Introdução A doença renal do diabetes (DRD) é a principal complicação clínica do Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 e 2 (DM1 e DM2). A relação entre o dano renal e os lipídios tem sido investigada há décadas e as evidências demonstram que o acúmulo de lipídios intra renal está associado com o desenvolvimento de glomerulosclerose, fibrose túbulo intersticial e progressão da DRD. Além disso, os fatores genéticos ampliam o risco para o desenvolvimento da DRD. Evidências sugerem que o gene ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) possa estar envolvido nos danos causados pelo acúmulo do colesterol intracelular. O ABCA1 possui papel central no efluxo do colesterol celular para as moléculas aceptoras pobre em lipídios presentes no plasma. O conhecimento sobre a relação dos polimorfismos do gene ABCA1 e a DRD ainda é escasso. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho buscou investigar a associação entre os polimorfismos no gene ABCA1 e a presença de proteinúria em indivíduos com DM2. Métodos As frequências alélicas e genotípicas dos polimorfismos rs1800977 (C/T), rs2230806 (G/A), rs2066715 (G/A), rs4149313 (A/G) e rs2030808 (G/A) no gene ABCA1 foram analisadas em 365 pacientes com DM2 e proteinúria ou doença renal crônica terminal (DRCT) (casos) e 322 pacientes com DM2 e valores normais de excreção urinária de albumina (controles) em uma população do sul do Brasil. Os haplótipos construídos a partir da combinação dos cinco polimorfismos estudados e suas frequências foram inferidos utilizando o programa Phase 2.1, o qual implementa o método estatístico bayesiano. Resultados O polimorfismo rs1800977 (C/T) foi associado com proteinúria em indivíduos com DM2 segundo o modelo de herança dominante (C/T + T/T vs. C/C) (P = 0.038). Da mesma forma, a presença do alelo T desse polimorfismo foi associada com proteção para proteinúria (RC = 0,61; IC 95% 0,410 – 0,902; P = 0,013). Os demais polimorfismos estudados não foram associados com DRD em pacientes com DM2. As análises dos haplótipos demonstraram diferença nas distribuições dos haplótipos entre os casos e os controles (P = 0.004). Os polimorfismos estudados não se apresentaram em desequilíbrio de ligação. Conclusão O polimorfismo rs1800977 (C/T) está significativamente associado com proteção para DRD em uma população branca do sul do Brasil. / Introduction Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) is a major complication of Diabetes Mellitus. The relationship between renal disease and lipids has been investigated for decades and the evidences demonstrate that lipid accumulation in kidney is associated with the development of glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and progression of DKD. Also, the genetic susceptibility is a relevant target on progression of DKD. The ATP- binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) gene plays a central role in cholesterol efflux from cells to lipid-free receptors in bloodstream. Data regarding ABCA1 genetic variants and DKD are very scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether ABCA1 polymorphisms are associated with presence of proteinuria in T2DM. Methods Frequencies of the ABCA1 rs1800977 (C/T), rs2230806 (G/A), rs2066715 (G/A), rs4149313 (A/G) and rs2030808 (G/A) were analyzed 365 T2DM patients with proteinuria or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (cases) and 322 T2DM patients with normal albumin excretion rate (controls) subjects from Brazil. Haplotypes constructed from the combination of these polymorphism were inferred using a Bayesian statistical method. Results The rs1800977 (C/T) polymorphism was associated with proteinuria in T2DM patients under a dominant inheritance model (C/T+T/T vs. C/C) (P = 0.038). The presence of the T allele was associated with proteinuria protection (OR = 0.61 95% CI 0.41- 0.902; P = 0.013). The others four polymorphisms analyzed were not associated with proteinuria. Permutations analysis showed that the distributions of inferred haplotypes were statistically different between case and controls groups (P = 0.004). The |D’| and r 2 measurements did not demonstrated any significant LD between all pairs of combination of the five analyzed polymorphisms. Conclusions The ABCA1 rs1800977 (C/T) polymorphism is significantly associated with protection to DKD in white Brazilian T2DM subjects.

