Cytokinesis involves constriction of the cell at the equator. Without decreasing in volume, a spherical cell requires a net increase in the surface area during this constriction. The constriction is driven by formation of an actomyosin contractile ring, and the surface increase by addition of membrane during the formation of the cleavage furrow. Both events depend on the central spindle microtubules at the midzone of the spindle and, in particular, on the centralspindlin protein complex. The communication between the central spindle microtubules and the actomyosin ring involves binding of a GAP and a GEF for RhoA to the centralspindlin kinesin Pavarotti/MKLP1. However, it is still unclear which molecular machinery connects the mitotic spindle to membrane trafficking during cleavage furrow ingression. ARF6 is a member of the ARF family of small GTPases, and previous studies suggest that it is an important regulator of membrane trafficking through the endocytic pathway, and cortical Actin remodelling. I generated an arf6 null mutant in Drosophila. arf6 null mutants survive to adulthood without obvious morphological defects, indicating that ARF6 is not required for Drosophila somatic development. However, ARF6 is required for cytokinesis in Drosophila spermatocytes. The centralspindlin kinesin Pavarotti, identified as an ARF6 interactor in a Yeast-2-Hybrid assay, binds ARF6 in GST pulldowns, and interacts genetically with the arf6 mutant. ARF6 localizes to the plasma membrane and a population of early and recycling endosomes. During cytokinesis, ARF6 is enriched on recycling endosomes at the central spindle. arf6 mutants form a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis, which later regresses. Cytokinesis in arf6 mutant spermatocytes lacks the rapid plasma membrane expansion observed during normal divisions. The results of this study suggest that ARF6 might promote rapid recycling of endosomal membrane stores at the central spindle to the plasma membrane during cytokinesis. ARF6 might be recruited to the central spindle via its interaction with Pavarotti, and act as part of the molecular link between the central spindle cytoskeleton and the rapid plasma membrane addition necessary for cytokinesis. Für die Ansicht der quick-time-Movies mit der Endung "avi" ist die Installation des "Apple QuickTime-Players" erforderlich.

Endocytic trafficking of platelet surface receptors plays a role in the accumulation of granule cargo (i.e. fibrinogen and VEGF) and thus could contribute to hemostasis, angiogenesis, or inflammation. However, the mechanisms of platelet endocytosis are poorly understood. The small GTP-binding protein, ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6), regulates integrin trafficking in nucleated cells; therefore, we posited that Arf6 functions similarly in platelets. To address this, we generated platelet-specific, Arf6 knockout mice. Arf6-/- platelets had a storage defect for fibrinogen but not other cargo, implying Arf6’s role in integrin αIIbβ3 trafficking. Additionally, platelets from Arf6-/- mice injected with biotinylated-fibrinogen, showed lower accumulation of the modified protein than did WT mice. Resting and activated αIIbβ3 levels, measured by FACS, were unchanged in Arf6-/- platelets. Arf6-/- platelets had normal agonist-induced aggregation and ATP release; however, they showed faster clot retraction and enhanced spreading, which appears due to altered αIIbβ3 trafficking since myosin light chain phosphorylation and Rac1 activation, in response to thrombin, were unaffected. Arf6-/- mice showed no hemostasis defect in tail-bleeding or FeCl3–induced carotid injury assays. These data suggest a role for Arf6 in integrin αIIbβ3 trafficking in platelets. Additionally, the regulation of Arf6 in platelets was also investigated, focusing on integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling which was suggested to be responsible for the second wave of Arf6-GTP loss. G protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1), a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) toward Arf6, is suggested to be involved in αIIbβ3 downstream signaling. I found that GIT1, complex with β-PIX, was translocated to the detergent-insoluble pellet upon human platelet activation, a process that is blocked by RGDS and myrArf6 peptide treatment. Moreover, tyrosine-phosphorylation of GIT1 was impaired by treatment with both peptides or with actin polymerization inhibitors. GIT1’s role in platelets was further studied using platelet-specific, GIT1 knockout mice. GIT1-/- platelets failed to show any defect, including clot retraction or fibrinogen storage. Unlike human platelets, GIT1 expression levels were much lower in mouse platelets, suggesting that GIT2 may be the functionally relevant Arf6-GAP in mouse platelets. The data in this dissertation identify that Arf6 mediates fibrinogen storage, implying its role in integrin αIIbβ3 trafficking in platelets.

