The paper outlines the standardization function of the Czech Subject Authority File and explores the role of UDC as a switching language, i.e. as an intermediary between various indexing systems at institutional, national and international level. Subject indexing and classification systems used at the institutional and national level may differ from one another in their levels of specificity, syntactic features (e.g. word order of terms, subject headings versus descriptors), and in the usage of terminology. These differences raise compatibility problems and make any mapping efforts more difficult. The paper explains how such difficulties may be partially overcome by means of the UDC system. The author illustrates the potential application of UDC as a linking element between different subject organization tools used by memory institutions. In this context the author discusses subject indexing systems used in libraries, museums, galleries and archives.

This thesis examines the contribution of local authorities in England to the development of educational inclusion for children with special educational needs (SEN). The literature review traces the development of the concept of inclusion over the last three decades and assesses the status of national government policy. It examines the assertion that progress toward greater inclusion must typically be 'school-led', through an analysis of the literature on school effectiveness and improvement and the suggested linkages with the development of inclusive practice. It then considers the evidence of local authority influence. Following an overview of methodological issues, it describes a multi-method research study, comprising three elements. The first two involved a formal re-analysis of data obtained by the author as part of a national survey of SEN support services in English LEAs commissioned by the DfEE and NASEN (Gray 2001). Quantitative data from the national questionnaire were used as an indicator of the priority given by a range of stakeholders (officers, support services, parent and schools) to the role of support services in promoting greater inclusion. Ratings given by each Authority were compared to national statistics on the percentage of pupils in special schools for a similar period (1997-2001). This comparison was supplemented by a qualitative analysis of field notes taken during visits to three local authorities, as part of the earlier survey. The analysis of this secondary data was supplemented by an in-depth single case-study of an urban Authority where there had been a significant decrease in the percentage of pupils educated in special schools, which had been sustained over time. The findings from the different elements are used to help understand the degree and nature of local authority influence and a conceptual model is proposed, building on earlier work by Ainscow et al (2003) and Croll & Moses (2000). Broader policy factors are proposed, which are consistent with the model but which may limit the direct application of the case-study findings to other local authorities in the current and future context.

This thesis investigates the moral permissibility of military privatization. My analysis focuses on two distinct concepts: the authorization of war and the supply of war. Entities that authorize war decide that military force will be used and by whom; entities that supply war then execute the various tasks that have been authorized for performance. Part I argues that private actors may not justifiably authorize war. The reason is that, in so doing, they would impose considerable risks on individuals who lack a say in authorization—particularly fellow countrymen who may suffer from retaliatory military action—and we ought not to impose considerable risks on individuals who lack such a say. Public actors have a right, and indeed a duty, to prevent private actors from authorizing military force. Moreover, public actors have a further duty to authorize military force when their constituents are threatened. Part II then seeks to show that public actors who authorize military force may rely upon private contractors to an extent in military supply. Public actors may not rely upon private contractors to exercise command. The reason is that commanders must be able to punish their subordinates in intrusive ways (e.g. imprisonment) to ensure the prosecution of just wars. Such intrusive forms of punishment should only be dispensed by public actors. In addition, public actors may not rely upon private contractors to serve above commanders on the chain of command. Such high-ranking military officers exercise substantial political power over civilian decisions of military authorization and supply; moreover, these officers make weighty decisions in battle that substantially affect the well-being of others. Public actors, however, should be permitted to rely upon private contractors to serve below military commanders on the chain of command in rank-and-file military roles so long as these contractors are properly constrained and regulated.

