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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

The flight of information : new approaches for investigating aviation accident causation

Griffin, Thomas G. C. January 2010 (has links)
The investigation and modelling of aviation accident causation is dominated by linear models. Aviation is, however, a complex system and as such suffers from being artificially manipulated into non-complex models and methods. This thesis addresses this issue by developing a new approach to investigating aviation accident causation through information networks. These networks centralise communication and the flow of information as key indicators of a system‟s health and risk. The holistic approach focuses on the system itself rather than any individual event. The activity and communication of constituent elements, both human and non-human agents, within that system is identified and highlights areas of system failure. The model offers many potential developments and some key areas are studied in this research. Through the centralisation of barriers and information nodes the method can be applied to almost any situation. The application of Bayesian mathematics to historical data populations provides scope for studying error migration and barrier manipulation. The thesis also provides application of these predictions to a flight simulator study in an attempt of validation. Beyond this the thesis also discusses the applicability of the approach to industry. Through working with a legacy airline the methods discussed are used as the basis for a new and forward-thinking safety management system. This holistic approach focuses on the system environment, the activity that takes place within it, the strategies used to conduct this activity, the way in which the constituent parts of the system (both human and non-human) interact and the behaviour required. Each stage of this thesis identifies and expands upon the potential of the information network approach maintaining firm focus on the overall health of a system. It is contended that through the further development and application of this approach, understanding of aviation risk can be improved.
12

Investigação do acidente da Boate Kiss em Santa Maria - Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil / Nightclub Kiss Accident Analysis in Santa Maria / RS: A case study focusing on the investigation of the accident as an opportunity to return the learned experience

