Yes / ‘Habit’ was the most important theoretical addition into UTAUT2 to challenge the role of behavioural intention as a lone predictor of technology use. However, systematic review and meta-analysis of Price value the other UTAUT2 additional construct revealed major inconsistency of the model with just 41% UTAUT2 based studies including the construct in their research. Thus, the aim of this research is to understand the appropriateness of ‘habit’ construct usage among UTAUT2 based empirical studies and their reason for omission or inclusion. The findings from 66 empirical studies revealed only 23 studies a meagre (35%) utilised ‘habit’ construct and the remaining massive 43 studies (65%) excluded the construct from their research model. The major reason for studies not including “habit” construct was they were examining users of new technology at early stage of adoption where sufficient time hasn’t elapsed for users to form habit. Moreover this study caution the use of experience as an alternative for habit. Since experience can be gained under mandatory settings which is not sufficient enough to form habit that occurs more naturally under voluntary settings. This study also provided number of recommendations for theory and practice based on the findings.

Idag kommer fler och fler i kontakt med nya digitala tekniker både inom yrket men även privat. Det är därför viktigare än någonsin att de digitala verktygen når upp till slutanvändares förväntningar såväl som krav. Syftet med denna studien var att undersöka fenomenet digital acceptans. Därför valdes modeller och teorier för utvärdering ut för att jämföras mot individens upplevelser och acceptans av digitala verktyg. En teoretisk grund har lagts genom att samla in och analysera nio modeller för utvärdering av system och användaracceptans, där tre modeller valdes ut. Studien har genomförts med hjälp av intervjuer där respondenter från olika yrkesbakgrunder har fått möjligheten att berätta om sina upplevelser kring digitaliseringen. Materialet från dessa intervjuer har därefter analyserats för att kategoriseras i olika teman med underkategorier, detta tillät undersökningen att jämföra resultatet från intervjuerna med aktuell forskning. Utifrån slutsatsen har studien tagit fram ett förslag på en konceptuell modell för hur acceptans av digitala verktyg skulle kunna se ut. / Today, more and more people come into contact with new digital technologies both in their profession but also privately. It is therefore more important than ever that digital tools meet the end-users’ expectations and requirements. The purpose of this research was to explore the phenomenon of digital acceptance. Therefore, models and theories for evaluation were selected to be compared against the individual's experience and acceptance of digital tools. A theoretical foundation was created by collecting and analyzing nine models for evaluation of systems and user acceptance, where three were selected. The research was conducted with the help of interviews where participants from different professional backgrounds were given the opportunity to talk about their experiences with digitalization. The material from these interviews was then analyzed and categorized into different themes with subcategories, this allowed the research to compare the results from the interviews with current research. Based on the conclusion, the research has produced a proposal with a conceptual model for what acceptance of digital tools could look like.

Idag kommer fler och fler i kontakt med nya digitala tekniker både inom yrket men även privat. Det är därför viktigare än någonsin att de digitala verktygen når upp till slutanvändares förväntningar såväl som krav. Syftet med denna studien var att undersöka fenomenet digital acceptans. Därför valdes modeller och teorier för utvärdering ut för att jämföras mot individens upplevelser och acceptans av digitala verktyg. En teoretisk grund har lagts genom att samla in och analysera nio modeller för utvärdering av system och användaracceptans, där tre modeller valdes ut. Studien har genomförts med hjälp av intervjuer där respondenter från olika yrkesbakgrunder har fått möjligheten att berätta om sina upplevelser kring digitaliseringen. Materialet från dessa intervjuer har därefter analyserats för att kategoriseras i olika teman med underkategorier, detta tillät undersökningen att jämföra resultatet från intervjuerna med aktuell forskning. Utifrån slutsatsen har studien tagit fram ett förslag på en konceptuell modell för hur acceptans av digitala verktyg skulle kunna se ut. / Today, more and more people come into contact with new digital technologies both in their profession but also privately. It is therefore more important than ever that digital tools meet the end-users’ expectations and requirements. The purpose of this research was to explore the phenomenon of digital acceptance. Therefore, models and theories for evaluation were selected to be compared against the individual's experience and acceptance of digital tools. A theoretical foundation was created by collecting and analyzing nine models for evaluation of systems and user acceptance, where three were selected. The research was conducted with the help of interviews where participants from different professional backgrounds were given the opportunity to talk about their experiences with digitalization. The material from these interviews was then analyzed and categorized into different themes with subcategories, this allowed the research to compare the results from the interviews with current research. Based on the conclusion, the research has produced a proposal with a conceptual model for what acceptance of digital tools could look like.

