Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1975. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-159).

Assignment (MRek)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-64).

A Lei nº 11.638/07 iniciou a convergência da contabilidade brasileira para as normas internacionais do IASB. A MP 449/08, a Lei nº 11.941/09 e os órgãos de regulação contábil continuaram essa adequação, promovendo, entre outras, duas relevantes modificações: i) a definitiva separação entre a contabilidade societária e a tributária; e ii) a implementação da ampla hegemonia da essência sobre a forma - dito de outro modo, a prevalência da visão econômica na contabilidade financeira -, enquanto se manteve na contabilidade fiscal, majoritariamente, a predominância da perspectiva civil, que de forma inversa, privilegia a forma. Como é sabido, apesar de a contabilidade tributária partir da societária, as regras da primeira se assentam na legislação que normatiza sua matéria, enquanto a contabilidade societária segue o Pronunciamento Conceitual Básico da Contabilidade. E o lucro, uma das mais importantes concepções formuladas pela contabilidade, é adotado pelo Fisco Federal como base de cálculo do IRPJ e da CSLL. Como os efeitos das novas regras contábeis causariam impacto positivo, nulo ou negativo no lucro tributário, a partir de 2008, foi instituído o Regime Tributário de Transição-RTT, com o objetivo de neutralizar-se todos os novos critérios de reconhecimento de receitas, despesas ou custos. As empresas ainda puderam, no biênio 2008-2009, optar ou não por esse novo regime, mas, a partir de 2010, sua adoção se tornou obrigatória. Entretanto, tratou-se de decisão difícil, principalmente, porque o prazo original era até 16/10/2009, quando o último trimestre ainda não estava encerrado e, também, pela insegurança na interpretação das novas normas contábeis e dos seus efeitos na legislação fiscal. Posteriormente, em 13/04/2010, a IN RFB nº 1.023/10 reabriu o prazo para opção, sanando-se, assim, a primeira instabilidade, e, igualmente, confirmando-se a hipótese da necessidade de sua edição, pois o número de retificações da DIPJ de 2008 girou em torno de 39%, superior, portanto, ao realizado em 2007. Mas dessas alterações, apenas 973 empresas modificaram a opção - de não para sim - pelo RTT. A partir da comparação dos períodos 2008-2009 (anos com adoção de nove novas regras contábeis) com 2005-2007 foram apurados os valores de cinco variáveis, quais sejam, receita e lucro brutos, lucros fiscal e contábil e a diferença entre os dois últimos. A amostra pesquisada foi composta por 69.712 empresas de lucro real que não optaram pelo RTT e representou 73% desses contribuintes e 48% de todas as empresas de lucro real no ano-base 2008. É relevante estudar os efeitos dessas novas regras nas empresas não optantes por esse regime, entre os quais se incluem a consideração dos resultados das novas regras contábeis sob um enfoque econômico no lucro tributário. Essa pesquisa constituirá fonte de subsídios para possíveis alterações na legislação fiscal. Em princípio, uma empresa não optaria por esse regime se incorresse em maiores despesas e custos em comparação com as receitas - todas decorrentes das novas regras contábeis -, pois, assim, teria uma redução do IRPJ e da CSLL a pagar. Foram levantados indícios nesse sentido, baseados no fato de o lucro fiscal ter variado menos do que a receita e lucro brutos, entre os períodos 2008-2009 e 2005-2007. Os resultados obtidos pela investigação também foram discriminados pelos quatro setores: agricultura, comércio, indústria e serviços. Entretanto, alimenta-se a expectativa de que novos estudos investiguem de forma mais profunda para confirmar essa questão anterior. / Law 11.638/07 represents the beginning of convergence of Brazilian accounting practices towards international standards established by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Provisional Measure 449/08, Law 11.941/09 and accounting regulatory bodies furthered this adjustment process by introducing significant changes, such as: i) complete separation between corporate accounting and tax accounting, and ii) implementation of the principle of essence over form - in other words, the prevalence of an economic outlook on financial accounting - whereas a civil stance was adopted mostly for tax accounting, which conversely focuses on form. Although tax accounting steams from corporate accounting, as commonly known, the former is governed by the legislation that regulates its matter, while the latter complies with the Statement of Basic Accounting. Profit, one of the crucial concepts postulated by accounting, is adopted by the Federal Treasury as the basis for calculating the company income tax (IRPJ) and social contribution on net profit (CLSS). As the new accounting rules would have a positive, null or negative impact on taxable income, the Transition Tax Regime (RTT) was established as of 2008. The aim was to neutralize all new criteria for recognizing revenues, expenses or costs. Companies had the option to adopt this new regime or not along 2008-2009, however, adoption became mandatory as of 2010. Nevertheless, companies found it difficult to carry the process through due to the original term, which expired on October 16th, 2009, before the end of the last quarter, and issues concerning the interpretation of the new accounting standards and their effects on tax legislation. Thereafter, on April 13th, 2010, Normative Instruction 1.023/10 extended the initial deadline, which solved the first issue, and also confirmed the need for its enactment, as the number of amendments to DIPJ (Statement of Economic and Tax Information) in 2008 was nearly 39%, a number greater than in 2007. However from these amendments, only 973 companies decided to adopt the RTT. By comparing the period of 2008-2009 (when nine new accounting rules were introduced) to that of 2005-2007, the value of five variables was obtained, namely, taxable income, accounting income, the difference between them, gross revenue and gross profit. The study sample consisted of 69,712 taxable income companies that did not opt for the RTT and represented 73% of these taxpayers and 48% of all taxable income companies in the base year 2008. It is relevant to study the impacts the new rules have on companies that did not opt for this system, including the results of new accounting rules under an economic approach to taxable income. This research will provide subsidies for possible changes in tax legislation. In principle, a company would not opt for this regime if it could incur higher expenses and costs compared to revenues - all arising from new accounting rules - since that would reduce IRPJ and CSLL payables. Evidence of that was found based on the fact that taxable income varied less than gross revenue and profit between 2008-2009 and 2005-2007. The outcomes of this research were broken down into four sectors: agriculture, commerce, industry and services. We expect, however, that new studies investigate this matter more thoroughly to confirm this finding.

