The interaction of a rectangular turbulent jet with a free surface for three jet-exit aspect ratios is experimentally investigated using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The jet exits from a sharp edged rectangular orifice plate, parallel to the free surface and has a jet width of d = 10 mm. Aspect ratios of 1, 2 and 4 are studied with a fixed offset of 3d from the free surface. Reynolds and Froude numbers based on the bulk velocity are 6900 and 1.27 respectively. Detailed 2-D velocity fields are captured using the PIV in the central x-y plane for 0 < x/d < 23.5. The distribution of Reynolds shear stresses and turbulent kinetic energy show that they are suppressed in the vicinity of the free surface due to confinement. There was a significant effect of nozzle geometry on the reattachment point and recirculation region of the jets. / May 2016

This study investigated the need for a pointcut for parallelizable loops in an aspect-oriented programming environment. Several prototype solutions exist for loop pointcuts, but the solutions are not very granular. In particular, they are not able to differentiate between loops that are parallelizable and those that are not. Being able to identify parallelizable loops automatically, as part of an aspect-oriented compiler's weaving process, is particularly important because (1) manually identifying parallelizable loops is known to be a difficult problem and (2) aspectizing parallelized loops can lead to a reduction in code tangling and an increase in separation of concerns. This paper describes the concepts behind the loop-pointcut problem. It then describes the approach used in this study for implementing a solution in the form of an aspect-oriented Java compiler with a parallelizable loop pointcut. Identifying parallelizable loops is known to be a difficult problem, and as such, this study's parallelizable loop pointcut implements a heuristic solution. The pointcut identifies many parallelizable loops as being parallelizable, but in erring on the side of conservatism, there are some parallelizable loops that the pointcut is unable to identify as parallelizable. To test the parallelizable-loop pointcut, the pointcut was applied to a benchmark set of parallelizable programs. There were two versions of each benchmark program - (1) an aspect-oriented version, where the aspect-oriented compiler's weaver added the multi-threading functionality, and (2) a non-aspect-oriented version, where the benchmark program's source code directly implemented the multi-threading functionality. For each benchmark program, the output from the aspect-oriented version was compared to the output from the non-aspect-oriented version. The study found that each loop that was deemed parallelizable by the aspect-oriented benchmark program was executed in parallel (with multiple threads) by both versions of the program - the aspect-oriented version and the non-aspect-oriented version. There were some loops in the non-aspect-oriented benchmark programs that were deemed parallelizable and executed in parallel, but those same loops were deemed non-parallelizable by their associated aspect-oriented benchmark program. This discrepancy is explained by the study's conservative approach to identifying loops as parallelizable.

<p>The Swedish National Rail Administration, Banverket, has the overarching sector responsibility for Swedish railways, including a responsibility for implementing and managing the government decision for an ecologically sustainable development. In support of achieving ecologically sustainable development and fulfilment of the national environmental objectives and environmental legislation, Banverket initiated the implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS) in 1998. The overall aim of this thesis is to examine the EMS applied at Banverket with regard to the identification and monitoring of environmental aspects at the administrative Railway Regions of Banverket. The analysis is based on a qualitative approach comprising questionnaires, interviews, document analysis and participating observations.</p><p>Areas for potential improvements are identified. A more stringent use of the EMS is needed in the organisation. Furthermore, a link between activity, aspect and impact when identifying environmental aspects would improve the procedure. Like in other public organisations, the monitoring of environmental aspects at Banverket is insufficient. Introducing indicators and integrating different Government requirements for environmental monitoring into one system, using EMS as a tool would make the system more effective. In the thsesis a framework is proposed for the identification of environmental aspects pertaining to operation and maintenance at Banverket. This framework has an input–output perspective and provides a clear connection between activity, aspect and impact. Furthermore, by establishing the framework on a system used mainly for environmental performance evaluation, a better connection between the identification and monitoring of aspects is created, possibly improving both processes. The framework for the identifica-tion of environmental aspects, as proposed in the thesis, could also be modified and applied in other organisations.</p><p>A major conclusion of the study is that the EMS applied at Banverket, in its present form, is not an effective environmental management tool for achieving ecologically sustainable development within the rail sector. Adapted methods for identification and monitoring of environmental aspects for public organisations such as Banverket would facilitate the application of EMS and increase its effectiveness as an environmental tool.</p>