Loutfi, Marcelo 14 October 2015 (has links)
Introdução: O acidente ocorrido em Santa Maria/RS encontra-se dentre os mais propalados pela mídia inclusive com repercussão internacional. A investigação criminal, levada a cabo pela delegacia de polícia e também a feita pelos técnicos do conselho regional de engenharia, resultou em um conhecimento dos fatos imediatos, ou seja, um olhar da relação causa e efeito, nitidamente estabelecida sem buscar as razões de origem das causas. Em outros termos, aqui buscamos contextualiza o evento acidentário dentro dos fatores culturais, políticos, regulatórios e econômicos. Ao não colocar luzes sob tais aspectos correlacionados, o retorno da experiência, o aprendizado e a própria gestão de riscos, ficaram circunscritos à esfera proximal do acidente. Questões sobre o uso e comercialização de materiais pirotécnicos, o emprego de materiais de revestimentos em boates e clubes noturnos, a promoção de eventos com grande afluxo de pessoas para locais fechados, não são aprofundados nos referidos relatórios. Também não se discutiu, de forma ampla, questões sobre a atuação de órgãos públicos na concessão de funcionamento de boates, sobre o papel dos especialistas em prevenção de risco, sobre o papel dos agentes públicos em grandes desastres e acidentes ampliados, especialmente os relacionados ao acidente químico que neste caso matou, em minutos, duzentos e quarenta e dois jovens, todos levados a óbitos pela ação do gás cianídrico. Objetivos: Em face destas e de outras lacunas, este trabalho propõe um encaminhamento para enfrentamento das referidas questões. A proposta pode ser facilmente percebida, como multidisciplinar e seria difícil o desenvolvimento de um diagnóstico único sem prejuízo do aprendizado. O objetivo é justamente constatar e apresentar o contingente de influências que estavam em jogo no sistema da gestão da boate. Tal constatação significa abrir caminhos para o estudo aprofundado das dimensões sociais e técnicas presentes naquele momento e que foram reveladas pela tragédia. 9 Materiais e Métodos: Para atingir este objetivo, para além da relação imediata de causa e efeito utilizamos como modelo descritivo e analítico os Mapas Verticais, AcciMap, proposto pelo engenheiro Jeans Rasmussen, com enfoque qualitativo. Esta forma de estudo força a identificação das influências de alto escalão político de governo indo do topo para a base dos acontecimentos, passando pela gestão estadual e municipal incluindo a gestão da empresa. Os materiais foram capturados dentre os disponíveis na mídia e produzidos por órgãos públicos, principalmente o relatório da polícia civil e do conselho de engenharia. Resultados: Os mapas verticais revelaram as interações e a perda de controle sistêmico das instituições. Fica visível a distribuição dos atores e das influências que atuam de modo a levar o sistema de forma lenta, mas vigorosamente para a zona de instabilidade. As concepções idealizadas, os documentos regulatórios e as políticas públicas desviam-se por força de interações não controladas do princípio da segurança, sem que o sistema consiga detectar as rápidas mudanças. As instituições são pressionadas por uma rotina que deixa de lado aspectos de gerenciamento de risco e de outro lado pela inconsistência dos poderes públicos coercitivos. Considerações finais: Mesmo o estudo de caso único, pela força do modelo dos mapas verticais, amplia a compreensão de fenômenos sociais, organizacionais e políticos. Ao buscar relações entre atores e entre acontecimentos, o estudo codifica uma estrutura singular que, entretanto, dialoga em teoria com diversos casos. Se de um lado os dados obtidos na investigação, em si mesmo, não são idênticos a outros casos, de outro lado ao interrogar e analisar os documentos emerge características importantes para a comparação teórica e metodológica impulsionando assim a compreensão deste e de outros eventos acidentários. Duas outras contribuições são particularmente relevantes. A primeira, teórica e acadêmica, se propõe a trazer para o debate a aplicação dos mapas verticais no estudo de acidentes, principalmente os multifacetados com inúmeros atores. Outra contribuição é dada pela visualização de inúmeros subsistemas decorrentes da análise vertical onde cada subsistema poderá ser estudado separadamente pondo em evidência novos caminhos de enfrentamento da problemática acidentária. / Introduction: The accident in Santa Maria / RS is one of the most publicized by the media having international repercussions. The criminal investigation conducted by the police and also by the technicians of the Regional Engineering Board, resulted in an understanding of immediate facts, i.e., the causes and effects which clearly established without seeking for the roots of the problem. In other words, here we seek to contextualize the accident within the cultural, political, regulatory and economic aspects. If we did not analyze the correlated aspects, the feedback, learning and risk management itself would be restricted to the accident proximal sphere. Questions about the use and sale of fireworks, the use of lining materials in clubs and nightclubs, the organization of events with large amounts of people indoors, are not detailed in the reports. It was also not broadly discussed questions about the role of governmental agencies in providing operating licenses for nightclubs, the role of risk prevention experts and the role of public officials in major disasters and major accidents, especially those related to chemical substances, that, in this case, killed two hundred forty two young people in a few minutes, all of whom died due to the action of the cyanide gas. Objectives: In face of these and other shortcomings, this paper proposes a method of coping with these issues. This proposal may be easily perceived as multidisciplinary since it would be difficult to develop a single disciplinary study without putting in jeopardy the opportunity of learning from the tragic accident. The focus is to find and present the contingent of influences that were at stake in the club management system. These findings may path the way for deeper studies of the social sphere and techniques which were present at that time and that were revealed by the tragedy. 11 Materials and Methods: In order to achieve this goal, we went far beyond the immediate relationship of cause and effect; we used a descriptive and analytical model of Vertical Maps, AcciMap proposed by the engineer Jeans Rasmussen with a qualitative approach. In this kind of study it is imperative to identify high political level influences, analyzing the events from top to bottom, and also going through state and municipal management data including the nightclub management itself. The data was collected from available media, from governmental agencies, particularly the civil police report and the Engineering Board report. Results: The vertical maps revealed the interaction and the systemic institution loss of control. The distribution of actors and influences that act in order to bring the system slowly but forcefully to the zone of instability is visible. The idealized conceptions, regulatory documents and public policies deviated due to uncontrolled interactions from security principles, without the system being able to detect these rapid changes. Institutions are pressed by a routine that on one hand leaves out risk management aspects and on the other hand by the inconsistency of coercive governmental supervision. Final thoughts: Even a single case study, due to the strength of the vertical maps, can expand the understanding of the social, organizational and political phenomena. By seeking relationships between actors and between events, the study encodes a unique structure which in theory is related to several cases. On the one hand the data obtained in the investigation itself, is not identical to other cases, on the other hand as we examine and analyze the documents important features for theoretical and methodological comparison emerge, thus increasing understanding of this and other accidents. Two other contributions are particularly relevant. The first one is the theoretical and academic contribution; it has as objective to debate the implementation of vertical maps in the study of accidents, especially the multifaceted ones with numerous actors. Another one is given by the display of numerous subsystems, which result from the vertical analysis, where each subsystem can be studied separately highlighting new ways of coping with major accidents.
13