Den mobila plånboken gör det möjligt att kunna utföra betalningar med hjälp av sin smarttelefon i butiker och har funnits tillgänglig i både Sverige och andra länder runt om i världen under en längre tid. Trots detta visar studier på att denna teknik inte har blivit accepterad av konsumenterna vilket även gör att butiker är motvilliga att investera i denna typ av teknik. Syftet med undersökningen som har genomförts i denna rapport är att delvis undersöka hur utbrett användningen av mobila plånböcker är bland studenter på Högskolan i Skövde, det huvudsakliga syftet är dock att identifiera de faktorer som påverkar konsumenternas acceptans och avsikt att använda mobila plånböcker. Att skaffa en förståelse till hur och varför en individ väljer att acceptera en ny teknik anses vara en av de viktigaste forskningsaspekterna inom informationssystem. Arbetet baseras på en undersökningsmodell som främst härstammar från UTAUT2 och där analysen av data utfördes med PLS-SEM. Resultatet från denna undersökning kan komma att hjälpa de parter och organisationer som är delaktiga i tillhandahållningen av tjänsten mobila plånböcker att identifiera vilka faktorer konsumenter anser vara viktigast för att påbörja användningen av mobila plånböcker och vad som leder till fortsatt användning. Resultatet av undersökningen visar bland annat på att upplevt värde och förväntad prestanda har störst effekt på avsikten att använda mobila plånböcker.

The e-learning system is one of many educational methods that allow flexible learner-centered education. It is also an information system based on the Internet. Hence, the increasing use of the e-learning has provided an inter-disciplinary research opportunity to information systems and educational engineering fields. But the benefits of an e-learning are subjected to the organization¡¦s learning environments, readiness and the acceptance of self-directed users. In other words, self-directed learning (SDL) is a prerequisite to e-learning success. It is important to evaluate the readiness of self-directed users and their acceptance of e-learning system. This paper focuses on examining the applicability of both the technology acceptance model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) in explaining adult self-directed users¡¦ acceptance of e-learning system in a blended learning context. The combination of user groups (adult learners), the technology (e-learning system), and the context (blended learning in a higher education institution) is new to IT acceptance researches. The purpose of this research is to shed light on more effective ways to motivate part-time adult learners to use e-learning system in a higher education institution. This study extends both the TAM and UTAUT models with self-directed learning (SDL) concepts. A questionnaire was developed based on previous works in the areas of technology acceptance and SDL. Based on responses from 433 adult blended learners, both SDL-based TAM and UTAUT models were evaluated in terms of overall fit, explanatory power, and their causal links. Overall, findings suggest that TAM may be more appropriate than UTAUT for examining high SDLRS score user group¡¦s e-learning acceptance behaviour; UTAUT may provide e-learning designers and management teams some crucial suggestions to enhance low SDLRS score users¡¦ system utilization. This study also asserts that the successful transition to an e-learning environment requires that the self-directed learners be actively encouraged and supported by their organizations. Results of this study provide reliable and valid SDL-based TAM and UTAUT instruments for organizations to determine whether their learners had the necessary skills for SDL-based blended learning before investing huge budget and time in a large-scale e-learning project. As more organizations experiment with e-learning systems, the SDL-based TAM and UTAUT models could be used to (a) assess the degree of users¡¦ self-directed readiness before e-learning implementation; and (b) evaluate the factors affecting users¡¦ acceptance of new e-learning system and provide useful remedies for improving system utilization rate after e-learning implementation.

With increasing merging of the Internet in our daily lives, online shopping becomes a new consumption model. The study subject was female customers who did shopping online. By means of performance expectancy, effort expectancy and social influence in terms of Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) as well as involvement degree, the study explored if those variations had influenced female customers¡¦ intentions and behaviors on online shopping. We issued 240 questionnaires by purposive sampling and analyzed by quantitative statistics. The result shows that performance expectancy, effort expectancy and social influence originating from UTAUT significantly influenced female customers¡¦ intentions. Moreover, their intentions also significantly influenced their behavior online.