One of the most important linguistic processes the speaker is obligatorily involved in is perfectivization. Any verbal process can be presented as completed, or perfective, or as incompleted, imperfective. Both completed and incompleted processes can be aspectually pure and non-pure. Aspectually pure processes are semantically simple since they have the feature [Perfective] only, while aspectually non-pure processes, besides having the feature [Perfective], have additional semantic features. The present study is an attempt to examine perfective processes in Russian and English with a view to describing and comparing the means of perfectivization used in the said languages. The analysis of the evidence has revealed that the process of perfectivization was realized in the language using different linguistic means: in Russian it was typically realized by the use of perfectivizing morphemes (prefixes and suffixes) while in English it was typically realized by the appropriate co- text (complementation, adverbial particles) and the use of analytic verb structures. The formal expression of perfectivity in Russian was determined to a considerable extent by the type of perfective processes as well as by the type of process. As language is an economic system, some perfectivizing prefixes overlapped: they were used with both types of perfective process - general and specific. As for English, the means of perfectivization presented a mixed bag: English mostly resorted to... [to full text] / Perfektyvizacija yra vienas svarbiausiųjų lingvistinių procesų: kalbantysis turi pasakyti adresatui, kokį procesą jis turi galvojė: baigtinį (t.y. perfektinį) ar nebaigtinį(t.y.neperfektinį). Abu procesai svarbūs komunikacijos procese; jie sudaro dialektinę vienybę. Tačiau lingvistiniu požiūriu svarbesnis ir įdomesnis yra baigtinis procesas. Šiame magistriniame darbe jam ir skiriamas dėmesys: nagrinėjamos perfektyvizacijos priemonės rusų ir anglų kalbose. Darbą sudaro įvadas, teorinė, praktinė dalis, išvados, santrauka lietuvių kalba ir panaudotos literatūros sąrašas. Įvade aptariami darbo tikslai, teorinė reikšmė, metodai. Teorinėje dalyje bandoma parodyti, kaip veiksmažodžio semantika veikia jo veikslines ypatybes. Išskiriami keturi proceso tipai: atlikimo ( angl. „accomplishments“), pasiekimo (angl. „ achievements“), veikimo (angl. „ activities“) ir būsenos ( angl. „ activities“). Nors darbas skirtas perfektyvizacijos procesams rusų ir anglų kalbose, daugiau dėmesio skiriama anglų kalbos procesų perfektyvizacijai, t.y.kaip perfektinė reikšmė realizuojama anglų kalboje. Tokią tyrimo kryptį lėmė pati tyrimo medžiga: darbe daugiausia nagrinėjami rusų kalbos perfektiniai veiksmažodžiai, rinkti iš Levo Tolstojaus romano „ Ana Karenina“ ir jų ekvivalentai angliškame šio romano vertime. Tyrimo medžiagos analizė parodė, kad gretinamos kalbos , kaip ir reikėjo tikėtis, naudoja skirtingus perfektyvizacijos būdus: rusų kalba , su nedidelemis išimtimis, naudojo morfologines... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

L'Hypothèse de la Primauté de l'Aspect (Anderson & Shirai, 1996) propose que les verbes ont tous leur propre aspect lexical inhérent. Ces aspects lexicaux sont: les états, les activités, les accomplissements et les achèvements. Toujours selon l'Hypothèse de l'Aspect, les inflexions grammaticales des verbes apparaîtraient dans la production des apprenants, d'une L1 ainsi que d'une L2, d'une manière cohérente avec l'aspect lexical du verbe. La présente étude examinera l'acquisition du progressif du présent en anglais par les apprenants français d'anglais L2. Les résultats d'un teste de compétence générale linguistique indiquent que les participants de cette étude sont à trois niveaux linguistiques: débutant (n = 20), intermédiaire (n = 14) et avancé (n = 19). Leurs résultats seront comparés à ceux du groupe témoin composé de sept locuteurs natifs de l'anglais (n = 7), qui venaient de finir leur licence ou étaient en train de l'obtenir. Les résultats d'une ANOVA simple montrent que la difference entre les groupes est significative (f(3, 58) = 3.520, p = .021). Les résultats d'un test d'acceptabilité /préférence grammaticale révèlent un effet significatif pour l'aspect lexical et le groupe pour les niveaux débutant (X² (1) = 16.904, p = .001) et intermédiaire (X² (1) = 12.167, p = .001), mais pas pour le niveau avancé (X² (1) = .032, p = .499). D'après un test de chi carré, les résultats d'une description d'une vidéo se révèlent être significatifs en ce qui concerne l'aspect lexical : (X² (1) = 198.242, p = .001). Ces résultats montrent un fort effort d'aspect lexical sur le choix entre le présent simple et le présent progressif et indiqueraient aussi un effet de plateau puisque les différences entre les niveaux intermédiaires et avancés sont souvent non significatives. Les résultats indiquent aussi une préférence pour le présent simple comparé au present progressif, surtout avec les verbes téliques.

