This study examines voluntary intellectual capital reporting (ICR) in New Zealand firms' annual reports, with a view to contributing to understanding ICR practice. This study also reflects on content analysis with a view to refining the methodology when applied to investigating ICR.The literature includes widespread claims that intellectual capital (IC) resources are important value drivers and assets, and that IC information should be reported externally. However, complexities relating to identifying IC prevent it from being recognised as an asset under current accounting regulations. Consequently, the traditional financial reporting system is being criticised as out-of-date, giving deficient and irrelevant information, and having lost its value relevance. Numerous scholars have investigated voluntary ICR in several countries, but have presented different results and findings. The literature argues that the results of many ICR studies cannot be meaningfully compared because inconsistent data collection instruments have been applied. To advance ICR research, further refining and developing of the methodology is advocated; problems relating to applying methodological issues need to be resolved. Moreover, to establish consensus about ICR, more research and evidence is needed concerning exactly what and how IC is reported.The 2004 annual reports of the 30 largest (by market capitalisation) New Zealand firms listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange were analysed. Content analysis was applied to determine what and how IC is reported. Inferences about what IC is communicated were made based on an analysis of the content of texts and visual representations. To determine how IC is reported, voluntary reporting was categorised according to the form, nature and location of the disclosure. Frequencies of mention were recorded. Hence, each incidence of occurrence was coded and counted.This study reflected on content analysis methodology by searching the literature for guidance on how to apply this approach and how to deal with the challenges and problems it poses. The thesis discusses methodological issues that could be applied differently, and hence hinder the replicability and comparability of ICR studies. Moreover, the ICR literature provided limited guidance about how to deal with methodological challenges and problems, and revealed an absence of explicit recording instructions. Therefore, explicating this study's recording instructions should enhance replicability and comparability of future ICR research and hence further refine the methodology.Some results of this content analysis study disconfirm those of prior research: New Zealand firms show high levels of ICR, the most reported IC category is human capital, and the most reported IC item is employees. In line with prior research, this study showed that most ICR is presented in declarative terms. Moreover, more than one-third of New Zealand firms' ICR is disclosed as pictures. This indicates the importance of pictorial information as a means of reporting IC and the need to include graphics when conducting ICR research. This study's findings also indicate a narrative approach, similar to the European notion of story telling, to voluntarily report IC information. This approach suggests that narratives have possible potential for voluntary ICR, as an approach that departs from a measurement and quantification approach.

This study examines voluntary intellectual capital reporting (ICR) in New Zealand firms' annual reports, with a view to contributing to understanding ICR practice. This study also reflects on content analysis with a view to refining the methodology when applied to investigating ICR.The literature includes widespread claims that intellectual capital (IC) resources are important value drivers and assets, and that IC information should be reported externally. However, complexities relating to identifying IC prevent it from being recognised as an asset under current accounting regulations. Consequently, the traditional financial reporting system is being criticised as out-of-date, giving deficient and irrelevant information, and having lost its value relevance. Numerous scholars have investigated voluntary ICR in several countries, but have presented different results and findings. The literature argues that the results of many ICR studies cannot be meaningfully compared because inconsistent data collection instruments have been applied. To advance ICR research, further refining and developing of the methodology is advocated; problems relating to applying methodological issues need to be resolved. Moreover, to establish consensus about ICR, more research and evidence is needed concerning exactly what and how IC is reported.The 2004 annual reports of the 30 largest (by market capitalisation) New Zealand firms listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange were analysed. Content analysis was applied to determine what and how IC is reported. Inferences about what IC is communicated were made based on an analysis of the content of texts and visual representations. To determine how IC is reported, voluntary reporting was categorised according to the form, nature and location of the disclosure. Frequencies of mention were recorded. Hence, each incidence of occurrence was coded and counted.This study reflected on content analysis methodology by searching the literature for guidance on how to apply this approach and how to deal with the challenges and problems it poses. The thesis discusses methodological issues that could be applied differently, and hence hinder the replicability and comparability of ICR studies. Moreover, the ICR literature provided limited guidance about how to deal with methodological challenges and problems, and revealed an absence of explicit recording instructions. Therefore, explicating this study's recording instructions should enhance replicability and comparability of future ICR research and hence further refine the methodology.Some results of this content analysis study disconfirm those of prior research: New Zealand firms show high levels of ICR, the most reported IC category is human capital, and the most reported IC item is employees. In line with prior research, this study showed that most ICR is presented in declarative terms. Moreover, more than one-third of New Zealand firms' ICR is disclosed as pictures. This indicates the importance of pictorial information as a means of reporting IC and the need to include graphics when conducting ICR research. This study's findings also indicate a narrative approach, similar to the European notion of story telling, to voluntarily report IC information. This approach suggests that narratives have possible potential for voluntary ICR, as an approach that departs from a measurement and quantification approach.

