Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-06-07T15:49:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 430787 bytes, checksum: 6ec48931712c3fcf85fd2aace6ba1913 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-07T15:49:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 430787 bytes, checksum: 6ec48931712c3fcf85fd2aace6ba1913 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito de soluções homeopáticas sobre o crescimento, produção de princípios ativos e anatomia foliar de plantas Achillea millefolium L. (milfolhas). Os rizomas foram plantados em vasos mantidos sob telado. As características de crescimento avaliadas foram: altura, número de folhas, comprimento e largura da maior folha, comprimento e largura da menor folha, número de brotações massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e raiz. Foram caracterizadas as respostas morfológicas, o teor de tanino, teor de clorofila a e b, razão clorofila a/b e teor de flavonóides. A hipótese de patogenesia e de plantas sadias foi considerada no primeiro ensaio, mediante a aplicação de Sulphur 3CH, que exerceu influência no teor de tanino em função da época de aplicação. No segundo ensaio foram utilizados Natrum muriaticum, Kali carbonicum, Silicea, Sulphur 3CH e a testemunha (água). Os preparados homeopáticos exerceram efeito pouco expressivo nas variáveis de crescimento altura, número de folhas, comprimento e largura da menor folha, mas causaram acúmulo de matéria seca da parte aérea. O teor de tanino e clorofila a e b foram influenciados pelas homeopatias. O teor de flavonóides foi oscilatório de acordo com os preparados. Os descritores anatômicos foram: espessura da epiderme, área de parênquima paliçádico, de parênquima incolor, de colênquima e de feixes vasculares, além da área total da epiderme. A aplicação das soluções homeopáticas exerceu efeito na produção de metabólitos secundários, embora a organização anatômica não tenha sido alterada. / The objective of this work was to verify the effect of homeopathic solutions on the growth, production of active compounds and leaf anatomy of plants Achillea millefolium L. (milfolhas). The rhizomes were planted in pots maintained under greenhouse. The growth variables measured were: height, number of leaves, length and width of the largest leaf, length and width of the smallest leaf, number of sprouts, fresh mass and it evaporates of the aerial part and root. It was described the morphological traitis: tannin content, chlorophyll tenor the and b, ratio chlorophyll a/b and flavonoids contetnt. It was considered in the first trial hypothesis of patogenesia and earsal, Sulphur 3CH did influence tannin content as function of time treatment: Natrum muriaticum, Kali carbonicum, Silicea, Sulphur 3CH and control (water). The homeopathic solutions caused little effect or variables (growth height, number of leaves, length and width of the smallest leaf) but they caused dry matter accumulation of aerial part. The tannin content and chlorophyll the and b were influenced by the homeopathies. The flavonoids content was oscillatory in agreement with the solutions. The anatomical descriptors were: thickness of the epidermis, area of parenchym paliçádico, of colorless parenchym, of colenqym, of vascular bunches, besides the total area of the epidermis. The application of the solutions homeopathic exercised effect the production of secondary metabolitos, although the anatomical organization has not been altered.

