Retinal blur experienced by myopes during near work has been linked to myopia development and progression. Whether poor responses to blur signals are due to poor perceptual blur sensitivity (subjective depth of focus), poor neural accommodation responses (objective depth of focus) to blur or optical differences such as higher order aberrations making blur detection difficult is yet unclear. This study investigates whether myopes respond to blur differently compared to emmetropes and whether filtering spatial frequencies in reading text influence accommodation responses. Accommodative functions were investigated using spatial frequency filtered text targets of two different sizes (N10 and N20). Monocular objective depth of focus (DOF), accommodative microfluctuations, and dynamic accommodation were measured. Subjective DOF after cycloplegia was also recorded with the same targets. Higher order aberration measurements explored optical contributions to blur. Peripheral refraction and accommodative lag were also measured to consider how in combination they might increase peripheral retinal blur for near tasks. Results showed that myopes demonstrated larger subjective DOF. Subjective DOF was larger when viewing the peak text spatial frequency in both refractive error groups. The optimum focus was more myopic for text peak spatial frequencies. Levels of spherical aberration were correlated with the point of optimum focus. Objective DOF and accommodative microfluctuations were larger in myopes when viewing the peak text spatial frequencies. Dynamic accommodation showed that while myopes were not poorer at initiating accommodation responses they had longer positive response times. Accommodative lag, although not different in myopes, increases the peripheral hyperopic blur experienced for near tasks. Conclusion: Myopes were poorer at using retinal blur cues to refine accommodation responses especially when viewing peak text spatial frequencies. Larger positive response times, DOF and accommodative microfluctuations in myopes resulted in accommodative error and hyperopic blur for near tasks. Spherical aberration, previously thought to provide a myopigenic stimulus, was not different between refractive groups and is unlikely to be large enough to enhance DOF during naturalistic viewing. Blur adaptation studies might consider using peak text spatial frequencies as adaptation targets to reduce accommodation differences in myopes and emmetropes. Optical treatment strategies aimed at correcting peripheral refraction to control myopia should consider the combined effect of accommodative lag which increases levels of hyperopic peripheral blur experienced by myopes.

This research aimed to critically appraise the nature and application of social marketing to promote water efficiency within tourism accommodation. Social marketing is the use of standard marketing techniques to change behaviour for a social goal. Efforts to promote water efficiency in this context are needed as it has been acknowledged that the tourism industry generally increases per capita water consumption per individual. To alleviate this issue, research engaged a diversity of stakeholders, unique to similar past efforts, through four stages of research. Stages One and Two engaged managers of tourism accommodation in focus groups and interviews. Managers reported a high interest in changing guest behaviour but emphasized the guest experience was paramount. They identified that most initiatives aiming to promote water efficiency in the existing literature were not viable within their operations and instead they offered new ideas for engaging both guests and fellow managers. In Stage Three, an online questionnaire was conducted with 408 individuals. Results showed significant changes in most water behaviours, though not all, between home and away, indicating promoting efficiency is needed in both sites of practice. Through cluster analysis, three types of water users within the tourism accommodation were identified. Each segment displayed distinct water use patterns and willingness to participate in initiatives. The final stage engaged a panel of experts in a Delphi consultation aiming to discover consensus on evaluating and prioritizing possible initiatives emerging from previous stages. This is the first application of a Delphi consultation, for this purpose, within the field of social marketing. In addition to recommending the pursuit of certain initiatives to practitioners, the research also yielded several theoretical contributions. Primarily, there is a strong need to standardize the process and unit of analysis for measuring water consumption within tourism accommodation. Secondly, the size, type and clientele base of the business are important factors in considering water efficiency initiatives and therefore social marketing campaigns would be best designed specific to the individual needs of a particular business and not generalized across the industry. Additionally, campaigns to promote water efficiency in tourism accommodation should apply the established theories of modelling, norms creation and social capital. In general, less attention on individual actions and instead larger upstream issues affecting targeted behaviours would enable greater water savings. Finally, the Delphi consultation is recommended as an effective tool for prioritizing and evaluating social marketing initiatives.

