No description available.

Phytoalexins and phytoanticipins are antimicrobial natural products involved in plant defence pathways against plant pathogens and other stresses. Most cruciferous phytoalexins are indole containing compounds with various side chains (dithiocarbamates, isothiocyanate, isonitrile, acetonitriles etc.). Many phytoanticipins of crucifers are glucosinolates and their metabolites, which have diverse structures and precursors, including aliphatic, phenyl or indolyl containing amino acids. Indole glucosinolates are derived from tryptophan, which is also a biosynthetic precursor to cruciferous phytoalexins, however the biosynthetic relationship between cruciferous phytoalexins and indole glucosinolates has not been clarified. In this work, investigation of antifungal metabolites from wild crucifers, synthesis of antifungal metabolites and potential perdeuterated biosynthetic precursors, biosynthesis of metabolites of salt cress and that of rutabaga will be described. Investigation of the wild crucifers Brassica tournefortii, Crambe abyssinica, Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Diplotaxis tenuisiliqua for production of elicited antifungal metabolites, resulted in the discovery of a new phytoalexin, 1ꞌ,4ꞌ-dimethoxyindolyl-3ꞌ-acetonitrile, from D. tenuisiliqua. 1ꞌ,4ꞌ-dimethoxyindolyl-3ꞌ-acetonitrile is the first dimethoxy substituted phytoalexin with strong antifungal activity against plant fungal pathogens. The remaining plant species produced known phytoalexins which were initially discovered in wild and cultivated species; all of them produced arvelexin. A novel phytoalexin isocyalexin A, was isolated from rutabaga roots irradiated with UV-light; this is the first isocyanide of plant origin. The second section of the thesis deals with the biosynthesis of metabolites of salt cress (T. salsuginea) and their biosynthetic relationships with indole glucosinolates. In that regard, non-isotopically labeled compounds and perdeuterated biosynthetic intermediates such as [2,2,4ꞌ,5ꞌ,6ꞌ,7ꞌ-2H6]glucobrassicin, [2H3CS;4ꞌ,5ꞌ,6ꞌ,7ꞌ-2H4]-1ꞌ-methoxybrassinin, L-[2ꞌ,4ꞌ,5ꞌ,6ꞌ,7ꞌ-2H5]tryptophan, [2H3CO]-1ꞌ-methoxyindolyl-3ꞌ-acetaldoxime, L-[2H3CS]methionine, [4ꞌ,5ꞌ,6ꞌ,7ꞌ-2H4]brassinin and 1ꞌ-methoxy-2ꞌ-methylbrassinin were administered to salt cress leaves. For the first time, the biosynthetic relationship between indole glucosinolates and cruciferous phytoalexins was established. Intact incorporations of hexadeuterated glucobrassicin ([2,2,4ꞌ,5ꞌ,6ꞌ,7ꞌ-2H6]glucobrassicin) into wasalexins A, B and biswasalexins A1 and A2 were observed. Based on the feeding experiment results, for the first time a biosynthetic route that includes both indole glucosinolates (glucobrassicin and 1ꞌ-methoxyglucobrassicin) and 1ꞌ-methoxybrassinin was proposed. The third section of the thesis is about biosynthesis of metabolites of rutabaga (Brassica napus). Rutabaga produces phytoalexins that differ on their side chains. Biosynthetic origin of their side chains was investigated by administering fully labeled tryptophan (L-[U-13C11,U-15N2]Trp) and other perdeuterated precursors to rutabaga roots which revealed that the carbon and nitrogen atoms of cyclobrassinin, rapalexin A, isocyalexin A and spirobrassinin are fully derived from tryptophan, and also both rapalexin A and isocyalexin A incorporated deuterium from glucobrassicin. [4',5',6',7'-2H4]-4'-Methoxybrassinin was incorporated into 4ꞌ-methoxycyclobrassinin and 4ꞌ-methoxydehydrocyclobrassinin but not into rapalexin A, isocyalexin A and isalexin. The biosynthetic pathway that leads to isalexin, rapalexin A and isocyalexin A was further investigated using perdeuterated biosynthetic precursors such as (R,S)-[2H3CO,5',6',7'-2H3]-4'-methoxyindolyl-3'-glycine, [2H3CO,5',6',7'-2H3]-4'-methoxyindole-3'-carboxaldehyde oxime, [2H3CO,5',6',7'-2H3]desulfoglucorapassicin and etc. It has been confirmed that the pathway involves series of rearrangements that allow transformation of side chain of tryptophan into the side chains of rapalexin A and isocyalexin A without any degradations. In conclusion, cruciferous phytoalexins are derived from glucobrassicin which is a precursor for 1ꞌ- and 4ꞌ-methoxyglucobrassicins. 1-Methoxylated phytoalexins are biosynthesized through 1ꞌ-methoxyglucobrassicin via 1ꞌ-methoxybrassinin. Similarly, 4-methoxy phytoalexins are derived from 4ꞌ-methoxyglucobrassicin through two distinct pathways: via 4ꞌ-methoxybrassinin and 4ꞌ-methoxyindolyl-3ꞌ-glycine.

