This thesis examines the relationship between the three artists' workshops Røde Mor (Red Mother), Folkets Ateljé (The People's Studio) and GRAS, who worked between 1968 and 1975 in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Røde Mor was from the outset an articulated Communist graphic workshop loosely organised around collective exhibitions. It developed into a highly productive and professionalised group of artists that made posters by commission for political and social movements. Its artists developed a familiar and popular artistic language characterised by imaginative realism and socialist imagery. Folkets Ateljé, which has never been studied before, was a close knit underground group which created quick and immediate responses to concurrent political issues. This group was founded on the example of Atelier Populaire in France and is strongly related to its practices. Within this comparative study it is the group that comes closest to collective practises around 1968 outside Scandinavia, namely the democratic assembly. The silkscreen workshop GRAS stemmed from the idea of economic and artistic freedom, although socially motivated and politically involved, the group never implemented any doctrine for participation. The aim of this transnational study is to reveal common denominators to the three groups' poster art as it was produced in connection with a Scandinavian experience of 1968. By ‘1968' it is meant the period from the late 1960s till the end of the 1970s. It examines the socio-political conditions under which the groups flourished and shows how these groups operated in conjunction with the political environment of 1968. The thesis explores the relationship between political movements and the collective art making process as it appeared in Scandinavia. To present a comprehensible picture of the impact of 1968 on these groups, their artworks, manifestos, and activities outside of the collective space have been discussed. The argument has presented itself that even though these groups had very similar ideological stances, their posters and techniques differ. This has impacted the artists involved to different degrees, yet made it possible to express the same political goals. It is suggested to be linked with the Scandinavian social democracies and common experience of the radicalisation that took place mostly in the aftermath of 1968 proper. By comparing these three groups' it has been uncovered that even with the same socio-political circumstances and ideological stance divergent styles did develop to embrace these issue.

La thèse porte sur le work in progress de Raoul Hausmann, "Hylé", dont la genèse exceptionnelle s'étend sur plus de 30 ans (1926-58). "Hylé I" (inédit) et "Hylé II" (2006) traitent des années 1926-33 (Allemagne) et 1933-36 (Ibiza) de la vie de Hausmann. Ces ensembles textuels, qui résultent tous deux du montage d'une centaine d'unités textuelles, transcendent les appartenances génériques au profit d'une identité transgénérique, plurielle et mobile. Au regard du rôle majeur de Hausmann dans le mouvement Dada à Berlin, tant sur le plan théorique que par sa production plastique et poétique, le présent travail pose la question de la continuation d'un projet d'avant-garde dans "Hylé". L'exploration des relations intermédiales entre Hylé et le photomontage, la poésie visuelle et la photographie – formes d'expression investies par Hausmann pendant ou après Dada – permet d'éclairer la permanence de son projet utopique d'une augmentation de la perception sensorielle humaine. L'analyse comparée de "Hylé I" et "Hylé II" s'appuie sur la reconstruction de la genèse du texte à partir des deux grands fonds d'archives français et allemand. Elle montre d'abord, au niveau macrostructurel, que le montage crée un mode de cohérence spatial et dynamique qui concurrence celui de la linéarité narrative, soutenu en cela dans "Hylé II" par une véritable poétique de l'espace. Elle fait ensuite ressortir l'ambivalence d'une entreprise autobiographique qui se forme au cours de la genèse et oscille entre la constitution rétrospective du moi et sa dissolution (ou sa fragmentation). Enfin, elle s'attache à l'expérimentation langagière conçue comme le projet utopique de mettre en mouvement les limites rigides imposées à notre connaissance par le langage, projet qui culmine dans l'écriture multilingue de l'exil dans "Hylé II". / This thesis discusses Raoul Hausmann's work in progress, Hyle, whose genesis lasted over 30 years (1926-1958). "Hyle I" (unpublished) and "Hyle II" (2006) both have strong autobiographical character and deal with the years 1926-33 (Germany) and 1933-36 (Ibiza). Each consists of approximately a hundred units combined together into a textual ensemble, which goes beyond traditional genre classifications and produce a transgeneric, plural and mobile textual identity. Taking into account Hausmann's crucial importance in Berlin Dada both on the theoretical field and for his artistic and poetical production, this thesis looks into the question of the continuation of an avant-garde project within "Hyle". In order to understand what remains of Hausmann's utopian project of an enlargement of human perception, it is most helpful to explore the intermedial relations between the work in progress and Hausmann's practice of photomontage, visual poetry and photography. The comparative analysis of "Hyle I" and "Hyle II" is