Grappling with complexity : finding the core problems behind aircraft accidents : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Aviation at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Zotov, Dmitri Victorovitch Unknown Date (has links)
The purpose of accident investigation is the discovery of causal factors, so that they may be remedied, in order to avert the recurrence of accidents (ICAO, 1994). However, experience has shown that the present intuitive methods of analysis do not always achieve this aim. Investigation failure may come about because of failure to discover causal factors, or to devise effective remedies, or to persuade those in a position to act of the need to do so. Each of these types of failure can be made less likely by the use of formal analytical methods which can show whether information gathering has been incomplete, and point to the sources of additional information that may be needed. A formal analysis can be examined by formal logical tests. Also, the use of formal change mechanisms can not only devise changes likely to be effective, but can present these changes in such a way that the case for them is compelling. Formal methods currently available are concerned with what happened, and why it happened. To produce generic remedies which might avert future accidents of similar type, some formal change mechanism is needed. The Theory of Constraints has become widely adopted in business as a way of replacing undesirable effects with desired outcomes. The Theory of Constraints has not previously been used for safety investigation, and a principal object of this thesis is to see whether it can usefully be employed in this area. It is demonstrated that the use of formal methodology can bring to light factors which were overlooked during an official accident investigation, and can ‘tell the story’ in a more coherent manner than is possible with present methods. The recommendations derived from the formal analysis are shown to be generic in nature, rather than particular to the airline involved and the accident studied, and so could have a wider effect in improving safety.
14

The development of an online road accident-reporting management system for the South African Police Service.

Röthe, J. F. January 2014 (has links)
D. Tech. Policing / The first legislation on accident reporting in South Africa was promulgated in 1913 in an ordinance of Transvaal, one of the four provinces of South Africa at the time. Since then several amendments have been made to legislation on accident reporting, but accident reporting has continued to be time consuming and unnecessarily complicated. It seems that technology is not yet utilised to its full potential. Therefore this study investigates ways in which an online application (app) for accident reporting could be designed and implemented. The development and implementation of a simpler and modern app for online accident reporting could successfully address the problem of unavailable statistics for minor damage-only accidents. By amending the National Road Traffic Act, 1996 (Act 93 of 1996) to accommodate more cost-effective online accident reporting through eAccident, the time spent on compiling the current accident reports could be minimised and costly human resources could be utilised more effectively in core police functions such as law enforcement.
15

Enhancement of accident reporting in the Johannesburg Metropole.

Rothe, J. F. January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (MTech. degree in Traffic Safety Management)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2008. / This research explored ways in which the process of road traffic accident reporting in the Johannesburg metropole could be enhanced. The specific objectives were to systematically examine the process of road traffic accident reporting and to focus on an analysis of (1) the time it takes the relevant authorities to complete the various activities involved in reporting road traffic accidents; (2) the quality of completed road traffic accident reports; and (3) the general experiences of drivers involved in road traffic accidents regarding the system of road traffic accident reporting and information retrieval in the Johannesburg metropole; to draft guidelines for strengthening the process of road traffic accident reporting in the research area, based on the mentioned analysis; and to provide pointers for future research. The study adopted a systems perspective on road traffic accident reporting and took cognisance of the wider road traffic safety management and transportation context in South Africa. The findings underlined that (1) the time taken to report road traffic accidents in the Johannesburg metropole tended to be unacceptably long; and that (2) accident reports tended to be inaccurate and/or incomplete. Based on the findings and the conceptual premises of the study, the researcher developed an accident-reporting management model.
16

Proposta de sistemática para prevenção de acidentes a partir da avaliação de erros ativos e condições latentes