Cardanols are more and more used in the industry of polymers, resins, coatings, friction materials, etc. At right conditions, these lipid-like chemicals can undergo metathesis reaction. The main aim of the diploma thesis is an analysis of products of cardanol metathesis by HPLC-MS/MS. Standard 3,3'-hexadec-8-en-1,16-diyldiphenol, one of the main products of cardanol metathesis, was prepared for quantitative HPLC analysis. The standard was prepared in two steps. The first step was cardanol ethenolysis to give 3-(non-8-enyl)phenol. The second step was self-metathesis of 3-(non-8- enyl)phenol to give 3,3'-hexadec-8-en-1,16-diyldiphenol. The standard was characterised by HPLC/MS, MS/MS, EI-MS, UV/VIS, IR, Raman a NMR spectroscopy. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the study of a mechanism of double-bond localization method in long chain hydrocarbons by acetonitrile APCI-MS. The formation of adducts [M + 55]+ , which are the key substances of this method, was studied using simple alkene models by MS and MS/MS. At the end, the structure and the mechanism of the formation of adducts [M + 55]+ were suggested. Key words: Cardanol, olefin metathesis, HPLC-MS, double-bond localization, APCI, acetonitrile

Neste trabalho, estudou-se o efeito da adição de acetonitrila na reatividade química em soluções micelares do detergente aniônico dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) e do detergente catiônico brometo de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (CTAB) e em agregados supramoleculares do sal biliar, colato de sódio (NaCh). Os sistemas utilizados para estudar a reatividade química na presença de acetonitrila foram: (a) fotorreatividade do estado excitado triplete de n-butil-3-nitrofenil éter (em SDS); (b) reação de hidrólise ácida do 2-(p-octoxifenil)-1,3-dioxolano no estado fundamental (em SDS); (c) constante de incorporação do co-íon N-dodecil-4-cianopiridínio (em CTAB); (d) a protonação/desprotonação do ácido fraco 4-metil-7-hidroxiflavílio, tanto no estado excitado como no estado fundamental (em SDS); e (e) a supressão dos estados excitados de 1-etilnaftaleno e 1-(1-naftil)-etanol (em NaCh). As modificações na estruturação do agregado micelar e nas propriedades do meio aquoso, provocadas pela presença de acetonitrila, fazem com que as moléculas orgânicas e os íons saiam mais rapidamente do agregado para a fase aquosa. As mudanças que ocorrem com a micela e com a partição de solutos diminuem o efeito catalítico da micela sobre a reatividade química. Os agregados de sal biliar possuem dois sítios distintos de ligação de solutos e a concentração mínima de sal biliar necessária para formar esses dois sítios depende da concentração de acetonitrila. Em concentrações de acetonitrila acima de 10 %, ocorre somente a formação de agregados com sítio primário, enquanto que acima de 30 % os agregados se desfazem por completo. Em baixas concentrações de acetonitrila (até aproximadamente 10 %), a dinâmica de dissociação de solutos do sítio secundário do agregado de sal biliar não modifica muito, enquanto que a velocidade de saída de solutos do sítio primário aumenta com a presença da acetonitrila. Desse modo, a acetonitrila pode ser empregada para acelerar a saída de uma espécie, tal como um intermediário reativo, do agregado primário, facilitando a aplicação de agregados de sal biliar como micro-reatores com dois sítios distintos de reação. / This work reports a study of the effect of the addition of acetonitrile on chemical reactivity in micellar solutions of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the cationic detergent hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and in supramolecular aggregates of the bile salt sodium cholate (NaCh). The systems employed in the study of chemical reactivity in the presence of acetonitrile were: (a) photoreactivity of the excited triplet state of N-butyl-3-nitrophenyl ether in SDS; (b) the acid catalyzed of 2-(p-octoxy-nitrophenyl)-1,3-dioxolane in the ground state in SDS; (c) incorporation of the coion N-dodecyl-4-cyanopyridine in CTAB; (d) protonation/deprotonation of the weak acid of the 4-methyl-7-hydroxyflavilium ion in the ground and excited state in SDS; and (e) quenching of the excited state of 1-ethylnaphthalene and 1-(1-naphthyl)-ethanol in NaCh. The modifications of the structure of the micellar aggregate and of the properties of the bulk aqueous phase induced by acetonitrile result in a faster rate of exit of organic molecules and ions from the aggregate into the aqueous phase. The changes that occur in the micelle and in the partitioning of solutes tend to diminish the catalytic effect of micelles on chemical reactivity. Bile salt aggregates possess two distinct sites for solubilization of solutes and the minimum concentration of bile salt necessary for the formation of these two sites depends on the concentration of acetonitrile. At acetonitrile concentrations above 10 %, only aggregates with the primary solubilization site are formed and, above 30 %, the aggregates are completely disrupted. At low acetonitrile concentrations (below 10 %), the dynamics of dissociation of solutes from the secondary site of bile salt aggregates changes very little, while the rate of exit of solutes from the primary site increases in the presence of acetonitrile. Thus, acetonitrile can be employed to accelerate the rate of exit of species such as reactive intermediates, facilitating the application of bile salt aggregates as two-reaction-site microreactors.

