This study evaluated the performance of the early, late and final runs of IMERG version 06 precipitation products at various spatial and temporal scales in China from 2008 to 2017, against observations from 696 rain gauges. The results suggest that the three IMERG products can well reproduce the spatial patterns of precipitation, but exhibit a gradual decrease in the accuracy from the southeast to the northwest of China. Overall, the three runs show better performances in the eastern humid basins than the western arid basins. Compared to the early and late runs, the final run shows an improvement in the performance of precipitation estimation in terms of correlation coefficient, Kling–Gupta Efficiency and root mean square error at both daily and monthly scales. The three runs show similar daily precipitation detection capability over China. The biases of the three runs show a significantly positive (p < 0.01) correlation with elevation, with higher accuracy observed with an increase in elevation. However, the categorical metrics exhibit low levels of dependency on elevation, except for the probability of detection. Over China and major river basins, the three products underestimate the frequency of no/tiny rain events (P < 0.1 mm/day) but overestimate the frequency of light rain events (0.1 ≤ P < 10 mm/day). The three products converge with ground-based observation with regard to the frequency of rainstorm (P ≥ 50 mm/day) in the southern part of China. The revealed uncertainties associated with the IMERG products suggests that sustaining efforts are needed to improve their retrieval algorithms in the future.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1798304 bytes, checksum: 82fab847755cdc498705bfbc7b11d946 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation had the purpose of evaluating the positional accuracy and representing, spatially, the thematic accuracy in products of imagining systems by using as methodologies the Map Accuracy Standards (MAS), to evaluate the positional accuracy, and a thematic reliability map, to represent the space distribution of errors, in way to present to the user a visual indication of the reliability in the attributions of the labels of each pixel in the image. Also, a study was conducted to verify the behavior of the agreement indexes, which are largely used to evaluate the thematic accuracy, when the variation of the number of informational classes and/or the number of validation patterns or even if there is predominant class among the sample used for validation, among the informational classes. Based on the obtained results, it can conclude that the coming data of the remote sensing have positional accuracy to be used for purpose updating, since they are assisting the established norms for the quality control in the work scale wanted. Regarding thematic accuracy, it could be verified that the behavior of the indexes of thematic accuracy are more affected when it occurs discrepancy among the sample values and that the thematic reliability map seems to be an efficient form to represent the thematic accuracy, because it provides good visual representation of the areas that have low precision inside of the classified image. / A presente dissertação teve como finalidade avaliar a exatidão posicional e representar espacialmente a exatidão temática em produtos de sistemas imageadores, empregando como metodologias o Padrão de Exatidão Cartografia (PEC), para avaliar a exatidão posicional, e um mapa de confiabilidade temático, para representar a distribuição espacial do erro, de forma a apresentar ao usuário uma indicação visual da confiabilidade nas atribuições dos rótulos de cada pixel na imagem. Também foi realizado um estudo para verificar o comportamento dos índices de concordância, amplamente usados para avaliar a exatidão temática, quando da variação do número de classes informacionais e/ou do número de padrões de validação ou mesmo se houver classe predominante entre os valores amostrados, para validação, entre as classes informacionais. Pelos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que os dados provenientes do sensoriamento remoto possuem exatidão posicional para serem utilizados para fins de atualização, desde que estejam atendendo às normas estabelecidas para o controle de qualidade na escala de trabalho desejada. Com relação à exatidão temática, pôde-se verificar que o comportamento dos índices de exatidão temática são mais afetados quando ocorre discrepância entre os valores amostrados e que o mapa de confiabilidade temático mostra ser uma forma eficaz para representar a exatidão temática, pois fornece uma boa representação visual das áreas que possuem baixa precisão dentro da imagem classificada.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Precision Farming (PF) has been studied mainly in soybean, corn and wheat crops, and its use has been increasing in commercial fields. However, in irrigated rice crop, the use of this technology has not yet been fully evaluated, as well as its tools, machinery and equipment such as yield mapping systems. This study aimed to evaluate the precision and accuracy of the response to variations in grain flow of a yield mapping system equipped with an optical sensor in irrigated rice crop both in leveled or non leveled fields. The evaluations were carried out during the 2008/2009 agricultural season on a commercial farm located in the city of Cachoeira do Sul-RS. This evaluation analyzed the behavior of the system when submitted to increased and decreased variations of flow as well as abrupt changes in grain flow using plots that simulated the innumerous situations that occur in a field. To evaluate the behavior of the system, parallel instrumentation was installed on the same