This study examines the relationship between scriptural authority and the life of faith in the prominent English Reformed orthodox theologian, John Owen. While aspects of Owen’s argument have caught the attention of scholars across a relatively diverse range of fields, no full-length historical treatment of this theme has yet appeared, and many of its distinctive features remain unexplored. The thesis particularly seeks to show how Owen creatively drew upon an ‘ecumenical’ dogmatic and metaphysical heritage to restate and refine the traditional Reformed position on scriptural authority, sensitive to intellectual developments in his own late seventeenth-century context. The broader intention is to enrich the expanding scholarly interest in Owen’s thought, alongside Puritan, Reformed orthodox thought in general, and also, perhaps, to serve as a resource for those approaching this general subject from other disciplines. The thesis concentrates on Owen’s Reason of Faith (1677), in conversation with his wider mature corpus. After an introduction which presents the background and parameters for the study, chapter 2 introduces the central themes of Reason of Faith. It points to Owen’s engagement with contemporary apologists and their deleterious reliance on well-worn rational arguments or ‘evidences’ as the foundation for faith. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 examine Owen’s own constructive position. While recognising and incorporating the value of ‘objective evidence’ in faith, Owen offers his own critical reformulation that preserves the integrity of faith as something resting exclusively on divine testimony. Chapters 3 and 4 focus upon the role of subjective divine illumination in the perception of natural truths (chapter 3), and the gracious truths revealed in scripture (chapter 4), noting especially Owen’s use of habitual terminology derived from scholastic thought. Chapter 5 examines the critical function of scripture’s ‘light’ and ‘power’ as the divine ‘evidence’ or ‘objective testimony’ which appeals uniquely to the regenerated and elevated faculties, and secures faith. The chapter also aims to observe how Owen relates this authority to important christological and redemptive themes emerging elsewhere in his thought, not least the restored ‘image of God’. The final two chapters shift attention to related features of scripture. Honouring the essentially confessional nature of scripture’s authority, chapter 6 shows how Owen locates scripture within a covenantal frame, drawing upon a traditional account of inspiration. Chapter 7 explores the relationship Owen sees between scriptural authority and perspicuity, which enables an immediate, ongoing relationship between the rule of Christ and his church, and regulates the way it is read and understood by believers using the means of grace. The conclusion summarises Owen’s unique contribution to the Reformed consensus on scriptural authority in the face of an increasing fragmentation of confessional orthodoxy on this issue. Three compact appendices are added: Appendix A discusses Owen’s reliance on peripatetic cognitive metaphysics; Appendix B provides a survey of key historical developments in the Augustinian doctrine of natural illumination; Appendix C addresses some historiographical problems pertaining to inspiration in Reformed orthodoxy and Owen in particular.

Authority and conformism; social psychology of Nazism This thesis attends to Nazism from the perspective of social psychology. Its aim is to analyze Nazism by using chosen theoretical concepts of social psychology, namely authority and conformism. The work begins with the presentation of the concept of totalitarianism, when in the first instance the term totalitarianism is generally defined and then the great part of this chapter deals with the concept of totalitarianism in Hannah Arendt's conception. At the end of this chapter there are mentioned some limits of Hannah Arendt's conception. The ideology of Nazism is the content of the next chapter. There are terms ideology and Nazism defined and subsequently there is the goal and basic characterization of Nazi ideology given. The third chapter deals with the authority and the conformism as social psychological phenomena. The first part of this chapter defines conformism, lists the possible resolution of its causes and basic typology of its consequences. Furthermore, there are presented the most important classical studies in the field of the scientific study of conformism carried out by laboratory exepriments and briefly outlined the problems of disposal and situational approach. Next a brief treatise on modern individualism as a possible aspect of...

Social Psychology of Nazism; Law in the Third Reich This thesis deals with two essential aspects of the former Nazi Third Reich (1933-1945) - the law and social psychology such as conformism and authority. The aim of this thesis is to analyse and evaluate this problematic with a closer focus on a certain part of these two topics. The first part focuses on the basic terms and general context. There are described definitions of totalitarianism and Nazism in Germany and the history from the Weimar Republic to the end of the Third Reich. There is also chapter describing the role of propaganda in Nazi Germany, which was precisely managed and strongly influenced the German population. The second part of the text deals with Nazi law, old and new sources of law and especially well-known Nuremberg Laws, which are analysed in detail. Part of this chapter is focused on the comparison of Czech law and the law in the Third Reich, respectively whether and how is protected the state against undemocratic forms of government and this kind of political parties. The last part is focused on social psychology (selected phenomenon) which played an important role in the Third Reich - the conformism and authority. Emphasis was placed on practical experiments and concrete examples of these phenomena in Germany. Topic of this thesis...

The theme of my thesis is Conformity and Authority, social psychology of Nazism. The purpose of my thesis is to analyse human behaviour during the Nazi period, in particular human tendency to conformity behaviour and obedience to the authority. I have two main reasons to choose this concrete topic for my thesis. First of all I am psychologist and it is quite interesting for me to explore theme both from law and psychological point of view. Secondly, my great - grandfather was member of resistance during The Second World War. He was executed in concentration camp in 1942. Because of his choice I was personally interested in exploring nonconformal behaviour or heroism. The thesis is divided into ten chapters including The Introduction and The Conclusion. Chapter one is The Introduction and defines basic questions which I would like to answer in my thesis. I also present the structure of whole thesis there. The second chapter concentrates on my family story I mentioned before. I provide there more details about the story of my great- grandfather and consequences of his resolution for my family. Chapter three is devoted to Nazism and is subdivided into four subchapters - Definition, Leader, Rising of Nazism and Antisemitism. In chapter four I concentrate on Conformism. The aim of this chapter is to...

This thesis offers a close reading and an analysis of the Vida of Madre María Magdalena Lorravaquio. It is the purpose of this thesis to examine how Lorravaquio expresses agency, authority and power throughout her Vida by means of the rhetoric of imitatio Christi and descriptions of her visions and illnesses. For the aim of this work, agency is interpreted as free-will and consciousness in terms of action; as a result, the author and the work itself, both of which demonstrate agency, exude power and authority. This type of analysis will explore if the Vida genre can be read as quasi-feminist texts.