This master thesis is dedicated to the analysis of the internal accounting regulations in the selected company. The main aim of the work is to evaluate the current system of regulation and to propose options for improving the established system. This topic is significant because according to many auditors, the absence of internal accounting regulation is one of the most frequently encountered errors in auditing the financial statements. Necessary data were obtained by interviewing of employees, observation of accounting process and analysis of internal documents. In the thesis were create 14 internal accounting regulations. The work also includes recommendations for company regards to internal accounting regulations. The main benefit of the thesis is provability improvement of accounting rules and principles for the company. It also should provide easier accounting problem solving process.

Work deals with the problems of noncurrent tangible assets from view of International Financial Reporting Standards and from view of czech accounting regulations. Main result of the work is especially analysis and valorization of these two views, disclosure of their differences or similarities and deduction of effects for accounting.

This thesis deals with the process of transition from IFRS to the Czech accounting regulations. This issue is currently insufficiently addressed and poses for businesses that would address the transition, considerable difficulties. The thesis points to basic differences in the approaches of both GAAP. They are generally described in the first part theoretical. In the second part, practical, is an analysis of selected items in the financial statements, and then within a complex sample illustration of the differences and illustrate their transfer to the fictional company.

This thesis deals with the effect of system of financial reporting on financial performance of business corporation. Czech accounting regulations and International financial reporting standards are compared within the framework of system of financial reporting. The effect on financial performance is then analysed through financial analysis. In theoretical-methodological part the terminology, approaches and methods used in individual systems are defined and then comparative analysis is performed. Theoretical definition of financial analysis follows and then basic information about business corporation is mentioned, which begins the practical part. Then financial analysis of the firm is performed whereas data are analysed separately for every system. The purpose of this thesis is to point out different values of indicators of financial analysis coming from differences of analysed systems of financial reporting through concrete business corporation and to explain their cause.

