Thesis (M.A.)--Denver Seminary, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-167).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--New York University, 1974. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-78).

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1987.

Terrorism, as an act of war, has produced new challenges for states and their militaries in the modern era. A typical response for governments that face a terrorist threat is to reassess their institutional posture toward handling such assaults on their territorial sovereignty, to include a redefinition of the conditions under which their militaries may be used to defend and protect domestic interests. This study aims to determine the conditions under which and to what degree a civilian authority's restructuring of its counterterrorism policy alters civil-military relations within that state, specifically examining the institutional and constitutional constraints under which governments formulate their military's role in counterterrorism policy; the type of institutional arrangement that seems most conducive to a powerful military role in a state's counterterrorism policy; and an exploration of the expansion of military authority in response to terrorism in the United States, Israel, the United Kingdom, and Spain. I argue that democratic states will expand the role and responsibilities of their militaries into what were formerly civilian areas of responsibility as a key tool in the implementation of their counterterrorism policy when military authority is only loosely circumscribed by state constitutional and legislative documents; the military has a history of strong participation in the formulation (versus simply implementation) of a state's national security doctrine; and the military maintains an exalted role in national history and is viewed by the citizenry as a core institution of national identity, and the government is facing both high internal and external threat levels. This study is based on the assumption that institutional arrangements play a significant role in the policymaking process, employing the paradigm of Historical Institutionalism to explain how changes within institutions alter civil-military relations in the context of counterterrorism policy, and vice versa. / text

This project is concerned with the role of the storyteller in the production and maintenance of human community. Starting with Roland Barthes's critique of romantic and modernist authorship in "The Death of the Author," I trace the parallels between literary and political authority in the globalized modern world, and ask if they mean that a revision of the author opens space for the reimagination of political community. To answer this question, I draw on recent discussions of cross-cultural comparison and theories of oral tradition to redefine literary voice and its relationship to modern textual authority. I then refer to the distinct cultural traditions that inform McCarthy, Hurston, and Young Bear to understand each author's focus on the material aspects of human speech, such as breath. The emphasis on these aspects of voice changes its use from a way to claim metaphysical certainty and political authority into a means for physical interaction that founds community in mutual vulnerability. The individual author thus becomes a participant in conversation, rather than one who intuits truth from the margins of human society, and the storyteller or political leader is able to take part in but not define the continuance of a given community. In making this argument, I use a study of poetics to ask students and teachers of modern American literatures to see the field as a site for the ongoing legislation of American community and identity, and suggest a method for engaging in comparative analyses that allows for the distinctiveness of different literary and cultural traditions while appreciating the possibilities in their resonating responses to the modern world.

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Anarchist theory assumes that non-hierarchically organised societies both possible and desirable. To show the former requires (1) empirical evidence and (2) a discussion of the theoretical preconditions of cooperation. To show the latter, it is necessary to show that the faults found with the state can be remedied within non-hierarchically ordered societies. One obvious condition for a successful anarchist theory is that the solutions to these separate tasks are mutually consistent. It is the aim of this thesis to show that the theories of Robert Paul Wolff and Robert Nozick are found wanting in this respect. Both their theories of agency rule out the possibility of non-coercive and stable cooperation, which is a necessary precondition for an anarchist society. I conclude with a brief discussion of Michael Taylor's communitarian proposal and defend it against the liberal.

The operative term in the title is "Wakuff'. It is an Arabic term, commonly used in the Muslim World, with pious implications deep-rooted in the sacred texts. (The Holy Qur'an and the Hadith). A Wakuff is an endowment in perpetuity. The Hajee Ahmed Mahomed Lockhat Wakuff was created in 1933 (in Durban, South Africa). The objective of the Wakuff, as stated by the founder, the late Hajee Ahmed Mahomed Lockhat, was to "Create a fund for charitable, educational and religious purposes in the Union of South Africa....." The purpose of this thesis is to examine the role of the Hajee Ahmed Mahomed Lockhat Wakuff in the promotion of Arabic / Islamic Studies. Thus the various learning institutions funded by the Wakuff are identified as well as those institutions that have received assistance directly from the Wakuff, or under the auspices of Islamic Educational Organisation of Southern Africa (IEOSA), the "nerve-centre" of the Islamic educational activities of the Wakuff. In the discussion, the involvement of the Wakuff in the promotion of Arabic / Islamic Studies at the international level is also examined. The South African Muslim community has its own unique social, economic and cultural milieu and the objectives of the Hajee Ahmed Mahomed Lockhat Wakuff have ensured that its' activities are interwoven with the entire religious life and the social economy of Muslims. / Thesis (M.A) - University of Durban-Westville, 2004.

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