harvester, which served as reference. Under the evaluated conditions, the system, presented distortions in accuracy, not responding adequately to all the variations it was submitted to. In the accumulated weight evaluation of each plot, the percentage difference was greater than 3% in almost all the treatments. The results indicate that the evaluated yield monitor did not have satisfactory performance in most of the treatments applied. The Yield data had its quality reduced by the inaccuracy of the speed data provided by the GPS receiver, which makes it unsuitable tool for PF in irrigated rice.crop. / A Agricultura de Precisão (AP) tem sido estudada principalmente nas culturas da soja, milho e trigo, sendo que seu uso tem sido crescente em lavouras comerciais. No entanto, na cultura do arroz irrigado, o uso dessa tecnologia ainda não foi devidamente avaliado, nem tampouco suas ferramentas, máquinas e equipamentos como sistemas para mapeamento da produtividade. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a precisão e a acurácia da resposta a variações de fluxo de grãos de um sistema de mapeamento de produtividade dotado de sensor volumétrico ótico na cultura do arroz irrigado, em terreno sistematizado e não sistematizado. As avaliações foram realizadas na safra 2008/2009 em uma lavoura comercial localizada no município de Cachoeira do Sul, RS. Foi analisada a resposta do sistema quando submetido a variações de aumento e diminuição de fluxo e, também, a mudanças abruptas no fluxo de grãos, por meio de parcelas que simularam as inúmeras situações que ocorrem numa lavoura. Para avaliar o comportamento do sistema foi instalada uma instrumentação paralela na mesma colhedora, que serviu como referência. Nas condições avaliadas, o sistema apresentou distorções em sua acurácia, não respondendo adequadamente a todas as variações a que foi submetido. Na avaliação de totalização da massa de grãos colhida em cada parcela, a diferença percentual foi superior a 3% em quase todos os tratamentos. Os resultados indicam que o monitor de produtividade avaliado não obteve um desempenho satisfatório na maioria dos tratamentos aplicados. Os dados de produtividade tiveram diminuída a sua qualidade pela imprecisão dos dados de velocidade fornecidos pelo receptor GPS, o que não torna adequada a sua utilização como uma ferramenta da AP na cultura do arroz irrigado.

Par rapport à l'arithmétique virgule flottante, l'arithmétique virgule fixe se révèle plus avantageuse en termes de contraintes de coût et de consommation, cependant la conversion en arithmétique virgule fixe d'un algorithme spécifié initialement en virgule flottante se révèle être une tâche fastidieuse. Au sein de ce processus de conversion, l'une des étapes majeures concerne l'évaluation de la précision de la spécification en virgule fixe. En effet, le changement du format des données de l'application s'effectue en éliminant des bits ce qui conduit à la génération de bruits de quantification qui se propagent au sein du système et dégradent la précision des calculs en sortie de l'application. Par conséquent, cette perte de précision de calcul doit être maîtrisée et évaluée afin de garantir l'intégrité de l'algorithme et répondre aux spécifications initiales de l'application. Le travail mené dans le cadre de cette thèse se concentre sur des approches basées sur l'évaluation de la précision à travers des modèles analytiques (par opposition à l'approche par simulations). Ce travail traite en premier lieu de la recherche de modèles analytiques pour évaluer la précision des opérateurs non lisses de décision ainsi que la cascade d'opérateurs de décision. Par conséquent, la caractérisation de la propagation des erreurs de quantification dans la cascade d'opérateurs de décision est le fondement des modèles analytiques proposés. Ces modèles sont appliqués à la problématique de l'évaluation de la précision de l'algorithme de décodage sphérique SSFE (Selective Spanning with Fast Enumeration) utilisé pour les systèmes de transmission de type MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output). Dans une seconde étape, l'évaluation de la précision des structures itératives d'opérateurs de décision a fait l'objet d'intérêt. Une caractérisation des erreurs de quantification engendrées par l'utilisation de l'arithmétique en virgule fixe est menée afin de proposer des modèles analytiques basés sur l'estimation d'une borne supérieure de la probabilité d'erreur de décision ce qui permet de réduire les temps d'évaluation. Ces modèles sont ensuite appliqués à la problématique de l'évaluation de la spécification virgule fixe de l'égaliseur à retour de décision DFE (Decision Feedback Equalizer). Le second aspect du travail concerne l'optimisation des largeurs de données en virgule fixe. Ce processus d'optimisation est basé sur la minimisation de la probabilité d'erreur de décision dans le cadre d'une implémentation sur un FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) de l'algorithme DFE complexe sous contrainte d'une précision donnée. Par conséquent, pour chaque spécification en virgule fixe, la précision est évaluée à travers les modèles analytiques proposés. L'estimation de la consommation des ressources et de la puissance sur le FPGA est ensuite obtenue à l'aide des outils de Xilinx pour faire un choix adéquat des largeurs des données en visant à un compromis précision/coût. La dernière phase de ce travail traite de la modélisation en virgule fixe des algorithmes de décodage itératif reposant sur les concepts de turbo-décodage et de décodage LDPC (Low-Density Parity-Check). L'approche proposée prend en compte la structure spécifique de ces algorithmes ce qui implique que les quantités calculées au sein du décodeur (ainsi que les opérations) soient