<p>Metal ions solvated in aqueous, non-aqueous, and mixtures of solvents occur in many chemical contexts, for example in electrochemical applications and solvent separation. Solvated ions appear in high concentration in the living organisms, where their presence or absence can fundamentally alter the functions of life. In many of these cases, understanding the selective solvation and the dynamics of the ions is essential for the understanding of the processes involved.</p><p>Computer simulation provides a molecular level of detail of the solvation process usually not available from experiments. The quality of the interaction models employed in the theoretical description is of particular importance, since even rather small changes in the interaction can lead to substantial and qualitative differences.</p><p>This thesis describes the development of a sequence of increasingly refined analytical ion-solvent potentials from <i>ab initio</i> calculations for the systems Li⁺(<i>aq</i>), Na⁺(<i>aq</i>), Mg²⁺(<i>aq</i>), Al³⁺(<i>aq</i>), Li⁺(<i>MeCN</i>), Na⁺(<i>MeCN</i>), Li⁺(<i>aq, MeCN</i>), and Na⁺(<i>aq, MeCN</i>). Molecular dynamics simulations using these potentials were subsequently performed, and some key-properties computed. The reliability of the computed thermodynamical, structural and dynamical properties was scrutinized.</p>

Metal ions solvated in aqueous, non-aqueous, and mixtures of solvents occur in many chemical contexts, for example in electrochemical applications and solvent separation. Solvated ions appear in high concentration in the living organisms, where their presence or absence can fundamentally alter the functions of life. In many of these cases, understanding the selective solvation and the dynamics of the ions is essential for the understanding of the processes involved. Computer simulation provides a molecular level of detail of the solvation process usually not available from experiments. The quality of the interaction models employed in the theoretical description is of particular importance, since even rather small changes in the interaction can lead to substantial and qualitative differences. This thesis describes the development of a sequence of increasingly refined analytical ion-solvent potentials from ab initio calculations for the systems Li+(aq), Na+(aq), Mg2+(aq), Al3+(aq), Li+(MeCN), Na+(MeCN), Li+(aq, MeCN), and Na+(aq, MeCN). Molecular dynamics simulations using these potentials were subsequently performed, and some key-properties computed. The reliability of the computed thermodynamical, structural and dynamical properties was scrutinized.

