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Dans l’industrie aéronautique, le remplacement progressif des alliages d’aluminium par des alliages de magnésium est une des solutions pour alléger les avions et ainsi lutter contre le bruit et la pollution. En effet, avec une densité inférieure d’un tiers à celle de l’aluminium, le magnésium est le plus léger des métaux de structure. Toutefois, sa réactivité chimique importante restreint considérablement son domaine d’application. Malgré de bonnes propriétés mécaniques, un des problèmes des alliages de Mg est leur résistance à la corrosion, mal connue et peu maîtrisée en pratique. Les alliages de magnésium enrichis en aluminium (type AZ91D et AM50) sont actuellement les plus utilisés. Ils sont constitués de deux phases principales : la phase alpha et le précipité Mg17Al12 (phase ß). Ces alliages peuvent être synthétisés de plusieurs façons différentes : les procédés les plus utilisés actuellement sont la coulée sous pression (high pressure die casting) et la coulée gravitaire. La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à l’étude microstructurale et électrochimique des alliages de magnésium enrichis en aluminium et coulés par gravité ou sous pression. L’influence du pourcentage d’aluminium, ainsi que celle de l’état de surface, ont été étudiées. Dans des conditions de coeur, les alliages de magnésium présentent un comportement passif. L’augmentation de la teneur en aluminium permet généralement une meilleure tenue à la corrosion. Cependant, elle est aussi à l’origine du phénomène de piqûration aléatoire, engendré par une accumulation locale de phase ß. Dans des conditions de peau, les alliages coulés sous pression présentent systématiquement un comportement actif et, dans ce cas, l’augmentation de la teneur en aluminium a un effet néfaste sur la tenue à la corrosion, dû à la formation de larges plages de phase ß en surface engendrées par le processus d’élaboration lui-même. Enfin, le procédé d’élaboration par coulée gravitaire induit une forte rugosité qui procure aux alliages une mauvaise tenue à la corrosion dans des conditions de peau. La seconde partie de ce travail est une étude comparative entre les différents traitements de conversion chimique les plus utilisés actuellement sur les alliages de magnésium : les traitements de phosphatation amorphe ou à base de Ce(III) s’avèrent plus performants que celui de chromatation qui est désormais interdit en raison de la toxicité du chrome hexavalent. En revanche, le traitement à base de stannates s’est avéré très décevant. Cette étude s’est inscrite dans le cadre du projet européen IDEA (6ème PCRD) en collaboration avec une douzaine de partenaires européens et israéliens. / In the aeronautical industry, aluminium alloys are progressively replaced by magnesium alloys, so as to lighten planes and consequently decrease noise and pollution. Actually, with a density of one third lower than the one of aluminium, magnesium is the lightest structural metal. However, its high chemical reactivity limits its application field: in spite of good mechanical properties, the main drawback of magnesium alloys is their corrosion resistance, which is insufficiently known. At the moment, magnesium alloys enriched with aluminium (as AZ91D or AM50 ones) are among the most used. They are made of two main phases: alpha-phase and Mg17Al12 compound (ß-phase). These alloys can be synthesized of different ways. High pressure die casting and gravity die casting are among the most used processes. The first part of this work is a microstructural and electrochemical study of magnesium alloys enriched with aluminium and obtained with gravity or high pressure die castings. The aluminium content effect, as well as the surface state, were investigated. In bulk conditions, magnesium alloys show a passive behaviour. The higher the aluminium content is, the better the corrosion resistance is. But, for highest aluminium contents, an uncertain pitting phenomenon can also be induced, due to a local accumulation of ß-phase. In skin conditions, high pressure die casting alloys always show an active behaviour, and the higher the aluminium content is, the worse the corrosion resistance is, because of the formation of big areas of ß-phase near the alloy’s surface and due to the casting process itself. At least, the gravity die casting process induces a strong roughness which strongly decreases the magnesium alloys corrosion resistance in skin conditions. The second part of this work is a comparative study between the different chemical conversion coatings which are among the most used on magnesium alloys: phosphate-based and Ce(III)-based treatments are more corrosion resistant than chromate-based treatment. This last one is now forbidden because of the high toxicity of chromium (VI). In another hand, stannate-based treatment is the less protective one. This study was performed in the framework of the IDEA project (6th PCRD), in collaboration with a dozen of Israeli and European partners.

Before beginning the experimental work of this study, a magnesium high pressure die casting facility is set up to manufacture magnesium cast parts for defence industry. In this thesis two components are cold chamber high pressure die casted using magnesium alloy AZ91 as raw material, and one component was manufactured using both aluminium alloy A.413, and magnesium alloy AZ91. Mechanical properties of high pressure die casting parts depend on various parameters such as, thickness of the cast part, position of the cast part in the cavity, molten metal temperature, die temperature, piston speeds, and injection pressure. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of section thickness of the cast part, position of the cast part in the die cavity, piston speeds, and molten metal temperature on mechanical properties of magnesium die cast parts. Tensile properties of products from Al A.413 and Mg AZ91 alloys are also compared. Casting analysis software is used to simulate filling and temperature evolution of three different casting components. Piston speeds are first calculated from equations in the literature and then verified by using the software. Specimens for microstructural investigation, and mechanical tests are machined directly from the mass produced parts. Optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy investigations are carried out for grain size and porosity determination. Tensile tests are conducted for yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and % elongation values. The results of casting analysis software simulations, grains size investigations, porosity investigations, and tensile tests are correlated to each other. Optimum piston speeds, optimum molten metal temperatures are observed, effect of grain size and porosity concentrations on the effect of mechanical properties are compared. Weight of cast parts produced from Mg AZ91 are 35 % lower than that of Al A.413 parts. However, ultimate tensile strength of the cast parts produced from Mg AZ91 are found to be similar to the aluminium parts.