based on an extensive genetic enquiry using the two principal Hausmann archives in Germany and France. It first focusses on the macrostructural level and highlights how the technique of textual montage creates a spatial and dynamic coherence mode, which is conflicting with that of narrative linearity – this being supported in "Hyle II" by a comprehensive poetics of space. The analysis then sheds some light on the ambiguity of an autobiographical project which forms itself in the course of the genesis and oscillates between retrospective subject constitution and subject fragmentation or dissolution. It finally analyses the language experiment in Hyle as a utopian attempt to shift the verbal bondaries which limit our understanding – culminating in "Hyle II" with the multilingual writing influenced by the exile years. / Die Dissertation untersucht Raoul Hausmanns Work-in-progress "Hyle" unter Berücksichtigung seiner mehr als 30 Jahre umfassenden Textgenese (1926-1958). "Hyle I" (unveröffentlicht) und "Hyle II" (2006) handeln von Hausmanns Leben in den Jahren 1926-33 (Deutschland) und 1933-36 (Ibiza). Diese jeweils aus ca. 100 zusammenmontierten Einheiten bestehenden Textensembles gehen über traditionelle Gattungszugehörigkeit hinaus zugunsten einer transgenerischen, pluralen und beweglichen Identität. Ausgehend von Hausmanns wesentlicher Rolle in Dada-Berlin – im theoretischen wie im künstlerischen und poetischen Bereich – wird in dieser Arbeit der Frage nach der Fortschreibung eines Avantgarde-Projekts in "Hyle" nachgegangen. Das vielfach intermediale Verhältnis des Schreibprojekts zu den Ausdrucksformen der Fotomontage, der visuellen Poesie und der Fotografie wird herausgearbeitet und in Beziehung zu Hausmanns utopischem Projekt einer Erweiterung der menschlichen Wahrnehmung gesetzt. Die vergleichende Analyse von "Hyle I" und "II" erfolgt anhand einer fundierten, sich auf den beiden Haupt-Nachlässen in Deutschland und Frankreich stützenden Rekonstruktion der Textgenese. Sie zeigt zuerst auf makrostruktureller Ebene, wie die Text-Montage einen räumlich-dynamischen, im Spannungsfeld mit einem linear-narrativen stehenden Kohärenzmodus stiftet, und wie sich dies zudem in "Hyle II" in einer umfassende Raumpoetik artikuliert. Die Analyse hebt dann das Ambivalente eines autobiographischen Unternehmens hervor, das sich erst im Laufe der Genese entwickelt und zwischen retrospektiver Ich-Konstitution und Subjekt-Auflösung bzw. -Fragmentierung oszilliert. Sie befasst sich schließlich mit dem Sprachexperiment als einem utopischen Projekt, das den starren, unsere Erkenntnis beschränkenden Grenzen der Sprache erneut Beweglichkeit zu verleihen sucht – und im mehrsprachigen, durch Exil-Erfahrung geprägten Schreiben in "Hyle II" seinen Höhepunkt erreicht.

A Landscape with Furniture. Designs, plans, and buildings of Jan E. Koula (1896-1975) and his notion of a "people's dwelling". Marcela Suchomelová Abstract (EN) The thesis focuses on the professional and personal course of life of a Prague architect, designer, painter, documentarian, teacher, theoretician and editor of specialized magazines on architecture and housing culture in the interwar and the onset war era and in line with the avant-garde thinking. Nowadays, the theoretical and artistic legacy of Jan E. Koula (1896-1975) is seen in his remarkable ability to popularize ethics and aesthetic in the contemporary housing culture, and in his capability of pragmatic characterization, evaluation and promotion of modern style of living. He was very consistent and unceasing in doing so, while having the model of Le Corbusier's functionalist purism in mind. An analysis of the then publications, archival documents and Koula's autobiography allowed us to compare his singular interventions in architecture and design as well as the interior housing or exhibition concepts, not to mention the circumstances of their origin and ideological contribution in the plurality of activities, interests, and the social and cultural background of the period between 1920' and 1940'. Jan E. Koula dealt with the issue of housing...

This dissertation thesis deals with the work of three contemporary Czech artists - Josef Bolf, Jakub Špaňhel and Lubomír Typlt. The reason for choosing these three was the fact that all of the artists represent the same generation which entered the art scene in the late 1990s and their canvases can be equally described as expressive, although right at first glance there are noticeable differences in the intervention of the emotional and sense elements which participated in the creation process of the work of art, but also in its content. Contemporary expressive paintings are influenced by the development of art in the second half of the 20th century which is based on the continuous comparing of expressive subjectivity and its negation or intentional application and irony. That is why I decided to illustratively explore the movements which took place in terms of the foreign and Czech scene during the second half of the 20th century in the field of expressive painting. Because the Czech art arose in different conditions, I explored the changes of this phenomenon separately in these geographical areas, but at the same time I carried out a partial analysis of the works and comparisons with the work of the three chosen artists based on these findings. Subsequently, I analysed the work of the chosen...