Neste trabalho, estudou-se o efeito da adição de acetonitrila na reatividade química em soluções micelares do detergente aniônico dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) e do detergente catiônico brometo de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (CTAB) e em agregados supramoleculares do sal biliar, colato de sódio (NaCh). Os sistemas utilizados para estudar a reatividade química na presença de acetonitrila foram: (a) fotorreatividade do estado excitado triplete de n-butil-3-nitrofenil éter (em SDS); (b) reação de hidrólise ácida do 2-(p-octoxifenil)-1,3-dioxolano no estado fundamental (em SDS); (c) constante de incorporação do co-íon N-dodecil-4-cianopiridínio (em CTAB); (d) a protonação/desprotonação do ácido fraco 4-metil-7-hidroxiflavílio, tanto no estado excitado como no estado fundamental (em SDS); e (e) a supressão dos estados excitados de 1-etilnaftaleno e 1-(1-naftil)-etanol (em NaCh). As modificações na estruturação do agregado micelar e nas propriedades do meio aquoso, provocadas pela presença de acetonitrila, fazem com que as moléculas orgânicas e os íons saiam mais rapidamente do agregado para a fase aquosa. As mudanças que ocorrem com a micela e com a partição de solutos diminuem o efeito catalítico da micela sobre a reatividade química. Os agregados de sal biliar possuem dois sítios distintos de ligação de solutos e a concentração mínima de sal biliar necessária para formar esses dois sítios depende da concentração de acetonitrila. Em concentrações de acetonitrila acima de 10 %, ocorre somente a formação de agregados com sítio primário, enquanto que acima de 30 % os agregados se desfazem por completo. Em baixas concentrações de acetonitrila (até aproximadamente 10 %), a dinâmica de dissociação de solutos do sítio secundário do agregado de sal biliar não modifica muito, enquanto que a velocidade de saída de solutos do sítio primário aumenta com a presença da acetonitrila. Desse modo, a acetonitrila pode ser empregada para acelerar a saída de uma espécie, tal como um intermediário reativo, do agregado primário, facilitando a aplicação de agregados de sal biliar como micro-reatores com dois sítios distintos de reação. / This work reports a study of the effect of the addition of acetonitrile on chemical reactivity in micellar solutions of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the cationic detergent hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and in supramolecular aggregates of the bile salt sodium cholate (NaCh). The systems employed in the study of chemical reactivity in the presence of acetonitrile were: (a) photoreactivity of the excited triplet state of N-butyl-3-nitrophenyl ether in SDS; (b) the acid catalyzed of 2-(p-octoxy-nitrophenyl)-1,3-dioxolane in the ground state in SDS; (c) incorporation of the coion N-dodecyl-4-cyanopyridine in CTAB; (d) protonation/deprotonation of the weak acid of the 4-methyl-7-hydroxyflavilium ion in the ground and excited state in SDS; and (e) quenching of the excited state of 1-ethylnaphthalene and 1-(1-naphthyl)-ethanol in NaCh. The modifications of the structure of the micellar aggregate and of the properties of the bulk aqueous phase induced by acetonitrile result in a faster rate of exit of organic molecules and ions from the aggregate into the aqueous phase. The changes that occur in the micelle and in the partitioning of solutes tend to diminish the catalytic effect of micelles on chemical reactivity. Bile salt aggregates possess two distinct sites for solubilization of solutes and the minimum concentration of bile salt necessary for the formation of these two sites depends on the concentration of acetonitrile. At acetonitrile concentrations above 10 %, only aggregates with the primary solubilization site are formed and, above 30 %, the aggregates are completely disrupted. At low acetonitrile concentrations (below 10 %), the dynamics of dissociation of solutes from the secondary site of bile salt aggregates changes very little, while the rate of exit of solutes from the primary site increases in the presence of acetonitrile. Thus, acetonitrile can be employed to accelerate the rate of exit of species such as reactive intermediates, facilitating the application of bile salt aggregates as two-reaction-site microreactors.

No description available.

Neste trabalho, estudou-se o efeito da adição de acetonitrila nas propriedades de micelas do detergente aniônico, dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS), e do detergente catiônico, cloreto de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (CTACl). Medidas de condutividade foram utilizadas para determinar a concentração micelar crítica, cmc, e o grau de dissociação, &#945;, das micelas em função da fração molar de acetonitrila, XAc. Medidas de supressão de fluorescência, resolvida no tempo, com pireno como sonda, foram utilizadas para determinar a influência de acetonitrila no número de agregação das micelas, N, e na dinâmica de migração de solutos entre as fases aquosa e micelar. Em baixas frações molares XAc &#60; 0,2), a acetonitrila insere-se nas cavidades da água, quebrando parcialmente as pontes de hidrogênio da água com a formação de novas pontes de hidrogênio entre as moléculas de acetonitrila e as moléculas de água. Nesta faixa de concentração, ocorre um aumento da cmc e do &#945;, acompanhada de uma diminuição de N. Observa-se também alterações na dinâmica da interação de contra-íons e co-íons supressores na micela. Assim, as micelas de SDS e CTACl formadas em misturas acetonitrila-água são menores, mais dissociadas e apresentam maior fluidez interna. Ao redor de XAc = 0,2, as misturas de água-acetonitrila tornam-se microheterogêneos com o aparecimento de microdomínios ricos em acetonitrila e microdomínios ricos em água. A proporção das regiões ricas em acetonitrila aumenta com o aumento da fração molar de acetonitrila, com apenas pequenas modificações das propriedades dos dois tipos de microdomínios. Em XAc &#62; 0,2 a variação de cmc e de &#945; com a XAc passa a ser menos acentuada, sugerindo que o detergente forma agregados preferencialmente nas regiões mais aquosas; a sonda fluorescente pireno começa sair das micelas durante o tempo de vida do estado excitado; e há claras mudanças na dinâmica de incorporação de íons nos agregados. / This work presents a study of the effect of added acetonitrile on the properties of the micelles of the anionic detergent sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and the cationic detergent hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTACl). Conductimetric measurements were employed to determine the critical micelle concentration, cmc, and the degree of counterion dissociation, &#945;, of the micelles as a function of the mole fraction of added acetonitrile, XAc. Time resolved fluorescence quenching measurements with pyrene as probe were employed to determine the effect of acetonitrile on the micellar aggregation number, N, and the dynamics of solute migration between the micellar and aqueous phases. At low mole fractions (XAc &#60; 0.2), acetonitrile inserts into the cavities present in liquid water, partially disrupting the hydrogen bonding of water, with formation of new hydrogen bonds between water and acetonitrile. In this range, both the cmc and &#945; increase, while N decreases. The dynamics of incorporation of counterionic and coionic quenchers into the micelles is also altered. Thus, the SDS and CTACl micelles formed in these acetonitrile-water mixtures are smaller, more highly dissociated and internally more fluid than those in aqueous solution. Above XAc of ca. 0,2, acetonitrile-water mixtures become microheterogeneous, the solution containing microdomains rich in acetonitrile and microdomains rich in water. The proportion of acetonitrile-rich microdomians increases with increasing XAc, with only small changes in the properties of the two types of microdomains. Correspondingly, at XAc &#62; > ca. 0.2: the variation of the cmc and &#945; with XAc is much less pronounced, suggesting that the detergent forms aggregates preferentially in the aqueous-rich domains; the fluorescence probe pyrene begins to exit the micelles during its excited state lifetime; and there are distinct changes in the rate constants for the incorporation of ions into the micelles.