The purpose of this study is to analyze how a rural muncipality with negative population growth promotes year-round residency. Using Lysekil municipality as an example, this study aims to investigate both the consequences of a declining year-round population, and how the municipality encourages population growth in the Commune. Of course, this is an extremely broad subject which can be approached from many angles. With this in mind, areas such as urbanization, attractiveness and place-marketing were scrutinized in detail. Using qualitative research (and empirical data) from various literature, as well as semi-structured interviews with employees of Lysekil municipality, the study revealed that a declining year-round population resulted in declining tax revenue. This tax shortage could lead to the municipality becoming unable to offer services that meet the expectations of the local population. However, the study also revealed that Lysekil municipality has great potential to achieve the population growth it desires. This can be accomplished by appropriate investments into attractive living situations as well as effective communications in the shape of the local internet and public transportation. For Lysekil municipality to become a year-round vivid municipality would require several measures, alongside investment, in both outer and inner factors.

Neste trabalho descreve-se o desenvolvimento e a construção de um instrumento eletro-óptico que analisa o processo de inibir a acomodação ocular utilizado nos exames refrativos dinâmicos. Nesses exames, devido a não utilização de drogas para dilatar e paralisar a pupila e o cristalino, pode haver variações no poder dióptrico ocular, o que torna o exame ineficaz e ineficiente. Isto é evitado se o equipamento analisador possuir um sistema de inibição. O projeto do instrumento foi dividido em 2 etapas. A primeira etapa foi dedicada à simulação óptica do instrumento eletro-óptico, pelo método do Traçado de Raios, e de um sistema aferidor. Na segunda etapa, construiu-se a eletrônica de controle e as peças mecânicas do conjunto (instrumento eletro-óptico e sistema aferidor). Após o desenvolvimento do protótipo do instrumento, foram realizados testes de avaliação através da análise de imagens feita pelo aferidor. O instrumento eletro-óptico foi desenvolvido para ser utilizado num analisador de frente de ondas, que utiliza uma das técnicas mais recentes e eficientes aplicada nos exames refrativos oftalmológicos. / In this work it is described the development and construction of an electro-optical instrument It analyzes the process of inhibiting ocular accommodation used in the dynamic refractive exams. Due to no use of drugs to dilate and paralyze the pupil and the crystalline lens, variations in the ocular dioptric power can occur, becoming those exams ineffective and inefficient. This is avoided if the analyzer equipment possess an inhibition system. The project of the instrument was divided in 2 stages. The first stage was dedicated to the optical simulation of electro-optical instrument, by the Ray Tracing Method, and of the system inspector. In the second stage, the control electronics and the mechanical parts (electro-optical and system inspector) was built. After the development of the prototype of the instrument, evaluation tests were accomplished through the analysis of images done by the inspector. The electro-optical instrument was developed to be used in an analyzer of front of waves, using one of the most recent and efficient techniques applied in the ophthalmologic refractive exams.

Pirmasis darbo skyrius skirtas apgyvendinimo įmonių sampratos ir rūšių, rinkos paklausos terminų analizei. Taip pat analizuojami apgyvendinimo įmonių paklausos vertinimui ir prognozavimui taikomi metodai. Nustatyta, kad pagrindiniai apgyvendinimo įmonių paslaugų paklausos rodikliai – numerių bei vietų užimtumas, svečių nakvynių skaičius. Kaina už paslaugas įvertinama vidutinėmis parduotų numerių pajamomis (ARR) ir pajamomis tenkančioms visiems numeriams (RevPAR). Teorinėje dalyje nustatyta, kad pagrindiniai veiksniai, įtakojantys paklausos pokyčius, yra: nedarbo lygis, vartojimo kainų indekso pokytis, gyventojų skaičius, kuro kaina, valiutų kursas, paslaugų kaina bei pakaitalų kaina. Antrame skyriuje analizuojama Lietuvos apgyvendinimo įmonių pasiūlos ir paklausos struktūra. Vartotojų segmentavimas pagal atvykimo tikslą ir kilmę atskleidė, kad tarp užsienio svečių daugiausia yra apsistojusių poilsio tikslais, o tarp vietinių svečių – verslo tikslais. Šiame tyrime nustatyta, kad viešbučių vietų paklausa per analizuojamą laikotarpį išaugo 2,66 karto, o pasiūla (metinis siūlomų vietų skaičius) padidėjo apie 2 kartus. Pastebima tendencija, kad apgyvendinimo įmonių paslaugų paklausa auga didesniu tempu, nei pasiūla. Atlikus ekonominių rodiklių įtakos analizę, reikšmingiausias ryšys nustatytas tarp nakvynių skaičiaus apgyvendinimo įmonėse ir bendrojo vidaus produkto (BVP) 1 gyventojui. Trečiame skyriuje parengus apgyvendinimo įmonių numerių užimtumo prognozę, patvirtinta hipotezė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The first chapter of this study is devoted to definition of accommodation enterprises, their types and market demand. The ways of estimating the accommodation market demand and forecasting methods are analyzed too. Accommodation demand is generally measured by room and place occupancy rate and visitor bed-nights spent in accommodation enterprises. The measure of the price is average room revenue (ARR) and revenue per available room (RevPAR). In theoretical part of this paper was defined, that accomodation demand is mostly influenced by unemployment rate, consumer price index, exchange rate, residents quantity, price of goods and it’s substitute price. The structure of accommodation enterprises supply and demand in Lithuania is analyzed in the second chapter. Segmentation of consumers, based on purpose of travel, represents arrivals of the foreigners for leisure purpose and the greatest part of domestic guest – for business purpose. It’s estimated that demand of accomodation places grew 2,66 times, meanwile supply - only 2 times. The tendency is that demand grows faster than supply. Analysis revealed that there are significant correlation between nights spent in accomodation enterprises and GDP per capita. The prognosis of rooms occupancy rate was calculated in the third chapter of this study and approved research hypothesis that accommodation demand will exceed supply.

