During the 1980s some remarkable public administration reforms took place in the Commonwealth primary industries portfolio statutory research and marketing authorities. These reforms implemented dual accountability arrangements which legislated the requirement for the authorities to be held accountable directly to government and Parliament, as well as to industry and community bodies which held either a financial stake in the authorities or a stake in the outcomes of their activities. This dissertation discusses the nature of the dual accountability arrangements in the broader context of administrative and accountability theory, with particular emphasis on its place in the evolution of public enterprise and of more open, participatory and socially responsive public administration. It also considers the 1980s reforms in the historical context of Australian primary industry institutionalisation and agrarian socialism. The dissertation concludes that dual accountability can strengthen an organisation's accountability while at the same time reduce the need for close administrative control. Dual accountability acknowledges that the fundamental processes of an organisation's accountability should apply in more than one direction, and that the decentralisation of these processes actually fills the voids left by removing control mechanisms. The dissertation also identifies variations in the application of dual accountability principles across primary industry authorities and suggests that there is potential for the principles to be applied to other areas of government administration.

<p>BACKGROUND The economic crimes related to the taxation authorities (SKM), aim at evading paying taxes and/or wrongly obtaining tax revenue. SKM has noticed that many newly established companies have intended to be carried on, only for a short period of time and with the aim of generating grant-revenues and in the meantime omit to pay or wrongly account for taxes. SKM wants to investigate the possibilities to develop a method of analysis to identify those corporations. </p><p>PURPOSE The purpose of this essay is to make a survey of, and identify companies, who fail in their obligations concerning income-tax return and paying taxes and charges and to try to see what is characteristic for those companies in order to find out a method of analysis. Further a study of literature will be done especially concerning who will commit economic crimes and the reasons why they do it. </p><p>REALISATION I have investigated how the 251 corporations which were registered for F-tax at the local tax office of Eastern Gothenburg (SKR) during 1996 have handled their settlements and income-tax returns from the registration1996 until 1998. I have worked with my essay under guidance of Olle Thegerström and I have under observance of the secrecy of the taxation authorities taken part of all information that have been necessary to fulfil this work. </p><p>RESULTS From the variables that I have used in my investigation I don't think that it is possible to develop a method to anticipate which companies who will fail in their obligations to SKM. That is not to say that there are not structures, which can anticipate how a company will develop. I think that it is values of the manager of business, which to a large extent direct how the company will act in different situations. His values influence in their turn a great number of factors. In that case a model would have to consist of unreasonably many variables related to individual performance. Such a model would be practically impossible and according to my opinion unacceptable from an ethical point of view to use in practice.</p>

<p><strong>Aim:</strong> This paper aims to produce a serviced office concept adjusted to Statens fastighetsverk. The concept will make SFV:s properties more attractive for renting.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Method:</strong> Information has been collected from interviews with 13 different serviced office companies, one serviced office agent and eleven government authorities. Also litterateur, reports and internet have been used in gathering information.</p><p>I will use following questions:</p><p>¨      How is the serviced office concept designed?</p><p>¨      Which customer segment should SFV direct to and what need does the segment have?</p><p>¨      How shall a marketing plan look like for the concept?</p><p>¨      How should a concept designed for SFV look like?</p><p> </p><p><strong>Result & Conclusions: </strong>Serviced office space is a company that letting functional workspace with access to shared facilities e.g. reception, office machines, internet, phone and more. Serviced offices have one distinguishing feature, very flexible let agreements. In this paper my conclusion is that government authorities are a suitable customer for suggested concept, especially government authorities with head quarters outside the Stockholm region. They have to be present in Stockholm with either employees that perform work from distant and have the need of coordinated workspace or commute workers that have the need of mobile workspace and meeting rooms. SFV can meet this need with suggested concept and to simplify I named the concept Myndighetscentret. The concept is developed on the basis of to the needs of government authorities and it’s divided in two parts, one part with conference and one with letting of workspace. The workspace area has different types of workstation to match the different needs of the customer.</p><p>¨      Mobile workspace suited for customers with temporary need of workspace.</p><p>¨      Cell office of different sizes suited for customers with permanently need of workspace.</p><p>I believe that governmental authorities can benefit from this concept and be seemed as innovative thinking of SFV and a will of develop their property. I also believe SFV:s properties with many cell offices are suited to this concept because of the secrecy between governmental authorities.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Suggestions for future research</strong>: It would be interesting to do a quantitative research of the governmental authorities’ exact needs and how big it is. Also research Swedish serviced office market and the future of it would be interesting.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Contribution of the thesis: </strong>In this report I have shown that governmental authorities in Sweden have a need for variant types of workspace in Stockholm and developed a concept for SFV to meet this need.</p>

