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Economic globalization has led to an international convergence of standards, to the extent that, in recent decades, the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) have become the most used accounting model worldwide, as it has for countries on which this descriptive research is based. This document is the first stage of the research, which main objective is to show the evolution and current characteristics of the accounting model set by the IFRS in Latin America, Spain and Portugal. This is part of the convergence process of worldwide accounting.To this end, this study consists of four parts. In the first one, the process of international accounting harmonization is described in general terms. Meanwhile, in the following paragraphs, this study shows the characteristics and evolution of local accounting standards in Spain, Peru and Argentina, until adopting IFRS or, if it was the case, adopting their standards to these provisions. Finally, in the analysis of each country, there are final thoughts on the process of convergence of the accounting model set by IFRS. / La globalización económica ha llevado a la búsqueda de convergencia con estándares internacionales, al punto que las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF) se han convertido en las últimas décadas en el modelo contable de mayor aplicación en todo el mundo, tal como es el caso de los países sobre los cuales se basa esta investigación, de carácter descriptivo. Este documento es el primer avance de una investigación cuyo objetivo principal es presentar la evolución y el estado actual de la adopción del modelo contable de las NIIF en los países de Iberoamérica, España y Portugal, como parte del proceso de convergencia contable que se ha presentado a nivel mundial.Para tal efecto, este estudio se compone de cuatro partes. En la primera de ellas se describe, en forma general, el proceso de armonización contable internacional. Mientras, en los apartados siguientes, se presenta la descripción y evolución de la normatividad contable local de España, Perú y Argentina, hasta llegar al proceso de adopción de las NIIF o, en su caso, de adaptación de su normativa a estas disposiciones. Finalmente, en el análisis de la experiencia de cada país, seincluyen unas breves reflexiones finales sobre el proceso de convergencia hacia el modelo contable de las NIIF. / A globalização econômica levou a procurar uma convergência internacional das normas, na medida em que, nas últimas décadas, as Normas Internacionais de Relatório Financeiro (IFRS) tornaram-se o modelo de contabilidade mais utilizado em todo o mundo, como é o para os países em que a presente pesquisa descritiva está baseada. Este documento é o primeiro estágio da pesquisa, cujo objetivo principal é apresentar a evolução e situação atual do modelo de contabilidade baseado no IFRS na América Latina, Espanha e Portugal, como parte do processo de convergência contábil em todo o mundo.Para este fim, o estudo consiste em quatro partes. Na primeira, o processo de harmonização contábil em nível internacional é descrito em termos gerais. Enquanto isso, nos parágrafos seguintes, o estudo apresenta a descrição e evolução das normas contábeis em Espanha, Peru e Argentina, até o processo de adoção de IFRS, ou, a adoção de suas normas a estas disposições. Por fim, uma análise da experiência de cada país, e algumas considerações finais sobre o processo deconvergência para o modelo de contabilidade, IFRS.

Due to the current globalization in business and investments that generate a highly interrelated business world, it is a must to have a common standard in accounting that brings transparency and the real use of information. According to that, this article presents a comparative analysis of the conceptual framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements of the two important international accounting models of normative use: the accounting standards established by the FASB and the IASB. The conceptual framework provides a guideline to prepare and present financial statements and at the same time it is a basis for the enactment of international financial reporting standards. To this day, there are some convergence agreements on conceptual frameworks between FASB and IASB, in charge of producing standards, which implies joint work in relation to their respective frameworks, with the purpose of developing a better conceptual framework, common for both institutions. With respect to this, in the article we can find proposals and reflections related to the convergence of conceptual frameworks, in order to enable the feasibility of a convergent framework as an important document in the revision and the issuance process of future international financial reporting standards. / Debido a la continua globalización de los negocios y la globalización de las inversiones, que genera un mundo de los negocios altamente interrelacionado, es imprescindible contar con estándares comunes en contabilidad que mejoren la transparencia y la utilidad de la información. En ese sentido, el presente artículo presenta un análisis comparativo del marco conceptual para la preparación y presentación de los estados financieros de los dos modelos contables internacionales importantes de uso normativo: las normas contables emitidas por el FASB y el IASB. El marco conceptual proporciona una guía para preparar y presentar estados financieros y sirve de base para emitir normas internacionales de información financiera. A la fecha existen acuerdos de convergencia de marcos conceptuales, entre los organismos emisores de normas FASB y el IASB, lo cual implica un trabajo conjunto sobre sus respectivos marcos conceptuales, con la finalidad de desarrollar un mejor marco conceptual que sea común para ambas entidades. Al respecto, en el artículo se plantean propuestas y reflexiones vinculadas al proceso de convergencia de marcos conceptuales, para aproximar la viabilidad de un marco conceptual convergente como documento base en el proceso de revisión y emisión de futuras normas internacionales de información financiera.

The aim of this thesis was to assess explanatory ability of financial statements in compliance with Czech accounting standards and IFRS linked to the evaluation of the financial health of the business corporation. In the contribution there was performed analysis of balance sheet and profit and loss statement of the selected accounting entity. Based on the analysis there were found significant areas and these areas were converted to IFRS. The final value of financial statements in IFRS was detected because of differences between these two methods of accounting (IFRS and Czech accounting standards). Then based on these results an explanatory ability and manipulation were assessed. The impacts of both legislations to the financial health of the business corporations were shown in to the calculation of aggregates IN 05 and Altman model.

The topic of this diploma thesis is "Creative Accounting Techniques - Aspects of the Presentation of Financial Statements Prepared in Accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards". The aim of this thesis is to assess whether the selected entity has shown indicators of possible creative accounting in the context of publicly available financial statements compiled according to IFRS in comparison with Czech Accounting Standards and the subsequent assessment of acquired differences of both accounting approaches. For such assessment, selected detection models are used the Beneish model, the CFEBT model, and Jones Nondiscretionary Accruals. Moreover, there were calculated other two models Altman's Z-score and the Bonity Index. The diploma thesis is focused on the explanatory power of financial statements for stakeholders (or other external users) which has significant influence on their economic decision making. This work analyses issued and audited financial statements from the user's perspective who does not have any access to more detailed supporting documentation. The diploma thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part is the theoretical over-view of creative accounting. This part describes definitions, history, causes, effects, and techniques of creative accounting, as well as there are mentioned detection models which may help to identify manipulated financial statements. There are also presented bankruptcy and solvency models used for a financial analysis of the selected entity. The second part, methodological, contains the procedures and calculations of selected models used for the further analysis of creative accounting. The third part is devoted to evaluate the results of creative accounting analyses. In conclusion, there is commented the possible occurrence of creative accounting in the entity's financial statements and the explanatory power of both accounting systems.

The title of this thesis is: Explanatory Power of Financial Statements Prepared in conditions of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and Generally Ac-cepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP). This thesis compares the differences between Czech accounting legislation, International Financial Reporting Standards, and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP), regarding financial state-ments. The work is divided into a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part of the work mainly describes the requirements for individual financial statements com-piled according to Czech accounting standards as well as IFRS and US GAAP. Then it defines the main differences in the statements compiled by various accounting sys-tems. The aim of the practical part is to apply theoretical knowledgeon practical examples in a company called Moravské kovárny, a. s. (=Moravian smithy, joint-stock company). First, the procedure for preparation of financial statements in accordance with CAS in society is described in detail, and subsequently, problematic parts are selected, where there is a fundamental difference in reporting compared to IFRS and US GAAP, and a transition to statements corresponding to the requirements of these accounting systems is implemented on them. Using a practical application, it is possible to track specific examples, how individual accounting operations affect profits and the structure of balance sheet items.