The thesis “Acceptance and use of the Service Oriented Computing paradigm: the IT professionals’ perspective” focuses on the question: what are the critical factors that influence IT professionals’ intentions to accept and use the Service Oriented Computing (SOC) approach to systems development? This work considers IT professionals as the key stakeholders in the SOC acceptance and use process and argues that the acceptance and practical use of SOC depends – at an early acceptance stage – primarily on the individual-level acceptance decisions made by senior IT professionals working for an organisation. Consequently, SOC acceptance and use (in its early stage) is seen as a bottom-up process driven, and to a high degree controlled, by the “early adopters” (Rogers 1995) of this technological paradigm (i.e. involved senior IT professionals). Although SOC is considered the enabling technological approach in many different future areas (e.g. eBusiness, eGovernment, eScience etc.), very little research exists on the process of practical acceptance of this paradigm, in particular focusing on the perspective of the “early stage” key stakeholders of this acceptance process, namely the IT professionals. This thesis consists of four major parts. First, it reviews existing literature on technology acceptance and use and confirms the absence of an established theoretical framework in the domain of individual-level technology acceptance in the IT industry. Second, based on data collected in a series of exploratory interviews with senior IT practitioners, an initial model explaining the acceptance and use of SOC among IT professionals is being proposed. Third, the derived model is revised and reformulated using an eGovernment case study. And forth, based on the refined model, a survey instrument is developed, pilot-tested and administered to senior IT professionals currently using the SOC approach to systems development in their professional work. This thesis makes a contribution to IS research in several ways. While there exists extensive, well-grounded and well-accepted research in the domain of “IT end-user” individual-level technology acceptance, the research on technology acceptance in the IT industry (i.e. technology acceptance by the IT professionals) is very limited, and nearly all studies carried out in this IS research field are concerned with established approaches or technologies. The current study is among the few examining the perspective of “early adopters” or “innovators” (Rogers 1995) instead of investigating the acceptance process of “early majority” or even “late majority”. Moreover, to the author’s knowledge it is the first study examining the process of individual-level SOC acceptance with a particular focus on the perspective of the “early stage” key stakeholders of this acceptance process, namely the IT professionals. One of the additional strengths of the study is the usage of multiple research methodologies – exploratory open-ended interviews, qualitative case study and web-based survey. This research is expected to be very interesting to researchers focusing on technology acceptance in general and on technology acceptance in the IT industry in particular. This research might also be of interest to IT practitioners considering to accept and use the SOC approach in their future applications.

The thesis “Acceptance and use of the Service Oriented Computing paradigm: the IT professionals’ perspective” focuses on the question: what are the critical factors that influence IT professionals’ intentions to accept and use the Service Oriented Computing (SOC) approach to systems development? This work considers IT professionals as the key stakeholders in the SOC acceptance and use process and argues that the acceptance and practical use of SOC depends – at an early acceptance stage – primarily on the individual-level acceptance decisions made by senior IT professionals working for an organisation. Consequently, SOC acceptance and use (in its early stage) is seen as a bottom-up process driven, and to a high degree controlled, by the “early adopters” (Rogers 1995) of this technological paradigm (i.e. involved senior IT professionals). Although SOC is considered the enabling technological approach in many different future areas (e.g. eBusiness, eGovernment, eScience etc.), very little research exists on the process of practical acceptance of this paradigm, in particular focusing on the perspective of the “early stage” key stakeholders of this acceptance process, namely the IT professionals. This thesis consists of four major parts. First, it reviews existing literature on technology acceptance and use and confirms the absence of an established theoretical framework in the domain of individual-level technology acceptance in the IT industry. Second, based on data collected in a series of exploratory interviews with senior IT practitioners, an initial model explaining the acceptance and use of SOC among IT professionals is being proposed. Third, the derived model is revised and reformulated using an eGovernment case study. And forth, based on the refined model, a survey instrument is developed, pilot-tested and administered to senior IT professionals currently using the SOC approach to systems development in their professional work. This thesis makes a contribution to IS research in several ways. While there exists extensive, well-grounded and well-accepted research in the domain of “IT end-user” individual-level technology acceptance, the research on technology acceptance in the IT industry (i.e. technology acceptance by the IT professionals) is very limited, and nearly all studies carried out in this IS research field are concerned with established approaches or technologies. The current study is among the few examining the perspective of “early adopters” or “innovators” (Rogers 1995) instead of investigating the acceptance process of “early majority” or even “late majority”. Moreover, to the author’s knowledge it is the first study examining the process of individual-level SOC acceptance with a particular focus on the perspective of the “early stage” key stakeholders of this acceptance process, namely the IT professionals. One of the additional strengths of the study is the usage of multiple research methodologies – exploratory open-ended interviews, qualitative case study and web-based survey. This research is expected to be very interesting to researchers focusing on technology acceptance in general and on technology acceptance in the IT industry in particular. This research might also be of interest to IT practitioners considering to accept and use the SOC approach in their future applications.