A Lei nº 11.638/07 iniciou a convergência da contabilidade brasileira para as normas internacionais do IASB. A MP 449/08, a Lei nº 11.941/09 e os órgãos de regulação contábil continuaram essa adequação, promovendo, entre outras, duas relevantes modificações: i) a definitiva separação entre a contabilidade societária e a tributária; e ii) a implementação da ampla hegemonia da essência sobre a forma - dito de outro modo, a prevalência da visão econômica na contabilidade financeira -, enquanto se manteve na contabilidade fiscal, majoritariamente, a predominância da perspectiva civil, que de forma inversa, privilegia a forma. Como é sabido, apesar de a contabilidade tributária partir da societária, as regras da primeira se assentam na legislação que normatiza sua matéria, enquanto a contabilidade societária segue o Pronunciamento Conceitual Básico da Contabilidade. E o lucro, uma das mais importantes concepções formuladas pela contabilidade, é adotado pelo Fisco Federal como base de cálculo do IRPJ e da CSLL. Como os efeitos das novas regras contábeis causariam impacto positivo, nulo ou negativo no lucro tributário, a partir de 2008, foi instituído o Regime Tributário de Transição-RTT, com o objetivo de neutralizar-se todos os novos critérios de reconhecimento de receitas, despesas ou custos. As empresas ainda puderam, no biênio 2008-2009, optar ou não por esse novo regime, mas, a partir de 2010, sua adoção se tornou obrigatória. Entretanto, tratou-se de decisão difícil, principalmente, porque o prazo original era até 16/10/2009, quando o último trimestre ainda não estava encerrado e, também, pela insegurança na interpretação das novas normas contábeis e dos seus efeitos na legislação fiscal. Posteriormente, em 13/04/2010, a IN RFB nº 1.023/10 reabriu o prazo para opção, sanando-se, assim, a primeira instabilidade, e, igualmente, confirmando-se a hipótese da necessidade de sua edição, pois o número de retificações da DIPJ de 2008 girou em torno de 39%, superior, portanto, ao realizado em 2007. Mas dessas alterações, apenas 973 empresas modificaram a opção - de não para sim - pelo RTT. A partir da comparação dos períodos 2008-2009 (anos com adoção de nove novas regras contábeis) com 2005-2007 foram apurados os valores de cinco variáveis, quais sejam, receita e lucro brutos, lucros fiscal e contábil e a diferença entre os dois últimos. A amostra pesquisada foi composta por 69.712 empresas de lucro real que não optaram pelo RTT e representou 73% desses contribuintes e 48% de todas as empresas de lucro real no ano-base 2008. É relevante estudar os efeitos dessas novas regras nas empresas não optantes por esse regime, entre os quais se incluem a consideração dos resultados das novas regras contábeis sob um enfoque econômico no lucro tributário. Essa pesquisa constituirá fonte de subsídios para possíveis alterações na legislação fiscal. Em princípio, uma empresa não optaria por esse regime se incorresse em maiores despesas e custos em comparação com as receitas - todas decorrentes das novas regras contábeis -, pois, assim, teria uma redução do IRPJ e da CSLL a pagar. Foram levantados indícios nesse sentido, baseados no fato de o lucro fiscal ter variado menos do que a receita e lucro brutos, entre os períodos 2008-2009 e 2005-2007. Os resultados obtidos pela investigação também foram discriminados pelos quatro setores: agricultura, comércio, indústria e serviços. Entretanto, alimenta-se a expectativa de que novos estudos investiguem de forma mais profunda para confirmar essa questão anterior. / Law 11.638/07 represents the beginning of convergence of Brazilian accounting practices towards international standards established by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Provisional Measure 449/08, Law 11.941/09 and accounting regulatory bodies furthered this adjustment process by introducing significant changes, such as: i) complete separation between corporate accounting and tax accounting, and ii) implementation of the principle of essence over form - in other words, the prevalence of an economic outlook on financial accounting - whereas a civil stance was adopted mostly for tax accounting, which conversely focuses on form. Although tax accounting steams from corporate accounting, as commonly known, the former is governed by the legislation that regulates its matter, while the latter complies with the Statement of Basic Accounting. Profit, one of the crucial concepts postulated by accounting, is adopted by the Federal Treasury as the basis for calculating the company income tax (IRPJ) and social contribution on net profit (CLSS). As the new accounting rules would have a positive, null or negative impact on taxable income, the Transition Tax Regime (RTT) was established as of 2008. The aim was to neutralize all new criteria for recognizing revenues, expenses or costs. Companies had the option to adopt this new regime or not along 2008-2009, however, adoption became mandatory as of 2010. Nevertheless, companies found it difficult to carry the process through due to the original term, which expired on October 16th, 2009, before the end of the last quarter, and issues concerning the interpretation of the new accounting standards and their effects on tax legislation. Thereafter, on April 13th, 2010, Normative Instruction 1.023/10 extended the initial deadline, which solved the first issue, and also confirmed the need for its enactment, as the number of amendments to DIPJ (Statement of Economic and Tax Information) in 2008 was nearly 39%, a number greater than in 2007. However from these amendments, only 973 companies decided to adopt the RTT. By comparing the period of 2008-2009 (when nine new accounting rules were introduced) to that of 2005-2007, the value of five variables was obtained, namely, taxable income, accounting income, the difference between them, gross revenue and gross profit. The study sample consisted of 69,712 taxable income companies that did not opt for the RTT and represented 73% of these taxpayers and 48% of all taxable income companies in the base year 2008. It is relevant to study the impacts the new rules have on companies that did not opt for this system, including the results of new accounting rules under an economic approach to taxable income. This research will provide subsidies for possible changes in tax legislation. In principle, a company would not opt for this regime if it could incur higher expenses and costs compared to revenues - all arising from new accounting rules - since that would reduce IRPJ and CSLL payables. Evidence of that was found based on the fact that taxable income varied less than gross revenue and profit between 2008-2009 and 2005-2007. The outcomes of this research were broken down into four sectors: agriculture, commerce, industry and services. We expect, however, that new studies investigate this matter more thoroughly to confirm this finding.