Endosomal trafficking can influence the composition of the plasma membrane and the ability of cells to polarize their membranes. Here, we examined whether trafficking through clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) affects the ability of T cells to form a cell-cell conjugate with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We show that CIE occurs in both the Jurkat T cell line and primary human T cells. In Jurkat cells, the activities of two guanine nucleotide binding proteins, Arf6 and Rab22 (also known as Rab22a), influence CIE and conjugate formation. Expression of the constitutively active form of Arf6, Arf6Q67L, inhibits CIE and conjugate formation, and results in the accumulation of vacuoles containing lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and CD4, molecules important for T cell interaction with the APC. Moreover, expression of the GTP-binding defective mutant of Rab22, Rab22S19N, inhibits CIE and conjugate formation, suggesting that Rab22 function is required for these activities. Furthermore, Jurkat cells expressing Rab22S19N were impaired in spreading onto coverslips coated with T cell receptor-activating antibodies. These observations support a role for CIE, Arf6 and Rab22 in conjugate formation between T cells and APCs.

Cytokinesis involves constriction of the cell at the equator. Without decreasing in volume, a spherical cell requires a net increase in the surface area during this constriction. The constriction is driven by formation of an actomyosin contractile ring, and the surface increase by addition of membrane during the formation of the cleavage furrow. Both events depend on the central spindle microtubules at the midzone of the spindle and, in particular, on the centralspindlin protein complex. The communication between the central spindle microtubules and the actomyosin ring involves binding of a GAP and a GEF for RhoA to the centralspindlin kinesin Pavarotti/MKLP1. However, it is still unclear which molecular machinery connects the mitotic spindle to membrane trafficking during cleavage furrow ingression. ARF6 is a member of the ARF family of small GTPases, and previous studies suggest that it is an important regulator of membrane trafficking through the endocytic pathway, and cortical Actin remodelling. I generated an arf6 null mutant in Drosophila. arf6 null mutants survive to adulthood without obvious morphological defects, indicating that ARF6 is not required for Drosophila somatic development. However, ARF6 is required for cytokinesis in Drosophila spermatocytes. The centralspindlin kinesin Pavarotti, identified as an ARF6 interactor in a Yeast-2-Hybrid assay, binds ARF6 in GST pulldowns, and interacts genetically with the arf6 mutant. ARF6 localizes to the plasma membrane and a population of early and recycling endosomes. During cytokinesis, ARF6 is enriched on recycling endosomes at the central spindle. arf6 mutants form a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis, which later regresses. Cytokinesis in arf6 mutant spermatocytes lacks the rapid plasma membrane expansion observed during normal divisions. The results of this study suggest that ARF6 might promote rapid recycling of endosomal membrane stores at the central spindle to the plasma membrane during cytokinesis. ARF6 might be recruited to the central spindle via its interaction with Pavarotti, and act as part of the molecular link between the central spindle cytoskeleton and the rapid plasma membrane addition necessary for cytokinesis. Für die Ansicht der quick-time-Movies mit der Endung "avi" ist die Installation des "Apple QuickTime-Players" erforderlich.

Les petites GTPases de la famille Arf, régulateurs majeurs du trafic membranaire, sont activé par plusieurs familles de facteurs d’échange nucléotidiques (ArfGEFs). Les ArfGEFs jouent un rôle essentiel dans l’intégration des signaux de régulation qui conduisent à l’activation d’Arf au niveau de compartiments cellulaires spécifiques, cependant les mécanismes par lesquels ils ciblent les Arfs activés aux membranes spécifiques et leur coordination avec l’échange de nucléotide reste peu comprise. Nous utilisons ici la cristallographie et la reconstitution des activités ArfGEF sur des membranes artificielles pour analyser ces mécanismes pour un ArfGEF humain atypique, impliqués dans l’endocytose de récepteurs et associé à l’invasion tumorale dans de nombreuses cellules cancéreuses. Les membres de cette famille ont été décrits comme des GEFs spécifique d’Arf6, et comporte un domaine de type PH après leur domaine Sec7. Dans la deuxième partie de ma thèse, nous voulions savoir comment les isoformes Arf1 et Arf6 achevaient leurs fonctions dans la cellule. Arf1 et Arf6 sont très similaires: elles possèdent plus de 60% d’identité de séquence, et des études structurales ont montré que la surface qu’ils utilisent pour interagir avec leurs régulateurs et effecteurs est essentiellement identique en séquence et en structure. Cependant, elles ont des fonctions différentes dans la cellule et des propriétés différentes in vitro, pour lesquelles aucune donnée structurale n’a donné d’explications. Nous utilisons ici la cristallographie, le SAXS et la RMN pour comprendre la différence entre ces deux isoformes. / Small GTPases of the Arf family, which are pivotal regulators of membrane traffic in eukaryotes, are activated by several families of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (ArfGEFs). ArfGEfs play a key role in processing upstream regulatory signals that lead to Arf activation onto specific subcellular compartments, yet the mechanisms by which they target activated Arfs to specific membranes and their coordination with nucleotide exchange remain poorly understood. Here we used X-ray crystallography and reconstitution of ArfGEF activities on artificial membranes to analyze these mechanisms for an atypical human ArfGEF, involved in receptor endocytosis and associated with tumour invasion in various cancer cells. Members of this family have been described as Arf6-specific GEFs, and carry a PH-like domain downstream their Sec7 domain. In a second part of the work we wanted to know how the isoforms Arf1 and Arf6 achieve exquisitely specific functions in cells. Arf1 and Arf6 are highly similar: they have over 60% sequence identity, and structural studies have shown that the surfaces they use to interact with regulators and effectors are essentially identical in sequence and structure. Yet, they have non-overlapping functions in cells. Arf1 is a major regulator of most aspects of vesicular traffic, while Arf6 is restricted to the plasma membrane where it acts at the crossroads of trafficking and cytoskeleton functions (D'Souza-Schorey and Chavrier 2006). Consistent with their cellular specificities, Arf1 and Arf6 also have distinctive biochemical properties in vitro, for which no straightforward structural explanation has been put forward. Here we used X-ray crystallography, synchrotron SAXS experiments and NMR to assess the difference between these two isoforms.

