My diploma thesis discusses the power and importance of money management when trading foreign exchange market. With the help of real examples it aims to demonstrate the difficulty of the future foreign exchange rate estimation and the ambiguousness of the market analyses results. Comparing the results of real trading in the spirit of diversification to the actual results of Vince's model, the thesis points out whether the application of diversification is a real necessity or not. The thesis also highlights the impact of diversification on the trading system performance compared to Vince's model. The final part proposes a possible practical accounting solution to the foreign exchange speculative trades.

Financial accounting is a deep source of information, which should offer true data about the company. Accounting has a lot of forms and one of them {--} the creative accounting {--} is the topic of this diploma thesis. The term ``creative accounting{\crqq} means falsification of financial and audit reports about company{\crq}s real situation and offering the fictitious ones. The possible way to regulate ``the creative accounting{\crqq} is the process of accounting harmonization. Within this process, there is an effort to create a uniform, comprehensive system which will be clear to everyone and which can offer true image of the accounting. The aim of this work is to estimate the Czech accounting legislation (ČÚL) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) at situations, allowing ``the creative accounting{\crqq}, which will lead to the conclusion how can the different bookkeeping influent the range of economic result.

A presente pesquisa investiga os impactos da regulação econômica nas escolhas de práticas contábeis. Buscando identificar a relação existente, são apresentadas pesquisas em gerenciamento da informação contábil (de resultado e do balanço patrimonial) e as teorias econômicas da regulação. Em seguida, são apresentadas as evidências empíricas de como a regulação econômica incentiva a adoção de determinadas práticas contábeis. Nesse mister, é apresentada a regulação financeira exercida pela Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS) sobre as entidades operadoras de planos de assistência à saúde (OPS), também chamadas de planos de saúde. Essa regulação financeira consiste no acompanhamento, pela ANS, da situação econômico-financeira das OPS. A ANS compara os índices calculados a partir das informações contábeis recebidas, eletronicamente, das OPS, com parâmetros estabelecidos a priori. Se determinada OPS não atender, satisfatoriamente, os parâmetros, fica sujeita ao afastamento de seus administradores de suas funções e até à liquidação de seus ativos. Por fim, as teorias da regulação e do gerenciamento da informação contábil são revisitadas à luz da Nova Economia Institucional, identificando-se, portanto, a Contabilidade como parte integrante de um contrato (regulação) cujos custos são diferentes de zero (custos de transação), de forma que a informação contábil é a cola que mantém a firma unida e a regulação financeira em atividade. / This study analyzes how the economic regulation impacts on accounting policy choices. With a view to identifying the existing relationship between both, the economic theories of regulation and research on earnings and balance sheet management are discussed. Then, empirical evidence is presented of how economic regulation stimulates the choice of certain accounting policies, related to the Brazilian Health Care Agencys (ANS) equivalent to the US Federal governments Office of Health Maintenance Organizations financial regulation of health maintenance organizations (HMO), called OPS in Brazil. OPS have their economic-financial situation monitored by the ANS, which compares the indices calculated on the basis of electronically received financial information with some previously established financial thresholds. If these are not complied with to a reasonable extent, this may lead to the HMOs liquidation. Finally, the regulation and earnings and balance sheet management theories are discussed under the lens of New Institutional Economics, which sees Accounting as part of a contract (regulation), whose costs are positive (transaction costs), and accounting information as the glue that keeps the firm together and keeps the financial regulation working.

The objective of my thesis is to outline the evolution of accounting regulation. The thesis describes development of accounting, first regulation forms, emergence of double entry and present globally accepted accounting standards. In my work I enlarge the development of two well known accounting standards GAAP and IAS and their regulation. The convergence project between standard setters' bodies is elaborated as part of present development of accounting regulation. One of next titles in my thesis is the accounting harmonization process in EU as part of accounting regulation and the adoption of IAS standards by EU Commission

The doctoral thesis examines process of IFRS development, endorsement and enforcement from the perspective of accounting regulation on global scale, identifies nature of IFRS due process in all its phases and compares IFRS due process with accounting regulation in Czech Republic, especially with legislative process of creating Czech accounting legislation. The due process of any accounting rules, whether standards or legislation, determines quality of these rules and consequently also potential level quality of financial statements prepared in accordance with such rules. Process of IFRS development and endorsement is to guarantee quality of standards that are the output of such a process. For global accounting harmonization, which requires transparent, reliable and comparable information in financial reporting across countries of the world, the IFRS due process is essential. The whole process of IFRS development, endorsement and enforcement, which develops IFRS as global accounting standards, also is connected with several obstacles associated to political and social aspects as well as to cultural differentiation. In the thesis the legal systems, as determinants of the nature of accounting regulation, are used for analysis and identification of possible natures of accounting regulation from global perspective. For global accounting regulation it is necessary its acceptance by major interested parties, specification of the range of entities for which it is meaningful and desirable, establishment of an independent, reliable and respected international professional organization in the role of standard-setter and development of a sophisticated, transparent and comprehensive standard setting process. Besides the thorough analysis of particular phases of IFRS due process, the thesis also maps current acceptance of IFRS in the world and describes endorsement process in Europe Union applied for the adoption of IFRS within its area, what provides an integrated view of current evolution in global accounting harmonization. Global accounting regulation, which requires the adoption and application of IFRS in their original range, still faces many obstacles. Less than half countries of G20 (ie 9 countries) requires the use of IFRS in their original form for listed companies. Problem with such acceptance of IFRS especially have the countries with tradition based on Roman law (continental European legal culture), where the creation of rules is exclusive subject to state. Quantitative analysis of IFRS due process performed on three selected projects of IASB agenda is a core of application part of the thesis. On the basis on the timeline the analysis follows particular steps of IFRS due process, especially from the perspective of particular comment periods quantified through the comments received, not only in number but also the composition of comments by geographical region and respondent type. The analysis showed the due process as complicated and time-consuming process leading to global consensus of opinions and also showed the importance of compliance of its complexity, which leads to general agreement on adopted solutions and to global acceptance of these solutions by all of the interested parties. The analysis of IASB due process leads into its comparison with legislative process of creating accounting legislation in Czech Republic. The comparison of both of the processes enables to identify the weaknesses of Czech due process and provides specific recommendations for its improvement and increase efficiency. From the perspective of nature of accounting regulation the delegation of creating accounting rules from the state to the accounting profession is important especially to strengthen the quality, understanding and acceptance of accounting rules, which can be effectively ensured through the due process different from that legislative. The IFRS due process is an inspiration in this case.

This work is focused on clarifying the concept of financial statements from the perspective of the Czech accounting regulation and International Financial Reporting Standards. The first part gives a description of the rules governing accounting and reporting in both concepts. Followed by the definition of the contents of financial statements, principles and procedures of drawing up financial statements in terms of Czech legislation and in accordance with IFRS. Other chapter deals with the analysis of the fundamental differences between these two concepts. The last part lists specific financial statements established pursuant to Czech legislation with the summary of the main differences compared to IFRS.