My dissertation explores Shakespeare’s negotiation of Reformation controversy about theories of salvation. While twentieth century literary criticism tended to regard Shakespeare as a harbinger of secularism, the so-called “turn to religion” in early modern studies has given renewed attention to the religious elements in Shakespeare and his contemporaries. Yet in spite of the current popularity of early modern religion studies, there remains an aura of uncertainty regarding some of the doctrinal or liturgical specificities of the period. This historical gap is especially felt with respect to theories of salvation, or soteriology. Such ambiguity, however, calls for further inquiry into historical theology. As one of the “hot-button” issues of the Reformation, salvation was fiercely contested in Shakespeare’s day, making it essential for scholarship to differentiate between conformist (Church of England), godly (puritan), and recusant (Catholic) strains of soteriology in Shakespearean plays. I explore how the language and concepts of faith, grace, charity, the sacraments, election, free will, justification, sanctification, and atonement find expression in Shakespeare’s plays. In doing so, I contribute to the recovery of a greater understanding of the relationship between early modern religion and Shakespearean drama. While I share Kastan’s reluctance to attribute particular religious convictions to Shakespeare (A Will to Believe 143), in some cases such critical guardedness has diverted attention from the religious topography of Shakespeare’s plays. My first chapter explores the tension in The Merchant of Venice between Protestant notions of justification by faith and a Catholic insistence upon works of mercy. The infamous trial scene, in particular, deconstructs cherished Protestant ideology by refuting the efficacy of faith when it is divorced from ethical behaviour. The second chapter situates Hamlet in the stream of Lancelot Andrewes’s “avant-garde conformity” (to use Peter Lake’s coinage), thereby explaining why Claudius’s prayer in the definitive text of the second quarto has intimations of soteriological agency that are lacking in the first quarto. The third chapter argues that Hamlet undermines the ghost’s association of violence and religion, thus implicitly critiquing the proliferation of religious violence on both sides of the Reformation divide. The fourth chapter argues that Calvin’s theory of the vicarious atonement of Christ, expounded so eloquently by Isabella in Measure for Measure, meets substantial resistance, especially when the Duke and others attempt to apply the soteriological principle of substitution to the domains of sexuality and law. The ethical failures that result from an over-realized soteriology indicate that the play corroborates Luther’s idea that a distinction must be maintained between the sacred and secular realms. The fifth chapter examines controversies in the English church about the (il)legitimacy of exorcising demons, a practice favoured by Jesuits but generally frowned upon by Calvinists. Shakespeare cleverly negotiates satirical source material by metaphorizing exorcisms in King Lear in a way that seems to acknowledge Calvinist scepticism, yet honour Jesuit compassion. Throughout this study, my hermeneutic is to read Shakespeare through the lens of contemporary theological controversy and to read contemporary theology through the lens of Shakespeare. / Graduate / 2023-11-20

A partir da compressão mais ferrenha da ditadura de 1964 no Brasil, e de um diálogo mais direto com as vanguardas que ocorrem no mundo, após 1968 abrem-se novas perspectivas de criação nas artes e, especificamente, no teatro, resultando numa revolução de comportamento e cultural que, apesar de nascer em pleno \"sufoco\", paradoxalmente apresenta uma riqueza de novas propostas. Tais propostas formarão o triângulo da contracultura (tropicalismo - movimento marginal - cultura alternativa) que marcará espaço na década de 1970 pela diferença. Na conquista do direito de confrontar-se com o estabelecido, em contraponto ao establishment, ao milagre brasileiro e a uma recepção crítica perplexa que, apesar de reconhecer certo mérito nestas manifestações, prioriza diagnosticar irracionalismo e alienação, o novo teatro inaugura muitos dos princípios, técnicas e procedimentos cênicos que abrirão espaço, a duras penas, para a liberdade definitiva da possibilidade de experimentar. A pesquisa que proponho tem como finalidade identificar: o que se entende por teatro experimental em seu nascedouro, no Brasil; como surgiu e operou dentro da arte e da cultura e se podem ser identificados momentos diversos com características próprias. Para uma melhor visualização dessas questões e como amostras de vertentes distintas dentro do teatro experimental no recorte estabelecido aqui, analiso, - de forma mais aprofundada -, os espetáculos Rito do Amor Selvagem, de José Agrippino de Paula e Maria Esther Stockler com o Grupo Sonda, 1969; Gracias, Señor, primeira criação coletiva do Teatro Oficina, 1972; e Trate-me Leão , do Asdrúbal Trouxe o Trombone, 1978. Por meio destes resgates podemos avaliar qual os legados imediatos e os menos visíveis que esses trabalhos e tendências deixaram para as próximas gerações, inclusive a nós que aqui estamos em pleno segundo milênio. / From the more inclement pressing of 1964-Brazilian dictatorship, and the more direct dialogue with the vanguards that emerged in the world, after 1968, new perspectives of creation opened in the arts and specifically in the theater fields, resulting in a behavioral and cultural revolution that, although born under \"asphyxia\", paradoxically presented a wealth of new proposals, which constituted the triangle of the Counterculture (Tropicalism - Marginal Movement -Alternative Culture) that would impress the 1970s with the difference mark. To conquer the right to fight what was already established, as a counterpoint to the establishment, to the Brazilian Miracle and to a mesmerized critical reception - that although recognizing some merit in these demonstrations, prioritizes diagnosing alienation and slavery - the New Theater inaugurates many of the scenic principles, techniques, and procedures that would arduously open space to the utmost freedom in the experimenting possibilities. The aim of this study is to identify what is meant by experimental theatre in its emerging state in Brazil; how did it come forth and operate within art and culture; and if diverse moments with specific characteristics can be identified. To better view these issues and view them as different strands samples within the experimental theatre scope defined hereby, I will analyze in greater detail and depth the plays Rito do Amor Selvagem, by José Agrippino de Paula and Maria Esther Stockler, with the Group Sonda, 1969; Gracias, Señor, the first collective creation by Teatro Oficina, 1972; and Trate-me Leão, by Asdrúbal Trouxe o Trombone Group, 1978. By means of these recovering procedure, we are able to assess what is both the immediate and the less visible legacy these plays and trends left to following generations, including us, here, in the second millennium.

