orientador: Marisa da Silva Dias / Banca: Manoel Oriosvaldo de Moura / Banca: Flávia da Silva Ferreira Asbahr / O produto da dissertação (CD) poderá ser consultado a partir de 01 de janeiro de 2019 / Resumo: Este estudo se ampara nos pressupostos teóricos da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural e nos caminhos metodológicos do materialismo histórico-dialético. O objetivo: compreender as significações manifestas por estudantes de um 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental, na aprendizagem do conceito matemático de área, por meio de uma Atividade Orientadora de Ensino, a partir no movimento lógico-histórico desse conceito Os procedimentos metodológicos pautam-se nos elementos estruturantes da Teoria da Atividade, por considerar a pesquisa uma atividade singular, com a finalidade de compreender o fenômeno educativo, delineando, como ações, a pesquisa e o estudo mais aprofundado acerca dos fundamentos teóricos e históricos basilares nesta investigação, bem como o levantamento bibliográfico, a elaboração das situações desencadeadoras de aprendizagem apoiadas nos nexos conceituais, a organização e o desenvolvimento da AOE. Dentre as operações, destacam-se: a coleta dos dados, por meio de gravações audiovisuais e das produções dos estudantes, a transcrição e organização desses dados para sua análise. A realização da AOE junto aos estudantes permitiu a análise do movimento do pensamento relacionado à significação desse conceito, em situação de ensino e aprendizagem. Os dados receberam uma análise qualitativa, considerando o processo de desenvolvimento do pensamento teórico constituído nos nexos internos e externos do conceito de área, como a delimitação da superfície, a divisão da superfície delimitada, a ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study is based on theoretical assumptions Historical-Cultural Psychology and in the methodological paths of historical-dialectical materialism. The objective: to understand the meanings expressed by students of a 5th grade elementary school, in the learning of the mathematical concept of area, through a Teaching Activity, starting from the logical-historical movement of this concept. The methodological procedures are based on the structuring elements of the Theory of Activity, considering the research a unique activity, with the purpose of understanding the educational phenomenon, outlining, as actions, the research and the more detailed study about the basic theoretical and historical foundations in this investigation, as well as the bibliographic survey, the elaboration of the situations triggering learning supported in the conceptual links, the organization and the development of the AOE. Among the operations, the following stand out: the collection of data, through audiovisual recordings and students productions, the transcription and organization of these data for analysis. The realization of the AOE with the students allowed the analysis of the thought movement related to the meaning of this concept, in a teaching and learning situation. The data received a qualitative analysis, considering the process of development of the theoretical thought constituted in the internal and external nexuses of the concept of area, as the delimitation of the surface, the division o... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This thesis is an analysis of the recruitment process of the Shining Path -SP- and Revolutionary Movement “Tupac Amaru” -MRTA- guerrilla groups. Although SP was considered more aggressive, it gained more followers than MRTA. This thesis tries to explain why. Social Revolution Theory and Social Movement Theory provide explanations based on issues of “poverty”, disregarding the specific characteristics of the guerrilla groups and their supporters, as well as the influence of specific persuasive processes between the leaders of the groups and their followers. Integrative complexity theory, on the contrary, provides a consistent method to analyze cognitive processes: because people tend to reject complex and sophisticated explanations that require mental efforts, simplicity was the key for success. To prove which guerrilla group provided a simpler worldview, a sample of official documents of SP and MRTA are compared. Finally, content analysis is applied through the Paragraph Completion Test (P.C.T.).