L’utilisation des métaux nobles en catalyse hétérogène est limitée par la rareté de ces métaux, leur coût et les difficultés d’approvisionnement, le marché mondial étant régi par deux producteurs. Le but de ce travail a consisté à étudier l’association du platine et du cobalt afin de substituer en partie Pt par Co tout en préservant les propriétés catalytiques du métal noble en hydrogénation. Différentes synthèses de catalyseurs bimétalliques 1%Pt-5%Co supportés (coimprégnation, voie redox et voie colloïdale) ont été réalisées et les performances de ces catalyseurs comparées à celles des catalyseurs monométalliques et des mélanges mécaniques (Pt + Co) pour deux réactions d’hydrogénation d’intérêt industriel : l’hydrogénation de l’acétonitrile et celle du furfural. Les caractérisations par des techniques physicochimiques (MET, XPS, …) ou par réactions modèles (déshydrogénation du cyclohexane, hydrogénolyse du méthylcyclopentane) ont permis d’obtenir les résultats suivants : - la présence de Pt augmente la réductibilité du Co pour les catalyseurs coimprégnés ou pour les mélanges mécaniques, ce qui permet d’améliorer les performances catalytiques en hydrogénation du furfural ou de l’acétonitrile ;- la préparation par voie colloïdale oriente vers la formation de particules PtCo de type alliage de composition homogène, peu actives pour les réactions étudiées ;- la synthèse par voie redox permet de déposer précisément le platine au contact du cobalt créant un effet synergétique bénéfique. Il est ainsi possible d’obtenir la même activité que le platine seul en hydrogénation de l’acétonitrile mais avec un catalyseur PtCo présentant une quantité de Pt cinq fois moins importante. / The use of noble metals in heterogeneous catalysis is limited by the scarcity of these metals, their cost and the supply difficulties due to the monopole of only two countries on the world market. The aim of this work consisted to study the association of platinum and cobalt in order to substitute partly Pt with Co while preserving the catalytic performances of the noble metal in hydrogenation. Various syntheses of 1%Pt- 5%Co supported bimetallic catalysts have been achieved and their performances have been compared with those of monometallic catalysts as well as (Pt + Co) mechanical mixtures for two hydrogenation’s reactions of industrial interest: the hydrogenation of acetonitrile and that of furfural. The physicochemical characterizations carried out (TEM, XPS …) and the model reactions (dehydrogenation of cyclohexane, hydrogenolysis of methylcyclopentane) studied have pointed out several results: - the presence of Pt increases the reducibility of Co for co-impregnated catalysts and mechanical mixtures leading to an enhancement of the catalytic performances in hydrogenation of acetonitrile or furfural; - the colloidal preparation favors the formation of PtCo alloy particles with a homogeneous composition, which are not very active for the reactions studied; - the redox route synthesis can accurately deposit Pt in contact with Co creating an improvement of the catalytic performances by a synergistic effect. Thus, in the hydrogenation of acetonitrile, the same activity was obtained by using a Pt-Co catalyst containing five times less noble metal’s content than the 1% Pt catalysts.