Oliveira, Paulo Apelles Camboim de January 2011 (has links)
O objetivo geral desta tese foi conceber uma sistemática para elaborar um plano de prevenção, a partir do delineamento das falhas humanas, com a finalidade de minimizar os acidentes numa organização. Essa sistemática está baseada no pressuposto de que as organizações podem aprender com os acidentes, e que estes não são decorrentes de comportamentos inapropriados dos trabalhadores, mas consequência de um contexto organizacional desfavorável, e nos conceitos provenientes dos erros ativos e das condições latentes, propostos como fatores causais de um acidente. Para se alcançar tal objetivo, foi realizada revisão bibliográfica acerca dos assuntos pertinentes e, a partir deste estudo, foi concebida a proposta inicial da sistemática para, em seguida, submetê-la a um estudo de caso. A revisão de literatura abordou as teorias sobre como os acidentes acontecem, qual a participação do erro humano nestes eventos, quais os tipos de erros, como eles se manifestam e quais as técnicas de prevenção. Além disso, a revisão de literatura permitiu avaliar o Sistema de Análise e Classificação de Fatores Humanos (HFACS), técnica desenvolvida para identificar e classificar os erros humanos, de forma ordenada, percebendo-se que este sistema possui limitações e que as técnicas de prevenção enfatizam ações centradas na segurança operacional, não abrangendo outros níveis na organização. A proposta inicial da sistemática foi concebida em dois módulos: o de Investigação, que visa entender como a organização conduz o processo de análise dos acidentes e determinar os principais erros ativos e as condições latentes, por meio de múltiplas fontes de evidência, baseando-se nas categorias e subcategorias do sistema HFACS e com a utilização de entrevistas com grupos focados e de observação não-participante; e o módulo de Prevenção, o qual procura, juntamente com a equipe gerencial da empresa, determinar ações de prevenção estratégicas para a organização. Com os resultados empíricos obtidos, foi possível avaliar o emprego da sistemática numa concessionária de energia elétrica, detectando-se pontos de melhorias e estabelecendo a versão final da mesma, além de se definir parâmetros de como aplicá-la. Constatou-se, também, que a sistemática possibilita, por meio do cenário dos erros ativos e das condições latentes, visualizar setores que necessitam intervenções na área de segurança, auxiliando, dessa forma, este setor na organização, além de permitir avaliar o desempenho da Gestão do Sistema de Segurança e Saúde do Trabalho (GSST) da empresa. / The object of this thesis was to conceive a framework to develop a prevention plan, based on the outlining of human errors, in order to minimize accidents in organizations. This work is based on the assumption that organizations can learn from accidents, and that these are not due to workers inappropriate behavior, but because of an unfavorable organizational context; and on concepts originated from active errors and latent conditions proposed as casual factors in an accident. To reach such object, we reviewed literature on relevant subjects and from that study the original proposal of the system was conceived and subjected to a case study. The literature review approached the theories on how accidents happen, the role of human errors in such events types of errors concerned, how they manifest themselves in accidents and which are the prevention techniques. In addition, the literature review allowed, an evaluation of the Human Factor Analysis Classification System – HFACS, a framework developed to identify and classify human error, in an orderly manner, but with limitations; and prevention techniques are centered on operational safety, not involving other levels of the organizations. The initial framework proposal was designed in two modules: the Research Module, aiming to understand how the organization conducts the process of analysis of accidents, and to determine the main active errors and latent conditions using multiple sources of evidence based on the categories and subcategories of the HFACS, on interviews applied to focused groups and on non-participant observation; and the Prevention Module, which aims to determine prevention strategies for the organization, together with their management team. With the results attained in the case study, it was possible to evaluate performance the framework in an electric utility company, detect improvement points, establish its final version and set the parameters on how to apply it. It was also noted that, by means of the active errors and the latent condition settings, this framework is able to help the sectors of a company as it displays where assistance in the security field is needed; besides allowing the organization to evaluate the management performance of the Safety and Health at Work System.
17

Proposta de sistemática para prevenção de acidentes a partir da avaliação de erros ativos e condições latentes