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Santana / Banca: Dalva Maria Bianchini Bonotto / Banca: Denise de Freitas / Atualmente a questão ambiental revela-se como grande preocupação de diferentes instituições, como empresas, Organizações Não-Governamentais (ONGs) e escolas. No entanto, existem poucos dados e pesquisas sobre como tem sido desenvolvido o trabalho com Educação Ambiental na Educação Infantil, apesar de muitos professores afirmarem realizar atividades consideradas por eles como sendo de EA. Os Referenciais Curriculares Nacionais (RCNEIs) não apresentam os princípios, metas e objetivos da EA, a temática ambiental dificilmente está presente na formação dos professores da EI, além dos cursos de formação continuada serem destinados principalmente aos professores de outros níveis da Educação. Além desta pesquisa investigar a EA na EI, também mostra-se pertinente pelo fato de tal investigação ocorrer na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) de Campinas SP, de importância significativa para a região. Diante destes fatores, esta pesquisa tem como objetivos: identificar as concepções de EA dos professores de Educação Infantil da APA de Campinas no processo de desenvolvimento de atividades consideradas como de EA; identificar as concepções de APA destes professores e que significados atribuem ao desenvolvimento de atividades consideradas como sendo de EA dentro desta área; identificar as características que estão presentes nas atividades de EA desenvolvidas por estes professores no que se refere aos objetivos, à temática, aos conteúdos, aos procedimentos pedagógicos, aos recursos didáticos, e à avaliação; caracterizar os aspectos que os professores destacam dentro da relação entre a EA e a EI, identificar se há aspectos positivos e dificuldades dentro desta relação, e caso haja, caracterizá-los. A análise foi realizada a partir dos dados coletados nas entrevistas, nas observações e nos documentos. Constatamos que as professoras de EI da APA... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / In the present, the environmental issue revealed as an important concern of different institutions, as companies, Non-Governamental Organizations and schools. However, there is few information and researches about how Environmental Education has been developed in childhood education, despite many teachers affirm that they realize activities considered as an EE activity by them. The Nacional Reference Curricular does not present the EE's elements, goals and purposes. The environmental theme is hardly present in the preschool education teachers's formation, besides the continuated formation courses of studies are designated especially to teachers of other education's levels. Besides this research investigates EE in preschool, it also is pertinent by the fact of such investigation happens in the Ambiental Protected Area of Campinas-SP, that has significantly importance to the region. Before these factors, this research aims: identify the EE conceptions of preschool teachers in the development process of activities considerated as EE; identify the teacher's concept of APA, and what meanings do they attribute to the development of activities considerated as being of EE in this area; identify the characteristics present in the EE actives developed by these teachers referring to its aims, to the theme, to the contents, pedagogic proceeding, didactic resources and the valuation; characterize the aspects that the teachers accentuate in EE and relationship EE-Preschool Education; identify if there are positive aspects and difficulties in this relationship, and if it has, identify the characteristics. The analysis was done by the informations collected in the interviews, by the observations and by documents. We found out that in relation to EE concept, the teachers are emphatic in relation to individual and comportamental action... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thesis submitted in the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Office Management and Technology In the Faculty of Business At the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2013 / In the past Small Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) used to be confined to a particular geographical location to conduct their business. This is no longer the case especially since the introduction of the internet. The World Wide Web (Web) now offers SMMEs an opportunity to market, communicate, advertise, purchase and sell goods and services online 7 days a week, 24 hours a day around the globe. However, doing business online is not without risk, as companies also have to ensure that they have adequate security measures in place. SMMEs need to be kept updated on security threats that keep on emerging. They need to keep their information secure in order to avoid unnecessary losses. The advances in modern technology, especially with computers that are connected to the internet have resulted in SMMEs being exposed to cyber-attacks. In most cases, these companies do not have the financial muscle to effectively address such data breaches. Even though cyber-attacks are on the rise, hospitality SMMEs still leave themselves vulnerable to these attacks. Data breaches can be a result of both internal and external attacks. Research indicates that internal attacks are not easy to detect thus making them more deadly than external attacks. It is therefore, important for SMME to come up with policies that will curb inside attacks. However, information security policies are not common amongst hospitality SMMEs. SMMEs are not always aware of the risks that they are exposed to even though their customers expect them to keep information secure whenever they conduct online business. Most of the hospitality SMMEs are expected to provide online bookings. Credit cards are commonly used in this instance and if the information is not kept secure, companies may face lawsuits from customers. Even though the majority of the hospitality SMMEs indicate that they keep credit card data secure, there are still cases where some do not ensure secure transactions whenever credit card information is exchanged. Vulnerability assessment in order to check if there are any loopholes in networks is rarely carried out by SMMEs. These companies hire IT experts on a temporary basis; further exposing themselves as they there is no one to monitor their networks on a daily basis. In most cases SMMEs believe that technology is their answer to security problems. They omit the human aspect of security. Even though SMMEs indicate that data loss is one of the challenges they are facing, they still fail to put measures in place to address this. This research examines measures and policies implemented by hospitality SMMEs in their quest to address data security breaches. Only hospitality SMEs that are connected to the internet are used in this research.