A edição da Lei nº 11.638/07, responsável por dar início ao processo de convergência das normas brasileiras de contabilidade ao padrão contábil internacional, hoje ditado pelo International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), trouxe consigo uma série de dúvidas acerca de seus possíveis reflexos tributários. É que, dada a profunda relação existente entre o Direito Tributário e a Contabilidade, não se pode ignorar o potencial que mudanças ocorridas nessa última têm de gerar impactos na esfera tributária. Se isso ocorreu (ou não) e quais os seus limites é o que o presente trabalho se propôs a investigar. Entretanto, em primeiro lugar é preciso que se compreenda o contexto em que a referida lei foi editada. Sua publicação foi precedida de intenso debate, principalmente no âmbito do mercado de valores mobiliários, uma vez que as empresas brasileiras listadas em bolsas de valores foram as primeiras a sentir os efeitos das diferenças entre o padrão contábil brasileiro e o padrão internacional. No âmbito acadêmico, é inegável a contribuição dos professores e alunos da Faculdade de Economia e Administração da Universidade de São Paulo (FEAUSP), que há muito vinham notando a necessidade de o Brasil integrar o processo internacional de convergência das normas contábeis ao padrão International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). No que diz respeito aos participantes do mercado de valores mobiliários, o afastamento da contabilidade brasileira em relação ao padrão internacional prejudica a comparabilidade entre demonstrações financeiras elaboradas com base em modelos contábeis diversos, diminuindo, em última análise, o fluxo de recursos em um ambiente cada vez mais globalizado. Assim, a convergência traria apenas benefícios, na medida em que reduziria o custo do investimento ao eliminar os efeitos decorrentes da assimetria da informação contábil. Em relação à Ciência Contábil, a mudança também teria vindo em boa hora. Devido a uma série de fatores, grande parte deles tratada ao longo do trabalho, a contabilidade brasileira foi influenciada por uma visão bastante conservadora do patrimônio e suas mutações, muito mais próxima da perspectiva jurídico-fiscal. Com isso, as regras de contabilidade brasileira se afastaram dos princípios contábeis para irem ao encontro das normas relacionadas à apuração de tributos. Em poucas palavras, a Receita Federal do Brasil foi, durante as últimas décadas, o mais influente usuário da informação financeira. Dessa forma, sob uma ótica estritamente contábil, o início do processo de convergência ao padrão internacional foi visto como um grande avanço. A adoção da primazia da essência econômica sobre a forma jurídica, profundamente presente no padrão IFRS, representa a libertação da contabilidade brasileira das amarras impostas pela Receita Federal do Brasil (RFB). A ciência contábil fica liberada, de forma definitiva, para construir seus próprios princípios, sem a indesejada influência das autoridades administrativas. A Contabilidade volta a estar comprometida com a geração de informações para seus usuários, em conformidade com a realidade econômica, ainda que esta possa contrariar aquela construída pelo Direito. Note-se que até aqui nada se mencionou acerca dos aspectos tributários da Nova Contabilidade. Em verdade, essa preocupação fez parte das discussões que precederam a publicação da Lei nº 11.638/07, tanto que o art. 177 da Lei das Sociedades Anônimas foi alterado para prever que os lançamentos de ajuste efetuados exclusivamente para harmonização de normas contábeis [...] não poderão ser base de incidência de impostos e contribuições nem ter quaisquer outros efeitos tributários. O que se pretendeu, portanto, foi estabelecer que os eventuais efeitos tributários provenientes de mudanças oriundas do novo padrão contábil devessem ser neutralizados. No entanto, a simples previsão legal de neutralidade, muito embora nos indique a intenção do legislador no que diz respeitos aos aspectos tributários, não foi capaz de resolver todas as dúvidas que surgiram imediatamente após a publicação da Lei nº 11.638/07. Em maio de 2008, portanto, menos de seis meses após o início da vigência da Lei nº 11.638/07, a RFB se manifestou no sentido da tributação das subvenções para investimento (Solução de Consulta nº 75/2008). Era o prenúncio de que a referida neutralidade seria objeto de fortes discussões. Muito em razão disso foi promulgada a Medida Provisória nº 449/08, posteriormente convertida na Lei nº 11.941/09, que instituiu o Regime Tributário de Transição (RTT). Em linhas gerais, a regra de neutralidade anterior foi substituída por um regime mais detalhado, com a determinação de que as alterações decorrentes da Lei nº 11.638/07, que modifiquem o critério de reconhecimento de receitas, custos e despesas não terão efeitos para fins de apuração do lucro real da pessoa jurídica a ele submetido. É inegável que o RTT trouxe mais segurança no que diz respeito aos aspectos específicos da neutralidade. Por outro lado, não foi capaz de solucionar a integralidade das questões postas em discussão, o que pode ser verificado pelas inúmeras interpretações divergentes dadas a questões aparentemente simples, como o ágio baseado em expectativa de rentabilidade futura e a isenção sobre a distribuição de dividendos. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho se propôs a investigar o problema desde a sua origem, identificando as razões históricas para a diversidade de padrões contábeis ao redor do mundo, a realidade brasileira e a relação entre o Direito Tributário e a Contabilidade no Brasil, para chegar à conclusão acerca da real influência do novo padrão contábil sobre a tributação. / The enactment of Law 11,638/07, which set out to converge Brazilian accounting regulations to those of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), has brought with it a series of issues regarding its possible tax reflections. Given the profound relationship that exists between Tax Law and Accounting, one cannot ignore the potential impact that the changes to the latter can have on taxation. This paper investigates whether or not that has occurred and, if so, to what extent. First, nonetheless, one must understand the context in which the aforementioned act was promulgated. Its enactment was preceded by intense debate, especially within the realm of the securities market, since all listed companies in Brazil were the first to feel the effects of the differences between the Brazilian accounting standards and the international accounting standards. In the academic arena, one cannot deny the contribution of professors and students of the School of Economics and Business Administration of São Paulo (FEA-USP), who had long envisioned the need for Brazils accounting standards to conform to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Concerning the players in the securities market, the uniqueness of the Brazilian accounting standards against international standards impairs comparability among income statements based on diverse accounting models, ultimately decreasing the flow of investments in an increasingly globalized environment. Thus, convergence would be beneficial, insofar as it would reduce investment costs by eliminating the effects arising out of the asymmetry of the accounting information. As for the scientific aspect of accounting, the change has allegedly come in good time. Due to a series of factors, most of which are dealt with all through this paper, Brazilian accounting has been influenced by a very conservative view of assets and changes thereto, a view that is closest to the tax/legal perspective. As a result, Brazils accounting practices have thus far pushed aside accounting principles to meet tax appraisal rules. To put it shortly, the Brazilian Federal Revenue has been the most influential user of accounting information in the last few decades. Thus, from a pure accounting viewpoint, the beginning of the converging process can be seen as a major improvement. Prioritizing economic substance over legal form, as is the case with IFRS, will free Brazilian accounting from the ties imposed by the Brazilian Federal Revenue. The accounting sciences will be finally free to build its own principles, without the undesired influence of the administrative authorities. Accounting is once again committed to generating information to its users, in conformity with economic reality, even if the latter can conflict with that of the law. Notably, so far not a word has been mentioned with regard to the tax aspects of the New Accounting. In fact, this concern did make part of the discussions that preceded the enactment of Law 11,638/07, so much that section 177 of the Corporations Act has been altered to provide that adjustment entries made solely for the purpose of accounting harmonization (...) cannot be a tax base for any taxes or levies, nor are they subject to any other tax effects. The intention was to set forth that any tax effects arising out of the changes brought on by the new accounting standards were to be neutralized. Nonetheless, this mere statutory provision for neutrality was not capable of clearing up all the doubts that arose immediately after the enactment of Law 11,638/07, despite the legislators intent concerning the tax aspects. In May 2008, therefore, less than six months after Law 11,638/07 went into effect, the Brazilian Federal Revenue issued an opinion for the levy of taxation on investment aid (Advance Consultation n. 75/2008). That clearly indicated that the so-called neutrality would be the source of great battles. For this reason, Provisional Decree n. 449/08 was promulgated and later converted into Law n. 11,941/09, providing for the Transitional Tax Regime. In simple terms, the previous rule of neutrality was replaced by a more detailed regime, determining that the changes arising from Law n. 11,638/07, which modify the criteria to recognize revenue, costs and expenses, will not affect the appraisal of profits of a legal entity submitted to it. It is undeniable that the Transitional Tax Regime has brought more security with respect to the specific aspects of neutrality. On the other hand, it was not capable of solving all the issues discussed, which can be seen by the numerous diverging interpretations to apparently simple issues, such as that of the goodwill and the exemption on the distribution of dividends. In this context, this paper investigates the problem from its outset, by identifying the historic reasons for the diversity of accounting standards around the world, the Brazilian reality and the relationship between Tax law and Accounting in Brazil, to conclude on the actual influence of the new accounting standard on taxation.