Thesis advisor: Richard Kearney / This dissertation presents a systematic reading of the four discourses Kierkegaard wrote on Matthew 6:24-34, which I am calling the Lily Discourses (“What We Learn from the Lily in the Field and the Bird of the Air” (1847); “The Cares of the Pagans” (1848); “The Lily in the Field and the Bird of the Air” (1849); “Christ as Archi-Image” (1851)). Matthew instructs the reader to “consider the lilies,” and in reading this passage Kierkegaard presents the lilies as authoritative, rather than merely “figural” or “metaphoric”. The aim of this dissertation is to describe what Kierkegaard means by the authority of the lily and the bird. Since Kierkegaard engages with and in “figural” language in his pseudonymous as well as his signed texts, what he says about the lily and the bird in these four Discourses is significant for all of Kierkegaard’s work. In the first and the third Discourses Kierkegaard writes lyrically of the beauty of nature, but concludes with a brutal picture of nature’s death and decay. It is not nature, this dissertation argues, but the trace nature leaves in language, that Kierkegaard is investigating. Kierkegaard ends the first Discourse by invoking the positing power of language: he says, “Let the lily wither”. As if in response to the death at the end of the first Discourse, the second is written in praise “on the day all goes black.” If the first two Discourses describe the authority of the lily and the bird in terms of the performative – of positing and praise – the third Discourse describes this authority in terms of receptivity. The lily and the bird are obedient, Kierkegaard says there. He develops an account of obedience that is, on the one hand, required for reading the lily and the bird (for granting authority), and on the other, is the lesson taught by the lily and the bird. In the fourth Discourse Kierkegaard presents the archi-image (Forbillede, previously translated in English as “pattern” or “prototype”) and what corresponds to it: “imitation.” Only when we imitate, rather than ape mimetically or endlessly interpret, can the image (Billede) that we are responding to be the archi-image (Forbillede). The lily and the bird, the dissertation argues, have the authority of the archi-image only if we can read them in a certain way, that is, if our reading is non-mimetic imitation. For Kierkegaard imitation is an act, made by an individual person at a concrete time and place in history; it therefore commits the reader, in her full responsibility (including “social” or “political”) in the risk of reading. The dissertation has four chapters, each devoted to one of Kierkegaard’s Lily Discourses. Accordingly, Chapter One describes Kierkegaard’s account of the authority of the lily and the bird as positing, Chapter Two as praise, Chapter Three as obedience and Chapter Four as imitation. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Philosophy.

La loi de 1905 intègre la notion de séparation stricte entre les cultes et l'État, mais aussi, permet l'émergence de la notion de neutralité religieuse de l'État, constituant une forme de privatisation de la religion désormais marginalisée. En un siècle, la situation a notablement changée puisqu'il a été envisagé de considérer l'aboutissement éventuel à un troisième seuil de la laïcité. Les religions sont nécessaires à la société civile, à son épanouissement et son équilibre, et en conséquence elles doivent pouvoir œuvrer librement avec l'appuie et la protection de l'État. Désormais, ni l'État ni les communes ne peuvent s'immiscer dans la religion sauf pour préserver l'ordre public, C'est pour cela que les ministres du cultes se sont vus revêtir de la mission d'organisation et de gestion des cultes. Cependant, certaines religions n'intègrent pas d'organisation hiérarchique, ce qui empêche la mise en place d'un ministre du culte (par exemple l'Islam). A l'époque contemporaine, plusieurs problèmes se posent car le paysage religieux a changé. Les questions de subventions des cultes, les inhumations, plus en profondeur la relation des communes avec les cultes présents sur leurs territoire et l'immixtion de l'État dans les affaires de locales, sont des questions récurrentes qui méritent réflexion. / The 1905 law incorporates the concept of strict separation between religions and the state, but also allows the emergence of the concept of religious neutrality of the state, constituting a form of privatization of religion now marginalized. Within a century, the situation has changed significantly since it was proposed to consider the possible outcome to a third threshold of secularism. Religions are necessary for civil society to flourish and balance, and consequently they must be able to work freely with the support and protection of the state. Now, neither the state nor local authorities can not interfere in religion except to preserve public order, This is why ministers cults are seen to take the organization and management tasks of Worship. However, some religions do not include hierarchical organization, which prevents the establishment of a minister of religion (eg Islam). In modern times, several problems arise because the religious landscape has changed. Issues grants of worship, burials, deeper relationship with the common religions present on their territory and the interference of the state in the affairs of local, are recurring issues that deserve consideration.