Oliveira, Paulo Apelles Camboim de January 2011 (has links)
O objetivo geral desta tese foi conceber uma sistemática para elaborar um plano de prevenção, a partir do delineamento das falhas humanas, com a finalidade de minimizar os acidentes numa organização. Essa sistemática está baseada no pressuposto de que as organizações podem aprender com os acidentes, e que estes não são decorrentes de comportamentos inapropriados dos trabalhadores, mas consequência de um contexto organizacional desfavorável, e nos conceitos provenientes dos erros ativos e das condições latentes, propostos como fatores causais de um acidente. Para se alcançar tal objetivo, foi realizada revisão bibliográfica acerca dos assuntos pertinentes e, a partir deste estudo, foi concebida a proposta inicial da sistemática para, em seguida, submetê-la a um estudo de caso. A revisão de literatura abordou as teorias sobre como os acidentes acontecem, qual a participação do erro humano nestes eventos, quais os tipos de erros, como eles se manifestam e quais as técnicas de prevenção. Além disso, a revisão de literatura permitiu avaliar o Sistema de Análise e Classificação de Fatores Humanos (HFACS), técnica desenvolvida para identificar e classificar os erros humanos, de forma ordenada, percebendo-se que este sistema possui limitações e que as técnicas de prevenção enfatizam ações centradas na segurança operacional, não abrangendo outros níveis na organização. A proposta inicial da sistemática foi concebida em dois módulos: o de Investigação, que visa entender como a organização conduz o processo de análise dos acidentes e determinar os principais erros ativos e as condições latentes, por meio de múltiplas fontes de evidência, baseando-se nas categorias e subcategorias do sistema HFACS e com a utilização de entrevistas com grupos focados e de observação não-participante; e o módulo de Prevenção, o qual procura, juntamente com a equipe gerencial da empresa, determinar ações de prevenção estratégicas para a organização. Com os resultados empíricos obtidos, foi possível avaliar o emprego da sistemática numa concessionária de energia elétrica, detectando-se pontos de melhorias e estabelecendo a versão final da mesma, além de se definir parâmetros de como aplicá-la. Constatou-se, também, que a sistemática possibilita, por meio do cenário dos erros ativos e das condições latentes, visualizar setores que necessitam intervenções na área de segurança, auxiliando, dessa forma, este setor na organização, além de permitir avaliar o desempenho da Gestão do Sistema de Segurança e Saúde do Trabalho (GSST) da empresa. / The object of this thesis was to conceive a framework to develop a prevention plan, based on the outlining of human errors, in order to minimize accidents in organizations. This work is based on the assumption that organizations can learn from accidents, and that these are not due to workers inappropriate behavior, but because of an unfavorable organizational context; and on concepts originated from active errors and latent conditions proposed as casual factors in an accident. To reach such object, we reviewed literature on relevant subjects and from that study the original proposal of the system was conceived and subjected to a case study. The literature review approached the theories on how accidents happen, the role of human errors in such events types of errors concerned, how they manifest themselves in accidents and which are the prevention techniques. In addition, the literature review allowed, an evaluation of the Human Factor Analysis Classification System – HFACS, a framework developed to identify and classify human error, in an orderly manner, but with limitations; and prevention techniques are centered on operational safety, not involving other levels of the organizations. The initial framework proposal was designed in two modules: the Research Module, aiming to understand how the organization conducts the process of analysis of accidents, and to determine the main active errors and latent conditions using multiple sources of evidence based on the categories and subcategories of the HFACS, on interviews applied to focused groups and on non-participant observation; and the Prevention Module, which aims to determine prevention strategies for the organization, together with their management team. With the results attained in the case study, it was possible to evaluate performance the framework in an electric utility company, detect improvement points, establish its final version and set the parameters on how to apply it. It was also noted that, by means of the active errors and the latent condition settings, this framework is able to help the sectors of a company as it displays where assistance in the security field is needed; besides allowing the organization to evaluate the management performance of the Safety and Health at Work System.
18

Investigação do acidente da Boate Kiss em Santa Maria - Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil / Nightclub Kiss Accident Analysis in Santa Maria / RS: A case study focusing on the investigation of the accident as an opportunity to return the learned experience