A legacy software system can be taken to consist of N methods which contain within their implementations the intended activities and functions of the system. These activities and functions are referred to as concerns. Some of these concerns are typically implemented and used in multiple methods throughout the system and these are deemed to be crosscutting concerns. Through the use of an aspect-oriented programming paradigm, the implementation and use of these crosscutting concerns can be abstracted into aspects. In order to refactor the system, the process of aspect mining is carried out to identify the crosscutting concerns in the software system. Once identified, the crosscutting concerns can then be refactored into aspects. Clustering-based aspect mining techniques make use of a vector space model to represent the source code to be mined. In this investigation, the individual methods of the software system were represented by a d-dimensional vector by mapping a method M to the vector V where the components of the vector V were values derived from applying a source code metric to each method M. These vector space models were then processed through the k-means++ clustering algorithm and the resulting cluster configurations were then evaluated to assess the quality of the results with respect to the identification of crosscutting concerns. This research studied the effect that the number of dimensions of a vector space model has on the results of a clustering-based aspect mining algorithm. Several vector space models were defined and principal component analysis was used to reduce the dimensionality of the models. Each of the models was processed multiple times through the aspect mining algorithm and the distributions of the collected measures were tested for statistically significant differences using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. The results indicate that changes in the number of dimensions of a vector space model can produce significant effects in the collected measures. In addition, the measures used to assess the performance of an aspect mining process need to be analyzed for underlying relationships.

The study compared 10 fluent second language learners (L2Ls) and 10 heritage learners of Russian (HLs) to monolingual controls (n=20) in their judgments of the subtle nuances of aspectual usage in direct positive and negative imperative structures. The participants were asked to rate the appropriateness of pairs of imperative sentences differing in the aspectual form of the verb against the suggested discourse context. The analysis of the ratings revealed assumed deviations from the baseline in L2Ls. The HLs also revealed deviations, but unexpectedly, did not follow the baseline tendencies of the control monolingual group. Frequency and learning experience are some of the possible explanations of these finding and implications for pedagogy.