The diploma thesis deals with the transition of accounting from IFRS to the Czech accounting regulations. There is currently no accounting adjustment that would provide a conceptual basis for the entity that has to transit to Czech accounting regulations. The thesis was therefore focused on practical examples to demonstrate how transfer to Czech accounting regulations can be carried out even in terms of valuation. This thesis is divided into three chapters, where the first chapter deals with the issue of harmonization of accounting systems, and the main reasons for the period in which the transition will be realized. The second chapter is primarily focused on the general review of IFRS 1 which is to serve as template to set the rules for the transition from IFRS to Czech accounting regulations. This thesis focuses on the comparison and content of financial statements, the accounting principles and regulations and, namely, on valuation approaches of both accounting systems. The practical application uses model situations to demonstrate possible solutions of transition from IFRS to Czech accounting regulations. The primary intention of this thesis is to analyze the tangible fixed assets of IFRS considering IAS 16, IAS 40 and IFRS 5 and other related standards.

This thesis engages in financial statements in comliance with the Czech accounting regulations as compared with the IFRS. In the first part there is information about financial statements set in comliance with the Czech accounting regulations and about the events after the reporting period. Second part engages in financial statements set up in comliance with IFRS and also the events after the reporting period. In the third part are the preparatory working for the compilation of financial statements described.

The aim of this master´s thesis is to compare a financial reporting of the leasing according to czech legislation and IFRS. The thesis discusses about the different rules and principles of the mentioned regulations, that simultaneously have a different impact on the lessor´s and lessee´s financial statements. The master´s thesis is devided into two parts, the theoretical and the practical. The theoretical part contains the basic definitions regarding leasing, its general advantages and risks including the comparison with other funding methods of the corporation assets. Moreover, this part also describes a explains the general reporting procedure of the leasing in accordance with both mentioned regulartions from the lessor´s and lessee´s view. The practical part contains the application of the knowledge gained from the theoretical part on a real leasing contract including a conclusion about the impact on the financial statements.