Neste trabalho descreve-se o desenvolvimento e a construção de um instrumento eletro-óptico que analisa o processo de inibir a acomodação ocular utilizado nos exames refrativos dinâmicos. Nesses exames, devido a não utilização de drogas para dilatar e paralisar a pupila e o cristalino, pode haver variações no poder dióptrico ocular, o que torna o exame ineficaz e ineficiente. Isto é evitado se o equipamento analisador possuir um sistema de inibição. O projeto do instrumento foi dividido em 2 etapas. A primeira etapa foi dedicada à simulação óptica do instrumento eletro-óptico, pelo método do Traçado de Raios, e de um sistema aferidor. Na segunda etapa, construiu-se a eletrônica de controle e as peças mecânicas do conjunto (instrumento eletro-óptico e sistema aferidor). Após o desenvolvimento do protótipo do instrumento, foram realizados testes de avaliação através da análise de imagens feita pelo aferidor. O instrumento eletro-óptico foi desenvolvido para ser utilizado num analisador de frente de ondas, que utiliza uma das técnicas mais recentes e eficientes aplicada nos exames refrativos oftalmológicos. / In this work it is described the development and construction of an electro-optical instrument It analyzes the process of inhibiting ocular accommodation used in the dynamic refractive exams. Due to no use of drugs to dilate and paralyze the pupil and the crystalline lens, variations in the ocular dioptric power can occur, becoming those exams ineffective and inefficient. This is avoided if the analyzer equipment possess an inhibition system. The project of the instrument was divided in 2 stages. The first stage was dedicated to the optical simulation of electro-optical instrument, by the Ray Tracing Method, and of the system inspector. In the second stage, the control electronics and the mechanical parts (electro-optical and system inspector) was built. After the development of the prototype of the instrument, evaluation tests were accomplished through the analysis of images done by the inspector. The electro-optical instrument was developed to be used in an analyzer of front of waves, using one of the most recent and efficient techniques applied in the ophthalmologic refractive exams.