This master thesis is adverting a leasing problematic form view of accounting and taxation. Because the Czech Republic is the part of European Union this master thesis includes theory of leasing according to International accounting standards IAS/IFRS. Principally in the leasing sector is appearing the difference from the Czech accounting system. The diversity of leasing theory is shown here as an example where leasing is displayed from the basic its forms to the developed system according to IAS/IFRS.

In the thesis Analysis of economic non-profit organization is the main objective characterize the structure of financial resources and appropriate financial analysis to evaluate the level of economic development and selected non-profit organizations during the monitored period.Selected non-profit organization has become municipality Volyně and evaluation was made in the years 2009 - 2013. The first part of the thesis is based on a review of the literature on territorial self-governing units. How the local government units developed, how they arise and how the management system they have. The main financial instrument is the budget. The relatively sophisticated financial management components include financial analysis, which is also included in this part. Furthermore, in the literature review we find legislative adjustment municipalities. Those are the most important rules that territorial authorities act and make decisions. In conclusion literature review provides an overview of accounting and tax specifics, especially about the differences in the accounts of municipalities and the business community. The practical part is focused on the brief characteristics of the municipality and its history. Further description of the accounting system the municipality Volyně, and how municipality processes income and expenses on cash accounts. It also characterized municipal property, and an overview of grants processed as received and granted. Other part is focused on the economic analysis of the municipality. Approach to specific analyzes such as cost-benefit analysis, horizontal and vertical analysis and then financial analysis of selected indicators.

This thesis deals with the creative accounting in the selected business corporation. First, the theoretical background is defined, followed by an analysis of the selected accounting cases for the year 2016, where creative accounting methods were used. All the creative accounting cases are then redesigned so that they do not include these practices. New earnings are therefore calculated as well as the new value added tax rate that the company should have properly deducted.

Revenue recognition is one of the most crucial issues in financial reporting and the prevalent source for recent accounting scandals. International financial reporting standard setters are conducting a major project rethinking revenue recognition. Tentative proposals of the project Revenue Recognition feature an asset-liability approach relying on measurement at fair values or at allocated customer consideration amounts. This paper chooses construction contracts to illustrate and to evaluate the far-reaching changes implied by the proposals in a multi-period context. Main results suggest that the proposals are ambivalent in terms of relevance but critical in terms of reliability compared to the recent treatment under IAS 11. Particularly, a pure fair value approach yields irritating patterns of revenue recognition found inappropriate for stewardship purposes. While its adoption for revenue recognition under IFRSs is unlikely due to regulatory incompatibilities, measuring performance obligations at allocated consideration amount partly mitigates the concerns.