The dynamic nature of eukaryotic chromatin enables the packaging of large amounts of genetic material in a small space. At the same time, it provides controlled access to genomic DNA for a variety of nuclear processes for example, transcription and DNA repair. The transition between open and closed chromatin states is largely governed by ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, which operate on nucleosomes in concert, to modulate chromatin structure and composition. Exchange of the canonical and variant forms of histones in nucleosomes, and altering the spacing between consecutive nucleosomes, are two major ways which regulate chromatin-based processes and chromatin higher-order organization. The evolutionarily conserved INO80 and ISW1a complexes mediate these two aspects of nucleosome remodeling, respectively. Despite sharing conserved domain architecture of the core remodeling machinery, chromatin remodelers differ significantly in their modes of interaction with nucleosomes, and how they alter histone-DNA contacts. In this study, we have used a site-specific photocrosslinking approach coupled with peptide mapping to determine the interactions of subunits and domains of the S. cerevisiae INO80 and ISW1a complexes with nucleosomes. We find that specific interactions of remodelers with different regions of the nucleosome largely dictate their specialized functions and mechanisms. The ATP-dependent helicase-like (ATPase) domains of remodelers belonging to the ISWI and SWI/SNF families translocate along DNA close to the center of nucleosomes in order to mobilize, space or disassemble nucleosomes. In contrast, we observed that INO80 has a strikingly distinct mechanism, which is different even from its paralog SWR1. INO80 mobilizes nucleosomes as well as catalyzes the exchange of histone variant H2A.Z for the canonical histone H2A, while SWR1 mediates the reverse exchange of H2A for H2A.Z, without being able to mobilize nucleosomes. We have found that INO80, in order to promote H2A-H2B dimer exchange, translocates along DNA at the H2A-H2B interface close to the edge of nucleosomes and persistently displace DNA from H2A-H2B. Blocking either DNA translocation or the accumulation of DNA torsions close to the edge of the nucleosome interferes with this dimer exchange by INO80. SWR1 and other SWI/SNF and ISWI remodeling complexes translocate along DNA at the H3-H4 interface and do not persistently displace DNA from the histone octamer as does INO80. This study shows for the first time an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler that invades nucleosomes at the DNA entry site instead of the center − a more logical approach for the displacement of H2A-H2B. We also investigated nucleosomal DNA interactions of other INO80 subunits and domains to understand the architecture of INO80 bound to nucleosomes. We found that the HSA (helicase-SANT-associated) domain of Ino80 along with actin-related protein (Arp) subunits Arp8 and Arp4 bind to the extranucleosomal DNA and is potentially involved in a coupling mechanism with the ATPase domain to regulate its activity. We also mapped the DNA binding regions of Arp8 and Arp4, which might be involved in recruiting INO80 to genomic sites. The ISWI remodeler ISW1a regulates the distance (spacing) between nucleosomes in an array by simultaneously interacting with two nucleosomes and directionally remodels one of them. We mapped DNA interactions of ISW1a subunits in mono- and di-nucleosomes. Our results show that the catalytic Isw1 subunit specifically interacts with the region of DNA translocation and DNA entry site of the asymmetrically positioned nucleosome in a di-nucleosome, which is preferentially mobilized. In contrast, the Ioc3 subunit interacts extensively with the linker DNA as well as the extranucleosomal DNA of the un-remodeled nucleosome. This bias in nucleosomal DNA interactions of ISW1a enables directional remodeling, which reveals the molecular basis of nucleosome spacing. We have identified a novel domain within the non-catalytic Ioc3 subunit of ISW1a that regulates nucleosome spacing. We found that when this domain is deleted, the catalytic Isw1 subunit loses its specificity and interacts with both the nucleosomes of a di-nucleosome substrate. This is consistent with the domain-deleted ISW1a mobilizing both nucleosomes efficiently, leading to the loss of its nucleosome spacing activity. In summary, this dissertation explores how different remodeling complexes have customized and regulated modes of nucleosome interaction in order to accomplish specialized remodeling outcomes. INO80 places its ATPase domain for translocation at the H2A-H2B dimer interface and persistently displaces DNA from its surface to promote H2A.Z exchange. Nucleosome spacing by ISW1a requires the catalytic Isw1 subunit to engage with and reposition one out of two consecutive nucleosomes in an array, while the Ioc3 subunit likely monitors the distance between them.