This master’s thesis is focused on corrosion resistance of nickel-phosphorus coatings on magnesium alloy AZ91. In the theoretical part is summarized current knowledge about magnesium alloys and electroless deposition of Ni-P coatings including ongoing reactions. Theoretical part also lists all substances contained in the nickel bath and their specific use there. In the second half of theoretical part are discussed corrosion and immersion tests. Theoretical part is ended by review aimed towards the research in areas of immersion tests. Experimental part describes individual steps of pretreatment on magnesium alloy and then deposition of the Ni-P coating. Composition and morphology of deposited Ni-P coating and magnesium alloy were studied using energy dispersive spectroscopy. Experiment part also contains list of experiments trying to figure out ideal thickness of low-phosphorus coating which is able to protect magnesium alloy from corrosion. Master’s thesis is ended with the list of immersion tests and results which outcomes from them.

This work deals with the corrosion protection of magnesium alloy AZ31, AZ61, AZ91 using fluoride conversion coating prepared from Na[BF4] melt. The theoretical part describes the properties of magnesium alloys, the recent results of fluoride conversion coatings preparation and analysis of the available literature about the properties of salt Na[BF4] and its decomposition products. The experimental part was devided into two main sections. The first deals with the corrosion resistance of the treated magnesium alloys (AZ31, AZ61, AZ91 and AZ91 annealed) in the Na[BF4] melt. Corrosion resistance was tested using potentiodynamic tests and tests in the corrosion chamber. In the second part, the mechanism has been studied for preparing fluoride conversion coating, where it was shown that in air-free atmosphere the oxidizing agent in the process is boron, which is reduced from BIII to B0, and thereby enables the fluoride conversion coating.

The aim of this thesis is to determine influence of porosity and shape-factor over mechanical properties, performed on cast samples from Aalen foundry (Germany), that were high pressure die casted from AZ91 D Alloy. Evaluation of these quantities was done using computer software Olympus Five. Measured values were subjected to statistical analysis in order to eliminate gross errors and determine linear dependence between mechanical properties and porosity eventually voids shape factor.

This thesis deals with fatigue behaviour of magnesium alloy AZ91E produced by extrusion. In the frame of this work, basic mechanical characteristics and data from performed fatigue tests were obtained. Further metallographic analysis of microstructure and fractographic analysis of broken specimens after fatigue tests were carried out.

This thesis describes magnesium alloys, their properties and methods of their production. However, experimental part is focused on AZ91 magnesium alloy. Conversion coatings were prepared on the AZ91 surface – chromate coating, phosphate permanganate coating and fluoride coating. Corrosion resistance of the prepared coatings were compared by immersion tests and by potentiodynamic methods. Evaluation of corrosion resistance by immersion tests was successful only for phosphate permanganate coating. Only this coating was removed during cleaning of the samples. For comparison of corrosion resistance was important to find the correct procedures and optimize the measurements methods. For these purposes have been chosen galvanic zinc coating on steel sheets. Thickness of the zinc coating were 8 and 30 microns. This coatings provide uniform zinc surface without heterogenities which was important for the potentiodynamic measurements. After optimization methods for potentiodynamic measurements by galvanic zinc coatings have been measured magnesium alloy AZ91 uncoated and coated by conversion coatings. For uncoated AZ91 magnesium alloy was determined suitable method so called virgin cathodic curve. On the other hand, for the coated AZ91 magnesium alloys was determined suitable method so called combined curve, within which we measured cyclic voltammetry curve (± 5 mV) and then virgin anodic curve.

In dieser Arbeit wurden die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Magnesiumsandgusslegierung AZ91 in Abhängigkeit von den Prozessparametern untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, dass durch die Anwendung von Filtration, Kornfeinung und Wärmebehandlung das Niveau der mechanischen Eigenschaften des Sandgusses dem des Druckgusses angepasst werden kann. In dieser Arbeit wurde außerdem der Einfluss der Prozessparameter auf die Spannungsrelaxations- und Dämpfungseigenschaften untersucht.

Cílem této diplomové práce jse najít nejnižší možnou tloušťku nikl-fosforového povlaku, který může být galvanicky pokoven mědí bez defektů na horčíkové slitině, nikl-fosforového nebo měděného povlaku. V teoretické části jsou shrnuty poznatky o hořčíkových slitinách a jejich korozi. Navíc se teoreticá část zaměřuje na popis procesu bezproudého niklování a elektrochemického pokovování mědí a jejich porovnání. Na konci teoretické části je shrnut současný výzkum o elektrochemickém pokovování hořčíkových slitin. V experimentální části byl popsán proces přípravy povlaků Ni-P a Cu na horčíkové slitině AZ91. Na jedné vrstvě a dvojité vrstvě Ni-P povlaku byla provedena elektrodepozice mědi. Navíc byl diskutován vliv předůpravy před samotnou elektrodepozicí mědi. Za účelem zjištění korozních vlastností vzorků byl vykonán potenciodynamický test. Následně byly připraveny metalografické výbrusy jednotlivých vzorků a pomocí světelného a rastrovacího elektronového mikroskopu byla provedena charakterizace. Na konec bylo zjištěno prvkové složení jednotlivých povlaků pomocí EDX analýzy.