Marcelo Loutfi 14 October 2015 (has links)
Introdução: O acidente ocorrido em Santa Maria/RS encontra-se dentre os mais propalados pela mídia inclusive com repercussão internacional. A investigação criminal, levada a cabo pela delegacia de polícia e também a feita pelos técnicos do conselho regional de engenharia, resultou em um conhecimento dos fatos imediatos, ou seja, um olhar da relação causa e efeito, nitidamente estabelecida sem buscar as razões de origem das causas. Em outros termos, aqui buscamos contextualiza o evento acidentário dentro dos fatores culturais, políticos, regulatórios e econômicos. Ao não colocar luzes sob tais aspectos correlacionados, o retorno da experiência, o aprendizado e a própria gestão de riscos, ficaram circunscritos à esfera proximal do acidente. Questões sobre o uso e comercialização de materiais pirotécnicos, o emprego de materiais de revestimentos em boates e clubes noturnos, a promoção de eventos com grande afluxo de pessoas para locais fechados, não são aprofundados nos referidos relatórios. Também não se discutiu, de forma ampla, questões sobre a atuação de órgãos públicos na concessão de funcionamento de boates, sobre o papel dos especialistas em prevenção de risco, sobre o papel dos agentes públicos em grandes desastres e acidentes ampliados, especialmente os relacionados ao acidente químico que neste caso matou, em minutos, duzentos e quarenta e dois jovens, todos levados a óbitos pela ação do gás cianídrico. Objetivos: Em face destas e de outras lacunas, este trabalho propõe um encaminhamento para enfrentamento das referidas questões. A proposta pode ser facilmente percebida, como multidisciplinar e seria difícil o desenvolvimento de um diagnóstico único sem prejuízo do aprendizado. O objetivo é justamente constatar e apresentar o contingente de influências que estavam em jogo no sistema da gestão da boate. Tal constatação significa abrir caminhos para o estudo aprofundado das dimensões sociais e técnicas presentes naquele momento e que foram reveladas pela tragédia. 9 Materiais e Métodos: Para atingir este objetivo, para além da relação imediata de causa e efeito utilizamos como modelo descritivo e analítico os Mapas Verticais, AcciMap, proposto pelo engenheiro Jeans Rasmussen, com enfoque qualitativo. Esta forma de estudo força a identificação das influências de alto escalão político de governo indo do topo para a base dos acontecimentos, passando pela gestão estadual e municipal incluindo a gestão da empresa. Os materiais foram capturados dentre os disponíveis na mídia e produzidos por órgãos públicos, principalmente o relatório da polícia civil e do conselho de engenharia. Resultados: Os mapas verticais revelaram as interações e a perda de controle sistêmico das instituições. Fica visível a distribuição dos atores e das influências que atuam de modo a levar o sistema de forma lenta, mas vigorosamente para a zona de instabilidade. As concepções idealizadas, os documentos regulatórios e as políticas públicas desviam-se por força de interações não controladas do princípio da segurança, sem que o sistema consiga detectar as rápidas mudanças. As instituições são pressionadas por uma rotina que deixa de lado aspectos de gerenciamento de risco e de outro lado pela inconsistência dos poderes públicos coercitivos. Considerações finais: Mesmo o estudo de caso único, pela força do modelo dos mapas verticais, amplia a compreensão de fenômenos sociais, organizacionais e políticos. Ao buscar relações entre atores e entre acontecimentos, o estudo codifica uma estrutura singular que, entretanto, dialoga em teoria com diversos casos. Se de um lado os dados obtidos na investigação, em si mesmo, não são idênticos a outros casos, de outro lado ao interrogar e analisar os documentos emerge características importantes para a comparação teórica e metodológica impulsionando assim a compreensão deste e de outros eventos acidentários. Duas outras contribuições são particularmente relevantes. A primeira, teórica e acadêmica, se propõe a trazer para o debate a aplicação dos mapas verticais no estudo de acidentes, principalmente os multifacetados com inúmeros atores. Outra contribuição é dada pela visualização de inúmeros subsistemas decorrentes da análise vertical onde cada subsistema poderá ser estudado separadamente pondo em evidência novos caminhos de enfrentamento da problemática acidentária. / Introduction: The accident in Santa Maria / RS is one of the most publicized by the media having international repercussions. The criminal investigation conducted by the police and also by the technicians of the Regional Engineering Board, resulted in an understanding of immediate facts, i.e., the causes and effects which clearly established without seeking for the roots of the problem. In other words, here we seek to contextualize the accident within the cultural, political, regulatory and economic aspects. If we did not analyze the correlated aspects, the feedback, learning and risk management itself would be restricted to the accident proximal sphere. Questions about the use and sale of fireworks, the use of lining materials in clubs and nightclubs, the organization of events with large amounts of people indoors, are not detailed in the reports. It was also not broadly discussed questions about the role of governmental agencies in providing operating licenses for nightclubs, the role of risk prevention experts and the role of public officials in major disasters and major accidents, especially those related to chemical substances, that, in this case, killed two hundred forty two young people in a few minutes, all of whom died due to the action of the cyanide gas. Objectives: In face of these and other shortcomings, this paper proposes a method of coping with these issues. This proposal may be easily perceived as multidisciplinary since it would be difficult to develop a single disciplinary study without putting in jeopardy the opportunity of learning from the tragic accident. The focus is to find and present the contingent of influences that were at stake in the club management system. These findings may path the way for deeper studies of the social sphere and techniques which were present at that time and that were revealed by the tragedy. 11 Materials and Methods: In order to achieve this goal, we went far beyond the immediate relationship of cause and effect; we used a descriptive and analytical model of Vertical Maps, AcciMap proposed by the engineer Jeans Rasmussen with a qualitative approach. In this kind of study it is imperative to identify high political level influences, analyzing the events from top to bottom, and also going through state and municipal management data including the nightclub management itself. The data was collected from available media, from governmental agencies, particularly the civil police report and the Engineering Board report. Results: The vertical maps revealed the interaction and the systemic institution loss of control. The distribution of actors and influences that act in order to bring the system slowly but forcefully to the zone of instability is visible. The idealized conceptions, regulatory documents and public policies deviated due to uncontrolled interactions from security principles, without the system being able to detect these rapid changes. Institutions are pressed by a routine that on one hand leaves out risk management aspects and on the other hand by the inconsistency of coercive governmental supervision. Final thoughts: Even a single case study, due to the strength of the vertical maps, can expand the understanding of the social, organizational and political phenomena. By seeking relationships between actors and between events, the study encodes a unique structure which in theory is related to several cases. On the one hand the data obtained in the investigation itself, is not identical to other cases, on the other hand as we examine and analyze the documents important features for theoretical and methodological comparison emerge, thus increasing understanding of this and other accidents. Two other contributions are particularly relevant. The first one is the theoretical and academic contribution; it has as objective to debate the implementation of vertical maps in the study of accidents, especially the multifaceted ones with numerous actors. Another one is given by the display of numerous subsystems, which result from the vertical analysis, where each subsystem can be studied separately highlighting new ways of coping with major accidents.
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Proposta de sistemática para prevenção de acidentes a partir da avaliação de erros ativos e condições latentes