The mitochondrial F-ATPases make about 90% of cellular ATP. They are multi-protein assemblies with a membrane extrinsic catalytic domain attached to a membrane embedded sector. They operate by a mechanical rotary mechanism powered by an electro-chemical gradient, generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane by respiration. A detailed molecular description has been provided by X-ray crystallographic studies and "single molecule" observations of the mechanism of the F1 catalytic domain. Details are known also of the architecture of the peripheral stalk of part of the stator and the membrane embedded region of the rotor. However, knowledge of the detailed structure of the rest of the membrane domain, and the detailed mechanism of generation of rotation is lacking. Recently, studies of the intact mitochondrial F-ATPases, determined by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-em), have provided structural information at intermediate levels of resolution. Whilst these structures have given insights into the mechanism of generation of rotation, the information required for a molecular understanding of this mechanism is still lacking. Moreover, the locations and roles of six supernumerary membrane subunits are unclear. Some of them are likely to be involved in the formation of dimers of the enzyme which line the edges of mitochondrial cristae. Therefore, in this thesis, a procedure is described for the purification of dimers of the bovine and yeast F-ATPases. The structure of the bovine dimer has been determined by cryo-em at a resolution of ca. 6.9 Angstrom. This structure confirms features concerning the trans-membrane spans of the a-, A6L- and b-subunits observed in the monomeric complex. In addition, the single trans-membrane a-helix of the f-subunit has been located, and the subunit appears to mediate dimer formation. The structure of A6L has been extended, and the a-helices of subunits e- and g- have been located. Another novel feature has been assigned to the DAPIT subunit, and may provide links between dimers in forming larger oligomers. Further improvement in the resolution of the structure is hampered by the extreme conformational heterogeneity of the F-ATPase. To this end, the simpler Fo membrane domain has been isolated and characterized initially by electron microscopy in negative stain.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArthurSM_DISSERT.pdf: 3738699 bytes, checksum: 29ce2c38186e1efdfff26bfd80d1b137 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / O transit?rio que envolve a partida de motores de m?dio e grande porte ligados no sistema el?trico das concession?rias distribuidoras de energia el?trica tem se situado, principalmente nos casos em que essas cargas est?o localizadas em pontos mais remotos dos alimentadores, no conjunto dos principais problemas a serem resolvidos, dados os efeitos que as partidas dessas cargas imp?em ? qualidade do fornecimento de energia el?trica aos consumidores. O Software desenvolvido tem o objetivo de realizar a intera??o entre os softwares TOpReDE e ATP de forma que as redes de distribui??o de energia el?trica contidas no banco de dados do TOpReDE - T?cnicas de Otimiza??o para Redes de Distribui??o de Energia El?trica (Programa desenvolvido, entre 2004 e 2005, pela base de pesquisa OSEE - Otimiza??o em Sistemas de Energia El?trica, que envolve professores dos departamento de Engenharia El?trica e de Engenharia da Computa??o da UFRN) sejam convertidas para o formato de dados do ATP (Alternative Transient Program) programa que permite a simula??o de transit?rios eletromagn?ticos em redes polif?sicas, para que seja poss?vel adicionar a estas redes de distribui??o: motores el?tricos de indu??o, dispositivos de partida de motores, cargas com pot?ncia constante e equipamentos de medi??o com o objetivo de detectar e analisar previamente, tanto graficamente (atrav?s do software PlotXY) quanto sob a forma de relat?rios, poss?veis dist?rbios causados a estas redes mediante a partida de motores