BACKGROUND The economic crimes related to the taxation authorities (SKM), aim at evading paying taxes and/or wrongly obtaining tax revenue. SKM has noticed that many newly established companies have intended to be carried on, only for a short period of time and with the aim of generating grant-revenues and in the meantime omit to pay or wrongly account for taxes. SKM wants to investigate the possibilities to develop a method of analysis to identify those corporations. PURPOSE The purpose of this essay is to make a survey of, and identify companies, who fail in their obligations concerning income-tax return and paying taxes and charges and to try to see what is characteristic for those companies in order to find out a method of analysis. Further a study of literature will be done especially concerning who will commit economic crimes and the reasons why they do it. REALISATION I have investigated how the 251 corporations which were registered for F-tax at the local tax office of Eastern Gothenburg (SKR) during 1996 have handled their settlements and income-tax returns from the registration1996 until 1998. I have worked with my essay under guidance of Olle Thegerström and I have under observance of the secrecy of the taxation authorities taken part of all information that have been necessary to fulfil this work. RESULTS From the variables that I have used in my investigation I don't think that it is possible to develop a method to anticipate which companies who will fail in their obligations to SKM. That is not to say that there are not structures, which can anticipate how a company will develop. I think that it is values of the manager of business, which to a large extent direct how the company will act in different situations. His values influence in their turn a great number of factors. In that case a model would have to consist of unreasonably many variables related to individual performance. Such a model would be practically impossible and according to my opinion unacceptable from an ethical point of view to use in practice.

<p>The question this paper seeks to answer is whether decentralization is helpful or harmful to Cameroon&rsquo / s national unity. This study traces the historical, constitutional and political development of the concepts of national unity and decentralization and critically examines their application in the Cameroonian context. It further tests the consolidation of national unity in Cameroon against a theoretical and empirical framework of decentralization. A one-dimensional view of the findings of this study is not very encouraging to regimes seeking to enhance national unity through the implementation of decentralization. However, the major conclusion of this study holds the position that the political outcome of decentralization on Cameroon&rsquo / s national unity is largely a product of the constitutional regulation of both concepts and the manner in which the theoretical dimensions of decentralization are transplanted onto Cameroon&rsquo / s political landscape. The paper recommends certain reforms to assist and guide Cameroon as it simultaneously implements decentralization and consolidates national unity.</p>

Det är inte längre en fråga om huruvida en organisation kommer att drabbas av en kris, utan det är snarare frågan om när. Det har skett en utveckling inom diskursen för kriskommunikation. Fokus ligger nu vid hur organisationer förebygger och förbereder för dessa extraordinära händelser snarare än att reagera när krisen väl har inträffat. Denna studie syftar till att vidga diskursen inom krishantering i en svensk kontext genom att undersöka svenska myndigheter och deras förmåga att vara proaktiva när det gäller krishantering, det vill säga arbeta redan före en kris. Baserad på Mitroffs ramverk för Crisis Leadership har myndigheterna analyserats genom en kvantitativ och kvalitativ undersökning. Av de 70 myndigheter som kontaktades skickades 42 enkäter tillbaka, vilket resulterade i en svarsfrekvens på 60 %. Resultaten från undersökningen visar att de svenska förvaltningsmyndigheterna inte uppfyller idealet för utveckla en proaktiv krishantering. De fyra faktorerna, kristyper, krismekanismer, krissystem och krisintressenter, är indikatorer för en proaktiv hållning. Dessa var inte representerade i de data som samlades in, utom den tredje faktorn som hade en proaktiv organisationskultur samt beredskapsaktiviteter, till exempel att ha en krisplan och en krisledningsgrupp. Slutsatsen är att svenska förvaltningsmyndigheter behöver utveckla en mer proaktiv inställning till sin krishantering rörande goda relationer med sina intressenter, med en krisportfölj som omfattar olika krisfamiljer, ta fram fler signaldetektorer och strategier för att förhindra krisen, till exempel företagens sociala ansvarsprogram (CSR-program). / There is no longer a question of whether an organization will suffer from a crisis; it is rather the question of when. It has been a shift in the discourse of the crisis communication area. Focus now lies in how to prevent and prepare for these extraordinary events instead of reacting when the crisis already has occured. This study aims to expand the crisis management area in a Swedish context by examining Swedish authorities and their capabilities to be proactive in the case of crisis management. Based of Mi- troffs framework for Crisis Leadership, the authorities capabilities have been analyzed through a quantitative and qualitative survey. From the 70 authorities that were contacted, 42 surveys were returned, resulting in an acceptable 60% response rate. The results from the survey show that the Swedish authorities do not fulfil the ideal for develop- ing a proactive crisis management. The four factors, crisis types, crisis mechanisms, crisis system and crisis stakeholder, are indicators for a proactive stance. These were not represented in the data that was gathered, except the third factor which were having a proactive organizational culture along with preparedness activities such as having a crisis plan and a crisis leadership team. The conclusion is that Swedish authorities needs to develop a more proactive approach to their crisis management regarding good relationships with their stakeholders, having a crisis portfolio that covers different crisis families, implement more signal detectors and strategies to prevent cri- sis, for example corporate social responsibilities program.