Oliveira, Paulo Apelles Camboim de January 2011 (has links)
O objetivo geral desta tese foi conceber uma sistemática para elaborar um plano de prevenção, a partir do delineamento das falhas humanas, com a finalidade de minimizar os acidentes numa organização. Essa sistemática está baseada no pressuposto de que as organizações podem aprender com os acidentes, e que estes não são decorrentes de comportamentos inapropriados dos trabalhadores, mas consequência de um contexto organizacional desfavorável, e nos conceitos provenientes dos erros ativos e das condições latentes, propostos como fatores causais de um acidente. Para se alcançar tal objetivo, foi realizada revisão bibliográfica acerca dos assuntos pertinentes e, a partir deste estudo, foi concebida a proposta inicial da sistemática para, em seguida, submetê-la a um estudo de caso. A revisão de literatura abordou as teorias sobre como os acidentes acontecem, qual a participação do erro humano nestes eventos, quais os tipos de erros, como eles se manifestam e quais as técnicas de prevenção. Além disso, a revisão de literatura permitiu avaliar o Sistema de Análise e Classificação de Fatores Humanos (HFACS), técnica desenvolvida para identificar e classificar os erros humanos, de forma ordenada, percebendo-se que este sistema possui limitações e que as técnicas de prevenção enfatizam ações centradas na segurança operacional, não abrangendo outros níveis na organização. A proposta inicial da sistemática foi concebida em dois módulos: o de Investigação, que visa entender como a organização conduz o processo de análise dos acidentes e determinar os principais erros ativos e as condições latentes, por meio de múltiplas fontes de evidência, baseando-se nas categorias e subcategorias do sistema HFACS e com a utilização de entrevistas com grupos focados e de observação não-participante; e o módulo de Prevenção, o qual procura, juntamente com a equipe gerencial da empresa, determinar ações de prevenção estratégicas para a organização. Com os resultados empíricos obtidos, foi possível avaliar o emprego da sistemática numa concessionária de energia elétrica, detectando-se pontos de melhorias e estabelecendo a versão final da mesma, além de se definir parâmetros de como aplicá-la. Constatou-se, também, que a sistemática possibilita, por meio do cenário dos erros ativos e das condições latentes, visualizar setores que necessitam intervenções na área de segurança, auxiliando, dessa forma, este setor na organização, além de permitir avaliar o desempenho da Gestão do Sistema de Segurança e Saúde do Trabalho (GSST) da empresa. / The object of this thesis was to conceive a framework to develop a prevention plan, based on the outlining of human errors, in order to minimize accidents in organizations. This work is based on the assumption that organizations can learn from accidents, and that these are not due to workers inappropriate behavior, but because of an unfavorable organizational context; and on concepts originated from active errors and latent conditions proposed as casual factors in an accident. To reach such object, we reviewed literature on relevant subjects and from that study the original proposal of the system was conceived and subjected to a case study. The literature review approached the theories on how accidents happen, the role of human errors in such events types of errors concerned, how they manifest themselves in accidents and which are the prevention techniques. In addition, the literature review allowed, an evaluation of the Human Factor Analysis Classification System – HFACS, a framework developed to identify and classify human error, in an orderly manner, but with limitations; and prevention techniques are centered on operational safety, not involving other levels of the organizations. The initial framework proposal was designed in two modules: the Research Module, aiming to understand how the organization conducts the process of analysis of accidents, and to determine the main active errors and latent conditions using multiple sources of evidence based on the categories and subcategories of the HFACS, on interviews applied to focused groups and on non-participant observation; and the Prevention Module, which aims to determine prevention strategies for the organization, together with their management team. With the results attained in the case study, it was possible to evaluate performance the framework in an electric utility company, detect improvement points, establish its final version and set the parameters on how to apply it. It was also noted that, by means of the active errors and the latent condition settings, this framework is able to help the sectors of a company as it displays where assistance in the security field is needed; besides allowing the organization to evaluate the management performance of the Safety and Health at Work System.
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Safety Effectiveness and Safety-Based Volume Warrants of Right-Turn Lanes at Unsignalized Intersections and Driveways on Two-Lane Roadways