quantifiées suivant une approche itérative. De plus, la représentation en virgule fixe utilisée (reposant sur le couple dynamique et le nombre de bits total) diffère de la représentation classique qui, elle, utilise le nombre de bits accordé à la partie entière et la partie fractionnaire. Avec une telle représentation, le choix de la dynamique engendre davantage de flexibilité puisque la dynamique n'est plus limitée uniquement à une puissance de deux. Enfin, la réduction de la taille des mémoires par des techniques de saturation et de troncature est proposée de manière à cibler des architectures à faible-complexité. / Traditionally, evaluation of accuracy is performed through two different approaches. The first approach is to perform simulations fixed-point implementation in order to assess its performance. These approaches based on simulation require large computing capacities and lead to prohibitive time evaluation. To avoid this problem, the work done in this thesis focuses on approaches based on the accuracy evaluation through analytical models. These models describe the behavior of the system through analytical expressions that evaluate a defined metric of precision. Several analytical models have been proposed to evaluate the fixed point accuracy of Linear Time Invariant systems (LTI) and of non-LTI non-recursive and recursive linear systems. The objective of this thesis is to propose analytical models to evaluate the accuracy of digital communications systems and algorithms of digital signal processing made up of non-smooth and non-linear operators in terms of noise. In a first step, analytical models for evaluation of the accuracy of decision operators and their iterations and cascades are provided. In a second step, an optimization of the data length is given for fixed-point hardware implementation of the Decision Feedback Equalizer DFE based on analytical models proposed and for iterative decoding algorithms such as turbo decoding and LDPC decoding-(Low-Density Parity-Check) in a particular quantization law. The first aspect of this work concerns the proposition analytical models for evaluating the accuracy of the non-smooth decision operators and the cascading of decision operators. So, the characterization of the quantization errors propagation in the cascade of decision operators is the basis of the proposed analytical models. These models are applied in a second step to evaluate the accuracy of the spherical decoding algorithmSSFE (Selective Spanning with Fast Enumeration) used for transmission MIMO systems (Multiple-Input Multiple -Output). In a second step, the accuracy evaluation of the iterative structures of decision operators has been the interesting subject. Characterization of quantization errors caused by the use of fixed-point arithmetic is introduced to result in analytical models to evaluate the accuracy of application of digital signal processing including iterative structures of decision. A second approach, based on the estimation of an upper bound of the decision error probability in the convergence mode, is proposed for evaluating the accuracy of these applications in order to reduce the evaluation time. These models are applied to the problem of evaluating the fixed-point specification of the Decision Feedback Equalizer DFE. The estimation of resources and power consumption on the FPGA is then obtained using the Xilinx tools to make a proper choice of the data widths aiming to a compromise accuracy/cost. The last step of our work concerns the fixed-point modeling of iterative decoding algorithms. A model of the turbo decoding algorithm and the LDPC decoding is then given. This approach integrates the particular structure of these algorithms which implies that the calculated quantities in the decoder and the operations are quantified following an iterative approach. Furthermore, the used fixed-point representation is different from the conventional representation using the number of bits accorded to the integer part and the fractional part. The proposed approach is based on the dynamic and the total number of bits. Besides, the dynamic choice causes more flexibility for fixed-point models since it is not limited to only a power of two.

The present study investigates the relative extent to which judgments of people’s behavior are influenced by “truth” (as measured by averaged observer-judgments) and by systematic bias (i.e., perceivers’ preexisting views of target persons). Using data from online questionnaires and laboratory sessions (N = 155), we demonstrate that self- and peer-judgments of people’s actual behavior in specific situations are somewhat accurate but are also affected by what perceivers thought of the targets before observing their behavior. The latter effect comprises a general evaluative component (generally positive or negative views of targets) and a content-specific component (views of targets in terms of specific characteristics, for example, “restrained”). We also found that friends, but not targets themselves, tend to judge targets’ behaviors more positively than unacquainted observers do. The relevance of these findings for person perception in everyday life and in research contexts is discussed.

This diploma thesis describes the implementation of a 3D model of two objects using laser scanning. This paper deals with the accuracy evaluation of several data interpretation. The first two methods are the outputs of the results from the FARO SCENE program and other interpretations are the outputs from the TRIMBLE REAL WORKS program. To assess accuracy and veracity, the exact test field of points previously built in the AdMas complex was used. The result of the project is a georeferenced 3D model of two objects with the surrounding environment.