Introdução A doença renal do diabetes (DRD) é a principal complicação clínica do Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 e 2 (DM1 e DM2). A relação entre o dano renal e os lipídios tem sido investigada há décadas e as evidências demonstram que o acúmulo de lipídios intra renal está associado com o desenvolvimento de glomerulosclerose, fibrose túbulo intersticial e progressão da DRD. Além disso, os fatores genéticos ampliam o risco para o desenvolvimento da DRD. Evidências sugerem que o gene ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) possa estar envolvido nos danos causados pelo acúmulo do colesterol intracelular. O ABCA1 possui papel central no efluxo do colesterol celular para as moléculas aceptoras pobre em lipídios presentes no plasma. O conhecimento sobre a relação dos polimorfismos do gene ABCA1 e a DRD ainda é escasso. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho buscou investigar a associação entre os polimorfismos no gene ABCA1 e a presença de proteinúria em indivíduos com DM2. Métodos As frequências alélicas e genotípicas dos polimorfismos rs1800977 (C/T), rs2230806 (G/A), rs2066715 (G/A), rs4149313 (A/G) e rs2030808 (G/A) no gene ABCA1 foram analisadas em 365 pacientes com DM2 e proteinúria ou doença renal crônica terminal (DRCT) (casos) e 322 pacientes com DM2 e valores normais de excreção urinária de albumina (controles) em uma população do sul do Brasil. Os haplótipos construídos a partir da combinação dos cinco polimorfismos estudados e suas frequências foram inferidos utilizando o programa Phase 2.1, o qual implementa o método estatístico bayesiano. Resultados O polimorfismo rs1800977 (C/T) foi associado com proteinúria em indivíduos com DM2 segundo o modelo de herança dominante (C/T + T/T vs. C/C) (P = 0.038). Da mesma forma, a presença do alelo T desse polimorfismo foi associada com proteção para proteinúria (RC = 0,61; IC 95% 0,410 – 0,902; P = 0,013). Os demais polimorfismos estudados não foram associados com DRD em pacientes com DM2. As análises dos haplótipos demonstraram diferença nas distribuições dos haplótipos entre os casos e os controles (P = 0.004). Os polimorfismos estudados não se apresentaram em desequilíbrio de ligação. Conclusão O polimorfismo rs1800977 (C/T) está significativamente associado com proteção para DRD em uma população branca do sul do Brasil. / Introduction Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) is a major complication of Diabetes Mellitus. The relationship between renal disease and lipids has been investigated for decades and the evidences demonstrate that lipid accumulation in kidney is associated with the development of glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and progression of DKD. Also, the genetic susceptibility is a relevant target on progression of DKD. The ATP- binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) gene plays a central role in cholesterol efflux from cells to lipid-free receptors in bloodstream. Data regarding ABCA1 genetic variants and DKD are very scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether ABCA1 polymorphisms are associated with presence of proteinuria in T2DM. Methods Frequencies of the ABCA1 rs1800977 (C/T), rs2230806 (G/A), rs2066715 (G/A), rs4149313 (A/G) and rs2030808 (G/A) were analyzed 365 T2DM patients with proteinuria or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (cases) and 322 T2DM patients with normal albumin excretion rate (controls) subjects from Brazil. Haplotypes constructed from the combination of these polymorphism were inferred using a Bayesian statistical method. Results The rs1800977 (C/T) polymorphism was associated with proteinuria in T2DM patients under a dominant inheritance model (C/T+T/T vs. C/C) (P = 0.038). The presence of the T allele was associated with proteinuria protection (OR = 0.61 95% CI 0.41- 0.902; P = 0.013). The others four polymorphisms analyzed were not associated with proteinuria. Permutations analysis showed that the distributions of inferred haplotypes were statistically different between case and controls groups (P = 0.004). The |D’| and r 2 measurements did not demonstrated any significant LD between all pairs of combination of the five analyzed polymorphisms. Conclusions The ABCA1 rs1800977 (C/T) polymorphism is significantly associated with protection to DKD in white Brazilian T2DM subjects.