nÃo hà / Neste trabalho apresentamos algumas relaÃÃes trigonomÃtricas fundamentais e suas demonstraÃÃes. Tais relaÃÃes merecem destaque, pois sÃo essenciais na resoluÃÃo de problemas nas diversas Ãreas do conhecimento. Inicialmente fizemos um breve histÃrico da Trigonometria destacando a sua importÃncia no contexto da MatemÃtica. Em sequÃncia apresentamos as relaÃÃes fundamentais, dentre elas, enfatizamos as fÃrmulas da adiÃÃo de arcos, cujas demonstraÃÃes utilizamos Ãrea de figuras planas, a lei dos cossenos e a lei dos senos. AlÃm disso, mostramos como estas fÃrmulas se relacionam com o Teorema da Corda Quebrada e o Teorema de Ptolomeu da Geometria Plana. Explorando a relaÃÃes entre Trigonometria e Geometria Plana. Procuramos mostrar a importÃncia desta teoria no ensino mÃdio motivando alunos e professores a buscar um maior interesse pelo conhecimento em MatemÃtica. / The present research aims to present classic demonstrations of the fundamental relations of Trigonometry,with a simple approach, and exploring flat shapes. The intention is to make such demonstrations better known and provide a highlight for Trigonometry, since they are essential in solving problems of everyday life. For this purpose, we made a historical highlighting of the importance of trigonometry in the mathematical context. Since we know Trigonometry is loosing its status and not being considered essential in basic education anymore, such demonstrations, associated with the flat shapes, may be used as a model class. Therefore, we highlight the following fundamental relations: Basic Trigonometric relations, Derived Relations, Sine of the Sum and Difference of Two Arcs, Cosine of the Sum and Difference of Two Arcs, Double Arcs, Half Arc, Transformation in Product and Applications. For the demonstration ot these relations we used some area results, cosine law, Ptolemyâs theorem and the theorem of the broken chord Plane Geometry. We believe that Trigonometry is linked to the formation of these flat shapes. Thus, such demonstrationas associated to these flat shapes may serve to improve the Trigonometry teaching- learning and as motivator for students and teachers seeking to enhance their knowledge in mathematics.

<p> La agricultura en Puerto Rico ha experimentado un renacimiento despu&eacute;s de d&eacute;cadas de ser una de las actividades de menor crecimiento a nivel nacional. A principios del siglo XX, durante las primeras d&eacute;cadas del r&eacute;gimen colonial de los Estados Unidos, la agricultura era la principal actividad econ&oacute;mica dedicada principalmente a la producci&oacute;n de ca&ntilde;a de az&uacute;car para la exportaci&oacute;n. Luego de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la econom&iacute;a de la isla se industrializ&oacute; r&aacute;pidamente, lo que provoc&oacute; la ca&iacute;da de la producci&oacute;n agr&iacute;cola y la destrucci&oacute;n de la capacidad local para la producci&oacute;n de alimentos. Hoy d&iacute;a, Puerto Rico importa el 85% de los alimentos consumidos a trav&eacute;s de cadenas de suministro muy vulnerables con consecuencias para la econom&iacute;a, como el aumento en el costo de vida para la poblaci&oacute;n. </p><p> Durante los a&ntilde;os ochenta, el movimiento agroecol&oacute;gico surgi&oacute; en defensa de la soberan&iacute;a alimentaria y la sostenibilidad ambiental. La agroecolog&iacute;a se presenta como una pr&aacute;ctica alternativa para la producci&oacute;n de alimentos con alto impacto en las comunidades locales a trav&eacute;s de la sustituci&oacute;n de agroqu&iacute;micos por insumos naturales y el uso de pr&aacute;cticas intensivas en mano de obra. El movimiento ha logrado converger los esfuerzos de producci&oacute;n de un