Résumé: Une des maladies cardiaques les plus sévères est l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC). Un facteur important à la base de l’IC est la mort des cardiomyocytes suite à un déséquilibre du métabolisme énergétique. Une meilleure compréhension des voies signalétiques à la base de ces déséquilibres aiderait donc à comprendre un des mécanismes à la base du développement de l’IC. La protéine ADAP1, reconnue pour être abondante au cerveau, est également présente dans d’autres organes. ADAP1 possède un domaine ArfGAP capable d’inactiver les protéines de la famille Arf et deux domaines PH de liaison aux phosphatidylinositols. ADAP1 est connue pour changer de localisation intracellulaire par l’action de facteurs de croissance. Son action entraîne l’ouverture du pore de transition de perméabilité mitochondriale (mPTP), menant directement à la mort cellulaire. Il est connu que la protéine AKT est sous le contrôle des mêmes facteurs de croissance qu’ADAP1 et qu'elle contrôle également l'ouverture des mPTPs. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que dans les cardiomyocytes, ADAP1 transloque vers les mitochondries avec un effet conjoint d’AKT et que ce changement de localisation entraîne la mort cellulaire en stimulant l’ouverture des mPTPs. Afin de vérifier cette hypothèse, plusieurs expérimentations ont eu lieu. Tout d’abord, un immunobuvardage et une PCR quantitative ont révélé la forte expression d’ADAP1 au cœur de rat adulte. L’isolation des cellules cardiaques démontre qu’ADAP1 est majoritairement exprimée chez les cardiomyocytes. Contrairement à ce qui est rapporté chez les neurones, un immunobuvardage de fractions cellulaires a démontré que la forme humaine d’ADAP1 surexprimée est très peu localisée aux mitochondries des cardiomyocytes. Une analyse bio-informatique a permis de postuler que les sites de phosphorylation connus ADAP1 ont un grand potentiel pour être la cible d’AKT. Un essai MTT à démontrer que la double surexpression d’ADAP1 et d’un mutant constitutivement actif d’AKT (AKTca) diminue la viabilité des cardiomyocytes infectés, et ce de façon indépendante du domaine ArfGAP et dépendante de la présence de sérum. Un immunobuvardage sur des fractions cellulaires a démontré qu’AKTca ne modifie pas la localisation d’ADAP1 surexprimée et ne favorise pas sa translocation aux mitochondries. Un immunobuvardage a démontré que l’effet de la double surexpression n’est pas dépendant de la phosphorylation d’ADAP1 par AKTca. Bien qu’ADAP1 a le potentiel de mettre à jour un nouveau mécanisme moléculaire contribuant au développement de l’IC, notre hypothèse ne s’est pas vérifiée, car AKT n’influence pas la localisation d’ADAP1. Le rôle de la protéine ADAP1 chez les cardiomyocytes reste à déterminer et d'autres études sont ainsi requises. / Abstract: One of the most severe heart disease is heart failure. An important factor in the development of this disease is cardiomyocyte death cause d by an imbalance of energy metabolism. A better understanding of the signalling pathway at the base of these imbalances would therefore help to understand the mechanisms underlying the development of this disease. The ADAP1 protein, known to be abundant in the brain, is also present in other organs. This protein, with an enzymatic domain ArfGAP capable of inactivating proteins of the Arf family and two phosphatidylinositols binding domains, is known for changing its intracellular localization by the action of growth factor. ADAP1 mitochondrial localization leads to the formation of mPTP which directly lead to cell death. It is known that the AKT protein is under the control of the same growth factors than ADAP1 and is also control the opening of the mPTPs. We hypothesized that in cardiomyocytes, ADAP1 translocates to the mitochondria with a combined effect of AKT and that this change in localization leads to cell death by stimulating the opening of mPTPs. To test this hypothesis, many experiments were conducted. First of all, an immunoblotting and a quantitative PCR demonstrated that ADAP1 has a strong expression in the heart of adult rats. The isolation of cardiac cells demonstrates that ADAP1 is predominantly expressed in cardiomyocytes. Contrary to what is reported in neurons, an immunoblotting on cellular fractions demonstrated that the overexpression of the human form of ADAP1 is not localized to mitochondria in cardiomyocytes. A bioinformatic analysis, postulated that ADAP1 known phosphorylation sites have a great potential to be the target of AKT. An MTT assay demonstrated that a dual overexpression of ADAP1 and a constitutively active mutant of AKT (AKTca) decreases the viability of infected cardiomyocytes, and this, independently of the ArfGAP domain and dependent on the presence of serum. An immunoblotting on cellular fractions demonstrated that the presence of AKTca does not change the location of overexpressed ADAP1 and does not promotes its translocation to mitochondria. An immunoblotting demonstrated that the effect of the double overexpression is not dependent on the phosphorylation of AKT ca by ADAP1. Although ADAP1 has the potential to be implicated in a new molecular mechanism contributing to the development of heart failure, our hypothesis does not hold, because AKT does not influence the location of ADAP1. The role of ADAP1 in cardiomyoccyte is yet to be determined and so further study are needed