<p>Governing an ethnically diverse country constitutes a major challenge for state power and government in Cameroon. The call for national unity, championed by the regime in power has had to survive strong demands for greater autonomy and threats of secession by groups from within an English-speaking minority. In response to these demands and threats, and in conjunction with reforms to improve democratic governance and service delivery, Cameroon&rsquo / s state administration has in the last decade resorted to decentralization as a technique for promoting national unity. The question this paper seeks to answer is whether decentralization is helpful or harmful to Cameroon&rsquo / s national unity. This study traces the historical, constitutional and political development of the concepts of national unity and decentralization and critically examines their application in the Cameroonian context. It further tests the consolidation of national unity in Cameroon against a theoretical and empirical framework of decentralization. A one-dimensional view of the findings of this study is not very encouraging to regimes seeking to enhance national unity through the implementation of decentralization. However, the major conclusion of this study holds the position that the political outcome of decentralization on Cameroon&rsquo / s national unity is largely a product of the constitutional regulation of both concepts and the manner in which the theoretical dimensions of decentralization are transplanted onto Cameroon&rsquo / s political landscape. The paper recommends certain reforms to assist and guide Cameroon as it&nbsp / simultaneously implements decentralization and consolidates national unity.</p>

How would you feel if after having spent many years incarcerated for a crime that you did not commit and when finally you are released to a broken life where there is nobody to respond effectively to all the damages that you have and that you will continue to endure due to an unfortunate miscarriage of justice? In Canada, compensation for wrongful convictions is a legal issue which has yet to find a solution for those who the government has denied to pay compensation for and the damages such wrongful conviction brought to their lives. This thesis will analyze the legal problem of compensation for wrongful convictions in Canada from a tort law perspective and will present an alternative to the existing regime to serve justice to those who have been victims of miscarriages of justice.

How would you feel if after having spent many years incarcerated for a crime that you did not commit and when finally you are released to a broken life where there is nobody to respond effectively to all the damages that you have and that you will continue to endure due to an unfortunate miscarriage of justice? In Canada, compensation for wrongful convictions is a legal issue which has yet to find a solution for those who the government has denied to pay compensation for and the damages such wrongful conviction brought to their lives. This thesis will analyze the legal problem of compensation for wrongful convictions in Canada from a tort law perspective and will present an alternative to the existing regime to serve justice to those who have been victims of miscarriages of justice.

This research focuses on how conservation authorities create organizational knowledge to enhance adaptive capacity to improve environmental policy. Organizational knowledge creation refers to the ability to create, disseminate and embody knowledge to improve products, services and systems (Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995). Organizational knowledge is required for building adaptive capacity, which is defined as the ability to anticipate, respond to and learn from disturbance and change. Highly adaptive organizations can anticipate, respond to and learn from disturbances to adjust management practices and overcome weaknesses in policy created by changing circumstances (Ascher 2001). As quasi-government agencies responsible for water management in Ontario, conservation authorities need to respond to change if they are to learn from past experiences and develop innovative water resource policy that adequately addresses increasingly complex social-ecological problems. A broad multidisciplinary literature review was conducted to develop a theoretical framework of conditions that potentially facilitate organizational knowledge creation and adaptive capacity. A case study analysis was conducted using five conservation authorities to acquire insight into the circumstances under which these conditions facilitate knowledge creation and adaptive capacity based on practical water resource management experience in three programs areas: flood damage reduction, low water response and source water protection. The case studies include Credit Valley Conservation, Grand River Conservation Authority, Maitland Valley Conservation Authority, Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Authority and Toronto Region Conservation Authorities and were chosen because they reflect a cross section of institutional attributes in terms of budget, staff, rate of growth and population. A qualitative, exploratory research methodology was employed to undertake analysis of empirical evidence from 64 semi-structured interviews with water resource practitioners. Analysis of interview transcripts was conducted with QSR NVivo, a computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software, to provide insight into the role facilitating conditions played in water resource management. Findings from the analysis suggest there are twelve facilitating conditions for creating organizational knowledge to enhance adaptive capacity in conservation authorities. A conceptual model illustrates the relative importance of the facilitating conditions to conservation authorities and highlights three core conditions: values of trust and respect, social capital and accountability. The other nine conditions include leadership, surveillance of the environment, social memory, autonomy, motivation, conditions for social interaction, dialogue, shared vision and adaptive mental models. The conceptual model identifies and operationalizes theoretical facilitating conditions in water resource management. The model has a strong theoretical underpinning developed through a consolidation of insights from various fields of study including social-ecological systems, knowledge management, organizational learning and collaborative planning. The model’s structure is derived from the observations and experiences of practitioners in managing water resources and can in turn, provide practitioners with an opportunity to recognize how their daily activities and decisions can influence organizational knowledge creation processes and adaptive capacity. From a planning perspective, this research highlights the importance of creating organizational knowledge and building adaptive capacity in planning institutions to improve their ability to develop informed and adaptive public policy.