Comme dans la plupart des pays européens, la population française est soumise au défi du vieillissement. Au I" janvier 2016, les personnes âgées de 60 ans ou plus représentaient 23 % de la population. Selon les projections les plus récentes, cette catégorie de personnes va continuer d'augmenter et représentera 30 % de la population à l'horizon 2060.Un grand nombre d'entre elles ne disposent pas des ressources nécessaires pour supporter le coût de l'hébergement collectif devenu souvent nécessaire, ce qui pose la question du financement de cet accueil.La présente étude propose de résoudre ce problème par l'analyse du réseau d'obligations construit autour de la personne âgée, à la fois débitrice du coût de l'hébergement collectif vis-à-vis de la structure d'accueil et créancière d'aliments vis-à-vis de la collectivité et de certains membres de sa famille. Le montant des créances alimentaires doit servir à couvrir le montant de la dette d'hébergement.Ce réseau d'obligations est mobilisé par les acteurs concernés pour obtenir l'extinction totale de la créance des établissements en respectant les recours et procédures prévus par le législateur ou par le juge. Néanmoins, ces techniques légalement encadrées ne permettent pas toujours d'atteindre l'objectif visé: les règles très strictes du régime de l'obligation alimentaire restreignent significativement les montants obtenus devant le juge aux affaires familiales.Sous l'impulsion des créanciers insatisfaits, la mobilisation du réseau d'obligations a donc dépassé le cadre organisé. De l'élaboration de barèmes de calcul jusqu'à la signature de contrats en passant par l'émission de titres exécutoires, la famille de la personnes âgée est sollicitée par des techniques diversifiées, plus ou moins légales, qui la privent de la protection du régime de l'obligation alimentaire mais qui permettent aux établissements créanciers d'augmenter leurs chances d'être payés intégralement. / As in most of the European countries, the French population is facing the challenge of ageing. On January I st, 2016,23 % of the population was aged 60 years or aider. According to the most recent projections, this category is going to increase and will represent 30 % in 2060. A large number of them do not have sufficient resources to pay the price of the collective accommodation they often need.The present study proposes to salve this problem by analysing the network of obligations built around the elderly persan. She is the debtor of the cost of the collective accommodation but she also is the maintenance creditor towards the society and towards certain members ofher family. The amount of the maintenance claims has to caver the amount of the debt of accommodation. The concerned actors mobilise this network of obligations to obtain the extinction of the claim of establishments by respecting the legal remedies and proceedings planned by the legislator or by the judge. Nevertheless, these techniques legally organised do not always reach their goal : the legal regime of the maintenance obligation restrict significantly the amounts obtained in front of the family court.For this reason, the dissatisfied creditors decided to mobilise the network ofobligations in other ways. From the elaboration of calculation scales to the signature of contracts, including the issuance of enforceable titles, the family of the elderly is requested by diversified, more or less legal techniques, which deprive them of the protection of the regime of the maintenance obligation but which allow establishments creditors to increase their chances to be entirely paid.

Assimilative behavioral strategies provide continuity through maintenance of similarities, traditions, and interactions, while accommodative strategies result in social innovation through the creation of new modes and interactive patterns (J. Block, 1982; J . H. Block, 1983). It was hypothesized that females would show assimilative discourse patterns through the maintenance of conversational topics, while males would show accommodative patterns through more frequent changes in conversational topic, and that the roots of this pattern lie in family conversation. Nineteen families were videotaped at one month, four months, and four years following the birth of their second child. Results showed that gender-differentiated use of assimilation and accommodation was more true for sibling dyads than for the parent-child relationship.

The building, combining the production of wine, accommodation and restaurant is surrounded by vineyards overlooking the Novomlýnské reservoir and Palava Hills. Part of the proposal are too small constructions in the landscape, which offers its users an added value in the perception of the cultural landscape. The basic idea itself winery is an intersection that connects the four routes, each of which is determined by another user.

Service dogs are becoming an integral part of our society. Consequently, there is a need for research that explores how Canada should proceed with the development and implementation of appropriate laws and policies that will ensure the proper use and equal integration of service dogs. Before this can take place, the terminology used within the field must be clarified, as society continues to move toward a more expanded definition of service dog, and public access challenges continue to impact the lives of persons with disabilities. The goal of this autoethnographical research study was to determine what service dog handlers, particularly ‘owner-trainers,’ feel constitutes a ‘service dog’ in Canada. When researchers conduct investigations on topics related to the lives of persons with disabilities, their research typically takes the form of disabled individuals being studied and not being directly involved within the research. Therefore, this project sought to directly involve persons with disabilities, while also attempting to avoid the possibility of censorship or silence. Through the use of statements from social media, this project captured the lived experiences without worrying about participants changing them to fit within society’s expectations. Society is not structured to be accessible for all, so when ‘accommodations’ are made, it is ‘expected’ that persons with disabilities will show gratitude and not voice their true feelings. Through the use of autoethnography, I shared my experiences, as a service dog raiser, trainer and handler, and provided a glimpse into the lives of other service dog handlers as they participate within their communities. In doing this, I hope the findings of my project will offer an important perspective to the discussion surrounding what constitutes a ‘service dog’ in Canada. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)