Ale, Gom Bahadur January 2012 (has links)
Disagreements regarding to what degree right-turn lanes improve or worsen the safety of intersections and driveways provided the motivation and the need for this study. The objectives of this study were to: a) carry out an in-depth study to determine the safety impacts of right-turn movements in different contexts, and b) develop safety-based volume warrants for right-turn lanes if safety indeed improves. Lack of adequate study on the applicability of past warrants and guidelines for the specific context of right-turn movements made from major uncontrolled approaches at unsignalized intersections, and particularly driveways, on two-lane roadways provided the scope for this study. Five-year historical data of statewide traffic crashes reported on Minnesota’s twolane trunk highways were analyzed using binary/multinomial logistic regressions. Conflicts due to right turns were analyzed by fitting least squares conflict prediction models based on the data obtained from field surveys and traffic simulations. The safety impacts of rightturn lanes were determined through crash-conflict relationships, crash injury severity, and crash and construction costs. The study found that the probabilities of right-turn movement related crash ranged from 1.6 to 17.2% at intersections and from 7.8 to 38.7% at driveways. Rear-end, samedirection- sideswipe, right-angle and right-turn crash types constituted 96% of right-turn movement related crashes. Rear-end crash probabilities varied from 13.7 to 46.4% at approaches with right-turn lanes and from 37.9 to 76.9% otherwise. The ratios of rearend/ same-direction-sideswipe crashes to conflicts were 0.759 x 10^6 at approaches with right-turn lanes and 1.547 x 10^6 otherwise. Overall, right-turn lanes reduced right-turn movement related crash occurrences and conflicts by 85% and 80%, respectively. Right-turn lanes also reduced crash injury severity, hence, reducing the economic cost by 26%. Safety benefits, in dollars, realized with the use of right-turn lanes at driveways were 29% and 7% higher compared to those at intersections at low and high speed conditions respectively for similar traffic conditions. Depending on roadway conditions, interest rate and construction costs, the safety-based volume thresholds ranged from 3 to 200 right turns per hour during the design hour at intersection approaches, and from 2 to 175 right turns at driveway approaches.

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