abstract: Since Darwin popularized the evolution theory in 1895, it has been completed and studied through the years. Starting in 1990s, evolution at molecular level has been used to discover functional molecules while studying the origin of functional molecules in nature by mimicing the natural selection process in laboratory. Along this line, my Ph.D. dissertation focuses on the in vitro selection of two important biomolecules, deoxynucleotide acid (DNA) and protein with binding properties. Chapter two focuses on in vitro selection of DNA. Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids that generated from a random pool and fold into stable three-dimensional structures with ligand binding sites that are complementary in shape and charge to a desired target. While aptamers have been selected to bind a wide range of targets, it is generally thought that these molecules are incapable of discriminating strongly alkaline proteins due to the attractive forces that govern oppositely charged polymers. By employing negative selection step to eliminate aptamers that bind with off-target through charge unselectively, an aptamer that binds with histone H4 protein with high specificity (>100 fold)was generated. Chapter four focuses on another functional molecule: protein. It is long believed that complex molecules with different function originated from simple progenitor proteins, but very little is known about this process. By employing a previously selected protein that binds and catalyzes ATP, which is the first and only protein that was evolved completely from random pool and has a unique α/β-fold protein scaffold, I fused random library to the C-terminus of this protein and evolved a multi-domain protein with decent properties. Also, in chapter 3, a unique bivalent molecule was generated by conjugating peptides that bind different sites on the protein with nucleic acids. By using the ligand interactions by nucleotide conjugates technique, off-the shelf peptide was transferred into high affinity protein capture reagents that mimic the recognition properties of natural antibodies. The designer synthetic antibody amplifies the binding affinity of the individual peptides by ∼1000-fold to bind Grb2 with a Kd of 2 nM, and functions with high selectivity in conventional pull-down assays from HeLa cell lysates. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Biochemistry 2013

Food businesses must be able to ensure that they deliver safe food to the customers. Previous studies have shown that sufficiently cleanliness in ice machines are not always achieved. Since ice can be consumed the consequence of contaminated ice is that the food safety is not guaranteed. The aim of the study was to investigate bacterial contamination in ice machine in different food businesses with either an ordinary way to analyse ice as drinking water sample or with a newer and faster method measuring adenosine triphosphate (ATP). With the ATP-method a result will be obtained within about 30 seconds. In this study tests on the ice machines were made for microbiology testing the water, testing the surfaces with ATP and testing the water with ATP. Half of the result from the microbiology tested ice had results beyond the limit value. The categories of food businesses had problems, but the food stores had the highest proportions of unsatisfactory results. The result of the samplings shows a correlation between the parameters total microorganisms and ATP samples of water. The study also shows problems with the limits put up to the ATP-measuring and translating them to the testing for drinking water.

Os nucleotídeos extracelulares são importantes moléculas sinalizadoras, sendo essenciais para o início e manutenção de reações inflamatórias. Estão envolvidos no recrutamento de leucócitos e mastócitos ao sítio inflamatório, na ativação da vasculatura e no prolongamento da ativação inflamatória. Durante o processo inflamatório, o ATP exerce uma série de efeitos. Está envolvido no desenvolvimento da inflamação por um conjunto de ações combinadas: liberação de histaminas de mastócitos, provocando produção de prostaglandinas e produção e liberação de citocinas de células do sistema imune. A adenosina é um potente mensageiro extracelular e tem sido demonstrado que sua produção é aumentada em condições metabólicas desfavoráveis. Os nucleotídeos extracelulares podem ser hidrolisados por uma variedade de enzimas localizadas nas membranas celulares ou presentes na forma solúvel no meio intracelular e/ou extracelular. Assim, as ectonucleotidases desempenham um importante papel no controle da homeostasia dos níveis de nucleotídeos e nucleosídeos extracelulares. Estas enzimas estão ancoradas na membrana plasmática e possuem seu sítio catalítico voltado