The clathrin-independent endosomal system is required for cellular homeostasis and specialized modifications of the plasma membrane such as cell spreading and polarization. Clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) has been demonstrated in adherent cells including fibroblasts and epithelial cells. However, non-adherent cells also have highly dynamic clathrin-independent pathways, which have not been well described. Here, I have characterized Arf6-associated clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) in the human T cell line Jurkat and identified it's importance in immunological synapse formation. Our findings indicate that the CIE pathway is similar in Jurkat cells as compared to other cell types including rates of endocytosis and sorting after internalization. Two GTPases, Arf6 and Rab22, have been shown to regulate the clathrin-independent endosomal system and play a role in cell spreading. We found that wild type and constitutively active Arf6 co-localized with CIE cargo in resting T cells. Arf6 constitutively active mutant inhibited CIE cargo internalization but not internalization of CME cargo. Rab22 co-localized with CIE cargo at the endocytic-recycling compartment. Expression of the dominant negative Rab22 mutant also inhibited internalization of MHCI indicating it plays a direct role in CIE cargo internalization. T cells must modify their membranes to specifically interact with antigen presenting cells. To establish the role of CIE in this process, we then examined the role of Arf6 and Rab22 in T cell/antigen presenting cell conjugate formation. Both expression of dominant negative or constitutively active mutants of Arf6 reduced T cell conjugate formation while expression of only the Rab22 dominant negative mutant inhibited T cell/APC conjugate formation. Furthermore, T cells expressing the dominant negative mutant of Rab22 were not able to spread on antibody-coated coverslips that normally cause T cell activation. These results indicate that the clathrin independent endosomal system is required for membrane remodeling events necessary for T cell conjugate formation and T cell spreading during activation. I also conducted a proteomics screen to identify binding partners of CIE cargo proteins. I identified multiple proteins that could possibly play a role in CIE internalization and discovered a subset of proteins that specifically interact with A cargo proteins and not B cargo proteins. It is possible they could play a role in cargo retention at the plasma membrane or sorting after internalization. Three proteins of interest that interact with A cargo include NHERF-1 and ezrin, which participate in actin arrangements, and Dlg-1, a known scaffolding protein for synaptic vesicles. Ezrin and Dlg-1 co-localize with the CIE cargo protein CD98 in HeLa cells indicating that they could be interacting in cells.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

yes / The hERG potassium channel is critical for repolarisation of the cardiac action potential. Reduced expression of hERG at the plasma membrane, whether caused by hereditary mutations or drugs, results in long QT syndrome and increases the risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to understand how the density of this channel at the plasma membrane is regulated. We used antibodies to an extracellular native or engineered epitope, in conjunction with immunofluorescence and ELISA, to investigate the mechanism of hERG endocytosis in recombinant cells and validated the findings in rat neonatal cardiac myocytes. The data reveal that this channel undergoes rapid internalisation, which is inhibited by neither dynasore, an inhibitor of dynamin, nor a dominant negative construct of Rab5a, into endosomes that are largely devoid of the transferrin receptor. These results support a clathrin-independent mechanism of endocytosis and exclude involvement of dynamin-dependent caveolin and RhoA mechanisms. In agreement, internalised hERG displayed marked overlap with glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored GFP, a clathrin-independent cargo. Endocytosis was significantly affected by cholesterol extraction with methyl-β-cyclodextrin and inhibition of Arf6 function with dominant negative Arf6-T27N-eGFP. Taken together, we conclude that hERG undergoes clathrin-independent endocytosis via a mechanism involving Arf6. / British Heart Foundation (grant number PG/10/68/28528; http://www.bhf.org.uk)

No description available.