n&uacute;mero creciente de fincas pero, &iquest;es suficiente articular un modelo alternativo de desarrollo local? </p><p> Esta tesis pretende contribuir a la comprensi&oacute;n del movimiento agroecol&oacute;gico puertorrique&ntilde;o, en particular su potencial para actuar como un espacio de concertaci&oacute;n y aglutinaci&oacute;n de las fuerzas productivas para su eventual consolidaci&oacute;n como actor de desarrollo. A trav&eacute;s de una metodolog&iacute;a cuantitativa y cualitativa, en forma de entrevistas, revisi&oacute;n de documentos y an&aacute;lisis de datos estad&iacute;sticos, describimos las capacidades del movimiento agroecol&oacute;gico para la promoci&oacute;n de un modelo alternativo de desarrollo local; y c&oacute;mo la adopci&oacute;n de cadenas productivas cortas, como una estrategia de inserci&oacute;n en el mercado de alimentos, puede promover una mejor distribuci&oacute;n de los beneficios econ&oacute;micos locales. </p><p> Los resultados de nuestra investigaci&oacute;n demuestran que el movimiento agroecol&oacute;gico contiene las capacidades para promover un modelo alternativo de desarrollo local. Estas capacidades dependen de los esfuerzos de organizaci&oacute;n de los agricultores/as agroecol&oacute;gicos que permiten el dise&ntilde;o y la implementaci&oacute;n de estrategias en la forma de cadenas productivas cortas de alimentos. Estas estrategias permitieron una mayor visibilidad de su producci&oacute;n y la amplificaci&oacute;n de su alcance de mercado. Nuestra investigaci&oacute;n encontr&oacute; que un mayor &eacute;xito en las estrategias de inserci&oacute;n en el mercado ha promovido la agroecolog&iacute;a como una pr&aacute;ctica y ha alentado la llegada de nuevos agricultores/as al movimiento. Adem&aacute;s, argumentamos que mediante el fortalecimiento de sus capacidades productivas, aumenta el acceso a los recursos para la organizaci&oacute;n pol&iacute;tica del movimiento y su capacidad para influenciar la agenda de pol&iacute;tica p&uacute;blica a nivel nacional.</p><p>

The gas-absorption/chemical-reaction (GACR) method used in chemical engineering to quantify gas-liquid interfacial area in reactor systems is adapted for the first time to measure the effective air-water interfacial area of natural porous media. Experiments were conducted with the GACR method, and two standard methods (X-ray microtomographic imaging and interfacial partitioning tracer tests) for comparison, using model glass beads and a natural sand. The results of a series of experiments conducted under identical conditions demonstrated that the GACR method exhibited excellent repeatability for measurement of interfacial area (A(ia)). Coefficients of variation for A(ia) were 3.5% for the glass beads and 11% for the sand. Extrapolated maximum interfacial areas (A(m)) obtained with the GACR method were statistically identical to independent measures of the specific solid surface areas of the media. For example, the A(m) for the glass beads is 29 (1) cm(-1), compared to 32 (3), 30 (2), and 31 (2) cm(-1) determined from geometric calculation, N2/BET measurement, and microtomographic measurement, respectively. This indicates that the method produced accurate measures of interfacial area. Interfacial areas determined with the GACR method were similar to those obtained with the standard methods. For example, A(ia)s of 47 and 44 cm(-1) were measured with the GACR and XMT methods, respectively, for the sand at a water saturation of 0.57. The results of the study indicate that the GACR method is a viable alternative for measuring air-water interfacial areas. The method is relatively quick, inexpensive, and requires no specialized instrumentation compared to the standard methods.