This thesis, a qualitative study, examined the literacy practices of nine workers who self-report literacy difficulties. Through a series of interviews it specifically investigated how, in the course of their daily work, their mediated behaviour resulted in development of literacy competence. Through analysis of the workers’ experiences this thesis explored sociocultural themes deriving from Vygotskian traditions such as the central mediational role of psychological tools and signs and the importance of activity taking place in social settings. It took the theoretical position that literacy is an increasingly complex construct that extends beyond functional connotations such as reading, writing and spelling. It focused on the kinds of literacy skills that individuals require in a world characterised by rapid and frequent changes. In doing so this thesis recognised the diverse modalities in literacy performance that emphasise ways of knowing and ways of doing or designing as well as reading, writing, listening, thinking, speaking and comprehending across a range of modalities. This thesis argues that sociocultural concepts are applicable to adult learners. In particular it concludes that adult learners in the course of their jobs demonstrate a repertoire of literacy competence through engagement in meaningful literacy practices. This thesis reports that a significant indicator of the reported broadening in literacy competence is the support structures available in the workplace and in particular the specific characteristics of mentors / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>In this diploma thesis we have aimed to identify metrics that accommodate two chosen system quality factors and implementing the selected metrics in a metrics tool. The metrics chosen should measure change in the system quality factors reusability and maintainability for the middleware system COS at Telenor Mobile and similar systems. The metrics tool should support the aspect-oriented programming language AspectJ, and is planned to be a plugin to the open source code analysis framework XRadar. Changes due to introduction of aspects are of particular interest.</p><p>We have through a GQM process identified the following subcharacteristics for the chosen system quality factors: modularity, testability, analyzability, changeability and stability. Questions are formulated to analyze these sub factors, and metrics that can answer the questions are chosen.</p><p>We have implemented the tool AspectMetrics, which calculate metrics on Java and AspectJ code and generates an XML report containing the measurement results. A transformation from XML to HTML web pages is also provided. The metrics tool can measure size metrics, like the number of statements and the number of classes, coupling, fan-in/fan-out, cohesion and advice-in/advice-out. Advice-in and advice-out are two new metrics which respectively measures how many advice a class (or aspect) is affected by and how many joinpoints an advice hits on. These metrics are inspired by the concept for the fan-in and fan-out metrics.</p><p>The tool has been used to analyze two versions of the system DIAS v.2.0, which is a part of a diploma study in 2000. We have in our preparation project in 2003 added aspects to the DIAS system while keeping the system functionally equal to the original version. We have used our metrics tool to calculate the differences between the system with and the system without aspects. The introduction of aspects gave a positive change in coupling, fan-in/fan-out and size measures, while cohesion was negatively affected. The metrics thus, overall, indicated a positive change to the subcharacteristics testability, analyzability, changeability and stability and both the main quality factors. There was no indication of a positive change to modularity.</p><p>The analysis of the measurement results indicates that most of the metrics perform as intended. The size metrics, coupling, fan-in/fan-out, and advice-in/advice-out all gave results that corresponded to what we had expected. However, the cohesion measure did not behave in a way that could be correlated to the actual changes performed on the code. A closer analysis showed that moving and merging of functionality could result in either an increase or a decrease in cohesion. Thus we find that cohesion, at least in its current form, is not a suitable metric when using aspect-oriented programming. Further, this gave reason to reinvestigate the disappointing modularity results. With a reworked set of criteria we also found indication of improved modularity.</p>

In this diploma thesis we have aimed to identify metrics that accommodate two chosen system quality factors and implementing the selected metrics in a metrics tool. The metrics chosen should measure change in the system quality factors reusability and maintainability for the middleware system COS at Telenor Mobile and similar systems. The metrics tool should support the aspect-oriented programming language AspectJ, and is planned to be a plugin to the open source code analysis framework XRadar. Changes due to introduction of aspects are of particular interest. We have through a GQM process identified the following subcharacteristics for the chosen system quality factors: modularity, testability, analyzability, changeability and stability. Questions are formulated to analyze these sub factors, and metrics that can answer the questions are chosen. We have implemented the tool AspectMetrics, which calculate metrics on Java and AspectJ code and generates an XML report containing the measurement results. A transformation from XML to HTML web pages is also provided. The metrics tool can measure size metrics, like the number of statements and the number of classes, coupling, fan-in/fan-out, cohesion and advice-in/advice-out. Advice-in and advice-out are two new metrics which respectively measures how many advice a class (or aspect) is affected by and how many joinpoints an advice hits on. These metrics are inspired by the concept for the fan-in and fan-out metrics. The tool has been used to analyze two versions of the system DIAS v.2.0, which is a part of a diploma study in 2000. We have in our preparation project in 2003 added aspects to the DIAS system while keeping the system functionally equal to the original version. We have used our metrics tool to calculate the differences between the system with and the system without aspects. The introduction of aspects gave a positive change in coupling, fan-in/fan-out and size measures, while cohesion was negatively affected. The metrics thus, overall, indicated a positive change to the subcharacteristics testability, analyzability, changeability and stability and both the main quality factors. There was no indication of a positive change to modularity. The analysis of the measurement results indicates that most of the metrics perform as intended. The size metrics, coupling, fan-in/fan-out, and advice-in/advice-out all gave results that corresponded to what we had expected. However, the cohesion measure did not behave in a way that could be correlated to the actual changes performed on the code. A closer analysis showed that moving and merging of functionality could result in either an increase or a decrease in cohesion. Thus we find that cohesion, at least in its current form, is not a suitable metric when using aspect-oriented programming. Further, this gave reason to reinvestigate the disappointing modularity results. With a reworked set of criteria we also found indication of improved modularity.