A partir da compressão mais ferrenha da ditadura de 1964 no Brasil, e de um diálogo mais direto com as vanguardas que ocorrem no mundo, após 1968 abrem-se novas perspectivas de criação nas artes e, especificamente, no teatro, resultando numa revolução de comportamento e cultural que, apesar de nascer em pleno \"sufoco\", paradoxalmente apresenta uma riqueza de novas propostas. Tais propostas formarão o triângulo da contracultura (tropicalismo - movimento marginal - cultura alternativa) que marcará espaço na década de 1970 pela diferença. Na conquista do direito de confrontar-se com o estabelecido, em contraponto ao establishment, ao milagre brasileiro e a uma recepção crítica perplexa que, apesar de reconhecer certo mérito nestas manifestações, prioriza diagnosticar irracionalismo e alienação, o novo teatro inaugura muitos dos princípios, técnicas e procedimentos cênicos que abrirão espaço, a duras penas, para a liberdade definitiva da possibilidade de experimentar. A pesquisa que proponho tem como finalidade identificar: o que se entende por teatro experimental em seu nascedouro, no Brasil; como surgiu e operou dentro da arte e da cultura e se podem ser identificados momentos diversos com características próprias. Para uma melhor visualização dessas questões e como amostras de vertentes distintas dentro do teatro experimental no recorte estabelecido aqui, analiso, - de forma mais aprofundada -, os espetáculos Rito do Amor Selvagem, de José Agrippino de Paula e Maria Esther Stockler com o Grupo Sonda, 1969; Gracias, Señor, primeira criação coletiva do Teatro Oficina, 1972; e Trate-me Leão , do Asdrúbal Trouxe o Trombone, 1978. Por meio destes resgates podemos avaliar qual os legados imediatos e os menos visíveis que esses trabalhos e tendências deixaram para as próximas gerações, inclusive a nós que aqui estamos em pleno segundo milênio. / From the more inclement pressing of 1964-Brazilian dictatorship, and the more direct dialogue with the vanguards that emerged in the world, after 1968, new perspectives of creation opened in the arts and specifically in the theater fields, resulting in a behavioral and cultural revolution that, although born under \"asphyxia\", paradoxically presented a wealth of new proposals, which constituted the triangle of the Counterculture (Tropicalism - Marginal Movement -Alternative Culture) that would impress the 1970s with the difference mark. To conquer the right to fight what was already established, as a counterpoint to the establishment, to the Brazilian Miracle and to a mesmerized critical reception - that although recognizing some merit in these demonstrations, prioritizes diagnosing alienation and slavery - the New Theater inaugurates many of the scenic principles, techniques, and procedures that would arduously open space to the utmost freedom in the experimenting possibilities. The aim of this study is to identify what is meant by experimental theatre in its emerging state in Brazil; how did it come forth and operate within art and culture; and if diverse moments with specific characteristics can be identified. To better view these issues and view them as different strands samples within the experimental theatre scope defined hereby, I will analyze in greater detail and depth the plays Rito do Amor Selvagem, by José Agrippino de Paula and Maria Esther Stockler, with the Group Sonda, 1969; Gracias, Señor, the first collective creation by Teatro Oficina, 1972; and Trate-me Leão, by Asdrúbal Trouxe o Trombone Group, 1978. By means of these recovering procedure, we are able to assess what is both the immediate and the less visible legacy these plays and trends left to following generations, including us, here, in the second millennium.