<p> Maslow's hierarchy of needs identifies shelter (specifically safety and security) as a basic need that motivates people to continue through life. Many Americans are at risk of losing this basic need, yet we continue to stigmatize specific groups of people based on their inability to secure permanent housing. The integration of crisis intervention, resource networking, education, and empowerment into a supportive housing strategy in Washington, DC could reduce chronic homelessness. </p><p> Homelessness is a major issue that does not receive adequate attention in most cities. As gentrification continues, affordable housing is rapidly declining, placing longtime residents at risk of being displaced. An issue that can't be overlooked, homelessness contributes to social issues such as crime and violence. There are several stages of homelessness; therefore, multiple approaches must be developed to combat the issue at different points in the cycle. While an intervention may be successful in only one stage of the cycle, it could potentially provide the answers to questions surrounding other stages of homelessness. </p><p> This thesis will explore the causes of homelessness and only its associated problems. By identifying some of these problems and shedding light on some of the causes of homelessness (and realizing that those issues are present throughout society), this thesis will identify why it is important to create supportive housing and how this type of approach will help end chronic homelessness. </p><p> To develop a solution to this problem this thesis will use correlational research, observational research, qualitative data and quantitative data to identify the current homeless population, and the potential growth of the population within specific geographic areas. This information will help me identify a site and develop a replicable housing solution that will reduce the number of destitute residents, as well as potentially provide strategies for reducing the homeless population. </p><p> It has been determined that supportive housing, along with consideration for sustainability and several factors that affect the human psyche, will help end homelessness, which is costly in a small city such as Washington, DC. This thesis will explore supportive housing as one solution to chronic homelessness.</p><p>

This thesis examines the challenges that the Federal and Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)1 Courts of Ethiopia face in the realisation of legal and social justice. The Ethiopia Constitution (1995) under Article 43 declares that Ethiopian people have the right to improved living standards and sustainable development where the basic aim of development activity is to enhance, through their full participation, citizens’ capacity for development and the meeting of their basic needs. The Constitution underlined this as the ‘North Star’ of social justice which would be meaningless unless dispute resolution mechanisms empower litigants and the people in gaining social justice and thus the attainment of the Constitutional objective. The attainment of the social justice is however problematic as the legal justice the formal court is administering does not meet the people’s Constitutional expectations. The mismatch between legal and social justice, coupled with the legal history and the prevalence of justice pluralism, tends to force the People of Ethiopia to use non-formal systems of dispute resolution. Thus, there is a need to refine the formal and non-formal systems and to align them with the Constitutional imperative of social justice. Judicial reform is being implemented, with the help of international institutions like the World Bank, but the underlining concern is whether the World Bank proposals on judicial and legal reform will meet these needs or whether they are too located in Western values, the suggestion being that they may suffer from the same problems as other modernisation projects. There also lies a tension between the Constitutional expectation, the conceptualisation of justice by professionals and clients, and the overall purpose of securing justice and preventing injustice. Litigants’ preference for justice is itself in conflict with other litigants and the diverse institutional understanding of justice that made the attainment of social justice a difficult exercise. The area is found to be so problematic that there is a need to re-connect the practical conceptualisation of justice with the Constitutional conceptualisation of social justice which the Federal and ANRS courts require the redoing of justice so that the conceptualisation of justice would not cause irreversible damage to people’s societal, economic, and ecological demands and to the sustainability of justice and development.

This thesis provides a critical account of state transformation on one of the last ‘frontiers’ of mineral exploration and extraction. Mongolia’s struggle to consolidate its extractive development strategy lies in a fundamental tension between the nature of global capital investment and the responsiveness of national democratic institutions to their political electorate. In this sense, Mongolia is part of a broader pattern of state formation in a global era. This pattern has been recognised in established Western democracies, but, as this thesis argues, vulnerable states in the periphery of the global economy are also being affected with potentially more immediate and alarming consequences. In the context of a transition to a development strategy reliant on the extraction and export of raw minerals (primary commodities) since 1997, the Mongolian state has entered the world of competitive international finance (as opposed to development loans) and investment, in which courting and preserving the interest and ‘confidence’ of the investor is paramount for the government. In the early years of the millennium (2003-2012), Mongolian citizens became increasingly engaged in democratic political processes and particularly vocal regarding the lack of perceived public benefit from mining investment and the damaging socio-environmental consequences of extraction in rural areas. Thus, I argue that a constitutional struggle played itself out between the contradictory impulses of the state towards investors and citizens as evidenced in the see-saw cycles of legal and policy reform between 1997 and 2013. Consequently, by the end of 2013, the general downturn in global commodity prices and the particular “vote of no confidence” in Mongolia’s investment environment from the majority of investors led to the consolidation of a cross-party ‘stability consensus’ within the state. The process of ‘stabilising’ the investment environment has occurred at the expense of the democratic constitution of the state, demonstrated in the curtailment of Parliamentary powers over policy-making processes, the limitation of self-government for sub-national administrations and the restriction of civil society organisations’ participation in political processes. As a post-socialist state adjusting to the constraints of the global economy and the cycles of commodity markets, Mongolia provides concrete evidence of the antagonistic relationship between national democracy and global economic integration, and the reality of the latter’s constitutional impacts.