para o meio extracelular. Entre elas, pode-se destacar a família das ecto-nucleosídeo trifosfato difosfoidrolases (E-NTPases), a família das ecto-pirofosfatase/fosfodiesterase (E-NPP) e a ecto-5´- nucleotidase. Considerando-se o papel pró-inflamatório do ATP e que a adenosina pode atuar como um imunomodulador, neste estudo foi avaliado o efeito in vitro e in vivo do lipopolissacarídeo sobre as ectonucleotidases de linfócitos e plaquetas e as formas solúveis presentes em soro. Nos resultados in vitro, observamos um aumento na hidrólise dos nucleotídeos em linfócitos e na hidrólise de ADP e AMP em plaquetas. Em soro, ocorreu uma diminuição da atividade da NPP. In vivo, observamos um aumento na hidrólise dos nucleotídeos em linfócitos e um decréscimo na hidrólise de todos os nucleotídeos testados em soro. Esses resultados nos permitem observar que as ectonucleotidases apresentam suas atividades diferentemente alteradas in vitro e após a indução de endotoxemia pela administração de LPS. As alterações observadas sugerem que estas enzimas podem atuar na regulação dos níveis extracelulares de nucleotídeos e nucleosídeos em um modelo capaz de desencadear processos inflamatórios. / Extracellular nucleotides are important signalling molecules, which are essential for the beginning and maintenance of inflammatory reactions. They are involved on leukocytes and mastocytes recruitment to the inflammatory site, vascular activation and in the maintenance of inflammatory activation. During the inflammatory process, ATP exerts a number of actions. It has been involved in the inflammation development by a conjunct of actions: release of histamines from mastocytes, triggering prostraglandine production and release of cytokines from immune cells. Adenosine is a potent extracellular messenger and it has been shown that its production is increased under adverse metabolic conditions. Extracellular nucleotides can be hydrolyzed by a variety of extracellular enzymes located on cell membranes or present in soluble forms on the extra and/or intracellular milieu. Thus, ectonucleotidases play an important role in the control of homeostasis on nucleotide and nucleoside levels. These enzymes are anchored in the plasmatic membrane and their catalytic site is faced to the extracellular milieu. These enzymes comprise the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolyse family (NTPDases), the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family (ENPP) and the ecto-5´- nucleotidase. Considering the proinflammatory role of ATP and that adenosine can exert immunomodulatory actions, here we evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effect of lipopolysaccharyde on the ectonucleotidases from lymphocytes, platelets and blood serum of rats. In vitro results have shown an increase on nucleotide hydrolysis in lymphocytes and on ADP and AMP hydrolysis in platelets. In serum, it has been demonstrated a decrease on NPP activity. In vivo, we observed an increase on nucleotide hydrolysis in lymphocytes and a decrease in the hydrolysis of all nucleotides tested in serum. These results suggest that the ectonucleotidases present their activities differentially altered in vitro and after the induction of endotoxemia by LPS administration. The changes observed suggest that these enzymes can act in the regulation of extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides in a model able to trigger inflammatory process.

Introdução A doença renal do diabetes (DRD) é a principal complicação clínica do Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 e 2 (DM1 e DM2). A relação entre o dano renal e os lipídios tem sido investigada há décadas e as evidências demonstram que o acúmulo de lipídios intra renal está associado com o desenvolvimento de glomerulosclerose, fibrose túbulo intersticial e progressão da DRD. Além disso, os fatores genéticos ampliam o risco para o desenvolvimento da DRD. Evidências sugerem que o gene ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) possa estar envolvido nos danos causados pelo acúmulo do colesterol intracelular. O ABCA1 possui papel central no efluxo do colesterol celular para as moléculas aceptoras pobre em lipídios presentes no plasma. O conhecimento sobre a relação dos polimorfismos do gene ABCA1 e a DRD ainda é escasso. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho buscou investigar a associação entre os polimorfismos no gene ABCA1 e a presença de proteinúria em indivíduos com DM2. Métodos As frequências alélicas e genotípicas dos polimorfismos rs1800977 (C/T), rs2230806 (G/A), rs2066715 (G/A), rs4149313 (A/G) e rs2030808 (G/A) no gene ABCA1 foram analisadas em 365 pacientes com DM2 e proteinúria ou doença renal crônica terminal (DRCT) (casos) e 322 pacientes com DM2 e valores normais de excreção urinária de albumina (controles) em uma população do sul do Brasil. Os haplótipos construídos a partir da combinação dos cinco polimorfismos estudados e suas frequências foram inferidos utilizando o programa Phase 2.1, o qual implementa o método estatístico bayesiano. Resultados O polimorfismo rs1800977 (C/T) foi associado com proteinúria em indivíduos com DM2 segundo o modelo de herança dominante (C/T + T/T vs. C/C) (P = 0.038). Da mesma forma, a presença do alelo T desse polimorfismo foi associada com proteção para proteinúria (RC = 0,61; IC 95% 0,410 – 0,902; P = 0,013). Os demais polimorfismos estudados não foram associados com DRD em pacientes com DM2. As análises dos haplótipos demonstraram diferença nas distribuições dos haplótipos entre os casos e os controles (P = 0.004). Os polimorfismos estudados não se apresentaram em desequilíbrio de ligação. Conclusão O polimorfismo rs1800977 (C/T) está significativamente associado com proteção para DRD em uma população branca do sul do Brasil. / Introduction Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) is a major complication of Diabetes Mellitus. The relationship between renal disease and lipids has been investigated for decades and the evidences demonstrate that lipid accumulation in kidney is associated with the development of glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and progression of DKD. Also, the genetic susceptibility is a relevant target on progression of DKD. The ATP- binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) gene plays a central role in cholesterol efflux from cells to lipid-free receptors in bloodstream. Data regarding ABCA1 genetic variants and DKD are very scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether ABCA1 polymorphisms are associated with presence of proteinuria in T2DM. Methods Frequencies of the ABCA1 rs1800977 (C/T), rs2230806 (G/A), rs2066715 (G/A), rs4149313 (A/G) and rs2030808 (G/A) were analyzed 365 T2DM patients with proteinuria or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (cases) and 322 T2DM patients with normal albumin excretion rate (controls) subjects from Brazil. Haplotypes constructed from the combination of these polymorphism were inferred using a Bayesian statistical method. Results The rs1800977 (C/T) polymorphism was associated with proteinuria in T2DM patients under a dominant inheritance model (C/T+T/T vs. C/C) (P = 0.038). The presence of the T allele was associated with proteinuria protection (OR = 0.61 95% CI 0.41- 0.902; P = 0.013). The others four polymorphisms analyzed were not associated with proteinuria. Permutations analysis showed that the distributions of inferred haplotypes were statistically different between case and controls groups (P = 0.004). The |D’| and r 2 measurements did not demonstrated any significant LD between all pairs of combination of the five analyzed polymorphisms. Conclusions The ABCA1 rs1800977 (C/T) polymorphism is significantly associated with protection to DKD in white Brazilian T2DM subjects.

Class of 2014 Abstract / Specific Aims: To compare two groups of automated dispensing technology and their impact on medication safety and costs at an inpatient pharmacy. Methods: A total of 784 medications were audited for Pyxis refill errors, 352 prior to and 432 post implementation of Boxpicker and the ATP High Speed Tablet Packager. Data were collected by obtaining refill reports for automated dispensing. Every other medication on the refill report was audited for errors in the corresponding location of the automated dispensing cabinet. The rate of reported errors was obtained from a self-reported error program, Patient Safety Net (PSN). Analysis related to costs included automated dispensing cabinet related inventory and costs associated with bulk repackaging. All data associated with costs were obtained from pharmacy financial records. Main Results: There was no significant difference in the Pyxis refill error rate between Pyxis PARx and Boxpicker (0.00284% versus 0.00231%, respectively, p =0.88). The total number of automated dispensing cabinet problems reported through Patient Safety Net transiently increased during and after implementation of new automated technology. Value of pharmacy inventory costs associated with automation was $674,460 prior to and $594,789 post implementation of technology. Bulk repackaging with the ATP High Speed Automatic Tablet Packager resulted in an estimated cost savings of $203,400 annually. Conclusion: Implementation of Boxpicker and ATP High Speed Tablet Packager resulted in no significant change in Pyxis refill error rates, a transient increase in reported automated dispensing cabinet problems, a decrease in inventory costs, and savings associated with bulk repackaging.