The purpose of this empirical study is to examine the usage of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERPS) in Higher Education Institutes (HEIs). Recently, rapid growth in information technology services compels developing countries to emerge as an information-based society. This emergence corresponds with the calls of researchers to address ERPS (Abbas, 2011). However, there is a scarcity of efforts by researchers to identify the factors contributing to the usage of ERPS at the organisational, departmental and end-user layer in HEIs. To fill this gap, this research develops a Multi-Layer Usage Model (MLUM) to determine the factors of ERPS usage across the organisational, departmental and individual levels of HEIs. The theoretical foundation of this study is adapted from unified theory of acceptance and use of technology developed by Venkatesh et al (2003). The study is unique in many respects. Firstly, it offers a newly developed multi-level conceptual model that is tested empirically using three distinct questionnaires; one for each layer. A large primary dataset, 1317 responses, is collected through three questionnaire from 18 higher education institutions in Pakistan; 86 responses from the organisational layer, 143 from the departmental layer and 1088 from the end-user layer. Structural equation modelling is used to analyse the effect of factors at three layers contributing to the usage of ERPS. Furthermore, the models are refined by applying extensions of structural equation modelling. Results suggest that at the organisational layer human resource availability, tolerance for risks and conflicts, collegial support and collaboration and decision making and control are significant and contributed towards ERPS usage while at the end-user layer behavioural intentions and motivation were insignificant and were therefore, removed from the model. This study contributes to theory development regarding usage of innovations in the under-researched context of HEIs. It also provides indigenous manifestations of ERPS usage that may be used by policy-makers.

Implementation of new systems in organizations are complex as new features that promises improvement of work processes are not given. In particular if the system does not include users' needs and requirements. This can instead create the opposite effect as previous research has shown. Implementation of new information systems requires technical, as well as human aspects prior to application of the systems, in order for it to be used accordingly. To understand this better, the authors have conducted a case study on a consultancy company called Combitech, which is in the process of implementing a new document management system. The study is based on finding different factors that affects the users when using the current documentation system. The results are thought to be useful guidance when Combitech implements a new system. The authors has applied the theoretical framework UTAUT, based on the user's perspective. The theory deals with four different aspects that enables to study the IT- uptake from a holistic perspective, which in turn makes it possible to counteract resistance. The different elements of the theory are described as performance expectancy, effort expectancyt, social influence and facilitating conditions. By using the theory as a framework, the study has enlightened users' thoughts about the technical aspect and how they perceive the social and organizational environment related to the current system. In order to complete this study, the authors used a qualitative approach. A total of six informants participated in telephone interviews. The gathered data was initially structured on the basis of the theoretical framework, thus being thematized based on characteristic found by the informants. / Implementering av nya system inom verksamheter är komplext då nya funktioner och egenskaper som utlovar förbättring av arbetsprocesser inte är givet. I synnerhet om systemet inte omfattar användarnas behov och krav som istället kan skapa motsatt effekt. Implementering av nya informationssystem kräver att man uppmärksammar tekniska såväl som mänskliga aspekter innan systemen tillämpas, för att det ska fungera enligt önskemålen. För att förstå detta bättre har författarna genomfört en fallstudie på konsultbolaget Combitech, som ska genomföra en implementering av ett nytt dokumenthanteringssystem inom en snar framtid. Studiens utgår från att studera faktorer som påverkar användarnas systemanvändning, detta utifrån det nuvarande system som Combitech arbetar på. Studiens resultat är tänkt att vara användbart underlag för Combitechs ledning vid den framtida systemimplementationen. För att studera detta har det teoretiska ramverket UTAUT tillämpats, med utgångspunkt från användarnas perspektiv. Teorin behandlar fyra olika aspekter som möjliggör att studera användarnas IT- upptagning utifrån ett helhetsperspektiv, som i sin tur gör det möjligt att motverka motstånd. Teorins olika element beskrivs som förväntad prestation, förväntad ansträngning, socialt inflytande och underlättande förutsättningar och förklaras mer ingående med hjälp av underliggande teorier. Genom att använda teorin som ramverk har studien belyst användarnas tankar kring den tekniska aspekten samt hur de upplever att den sociala och organisatoriska miljön förhåller sig till nuvarande system. För att genomföra denna studie utgick författarna utifrån en kvalitativ ansats med ett semi- strukturerat förhållningssätt. Totalt deltog sex informanter via telefonsamtal. Empirin strukturerades inledningsvis utifrån det teoretiska ramverket för att följaktligen tematiseras utifrån karakteristiska drag som belystes av informanterna, detta för att hitta mönster bland svaren.