Pirmą kartą Lietuvoje nustatytas bendras fenolkarboksirūgščių kiekis Achillea millefolium L. vaistinėje augalinėje žaliavoje. Taip pat pirmą kartą nustatytas populiacinis bei morfologinis kiekybinės rūgščių sudėties kintamumas Lietuvos natūraliose augavietėse augančių kraujažolių augaluose. Nustatytas bendras fenolkarboksirūgščių kiekis žolės 70 proc. etanoliniuose ekstraktuose vidutiniškai siekė 58,690±4,279 mg/g. Taip pat nustatyta, kad A. millefolium augalinėms žaliavoms būdingas ženklus fenolkarboksirūgščių sudėties rodiklių kintamumas, tiesiogiai priklausantis nuo augalo morfologinės dalies. Bendras fenolkarboksirūgščių kiekis žiedų žaliavose vidutiniškai siekė 58,029±3,492 mg/g. Lapų žaliavose vidutiniškai sukaupiama 102,150±7,50 mg/g, tai yra beveik du kartus daugiau nei žiedų ir žolės žaliavose, stiebuose - 22,722±2,928 mg/g. Nustatytas ženklus fenolkarboksirūgščių kiekinės sudėties įvairavimas tarp tirtų kraujažolių cenopopuliacijų. Vaistinės žaliavos bandinių grupėje bendras rūgščių kiekis skirtingose cenopopuliacijose kito nuo 33,490 iki 86,474 mg/g, žieduose - nuo 40,240 iki 73,022 mg/g, lapuose - nuo 74,110 iki 150,176 mg/g, stiebuose - nuo 15,605 iki 43,381 mg/g. Atlikus statistinę analizę norint palyginti tirtų bandinių grupių vidurkius, tirtose žaliavose nustatyta statistiškai reikšmingų skirtumų. Eksperimentinių duomenų sklaidai apibūdinti apskaičiuoti bandinių grupių variacijos koeficientai (žolės – 26,29 proc., žiedų – 19,03 proc., lapų – 23,25 proc... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / For the first time ever in Lithuania, the general amount of phenolcarboxylic acids was measured in the raw plant material of Achillea millefolium L. medicinal plants. The population and morphological variance of the quantitative content of the acids in yarrow plants growing in the natural habitats of Lithuania was also determined for the first time. The overall amount of phenolcarboxylic acids was determined to be 58,690±4.279 mg/g in 70 percent ethanol extracts of the herb. It was also determined that significant variability exists in indicators of the phenolcarboxylic acid content of A. millefolium plants. This is directly dependent on the morphological part of the plant. The total average of the phenolcarboxylic acids content in flowers was 58,029±3,492 mg/g. The total average in leaves was 102,150±7,50 mg/g, almost two times higher the content found in the flowers and herbs. The average acids content accumulated in stems was 22,722 ± 2,928 mg/g. Determinated sign variability of the content of phenolcarboxylic acids in the investigated cenopopulations of yarrow. The total acids content of different cenopopulations in the raw plant materials of yarrow ranged from 33,490 to 86,474 mg/g, in flowers - from 40,240 to 73,022 mg /g, in leaves - from 74,110 to 150,176 mg/g, in stems - from 15,605 to 43,381 mg/g. Statistical comparison of sample group averages found statistically significant differences between sample group averages. The dispersion of the experimental data was... [to full text]

Several changes in land use during the last 50 years of 20th century had a significant impact on the composition of traditional meadows. The abundance of many plant species typical for traditionally managed meadows has declined. But some of these species have found a refuge in habitats such as field margins and road verges. The aim of this study was to describe how the reproduction success of two related Achillea species A. millefolium agg. and A. ptarmica depends on (i) the particular habitat in which they grow (meadow/verge); (ii) the abundance of pollinators in the study site; and (iii) timing of flowering within the season. Moreover, the longevity of individual flowers of the two taxa has been studied in order assess the width of the time frame the reproduction takes place in. These objectives were achieved by means of measuring plant total seed production and germination as proxies of reproductive success both in meadow and verge populations at the beginning, peak and end of the flowering season of the two species in 2012. The plants were chosen at plots, where concurrently a pollinator survey has been conducted as the part of the broader project. The durations of the male and female phases of individual flowers have been studied in separate experiments.

Les plantes aromatiques font parties des richesses naturelles du patrimoine de la région Midi-Pyrénées mais apparaissent cependant de moins en moins valorisées. Dans le cadre de la recherche de nouveaux aromatisants naturels de type WONF, nous avons choisi d'adopter la voie de valorisation des plantes aromatiques médiévales de cette région car elles ont toujours fait l'objet de cueillette à l'état sauvage sans jamais être cultivées. Dans une première étape, une étude bibliographique a été réalisée, à partir d'anciens ouvrages botaniques et de bases de données scientifiques, afin d'identifier les plantes régionales traditionnellement utilisées par nos ancêtres pour leurs activités aromatisantes, culinaires ou médicinales. Nous avons sélectionné cinq plantes aromatiques : Achillea millefolium, Calamintha grandiflora, Tanacetum balsamita, Myrrhis odorata et Monarda didyma. Dans une deuxième étape, des études physico-chimiques, sensorielles et biologiques des fractions volatiles et non volatiles, obtenues après extractions des plantes médiévales sélectionnées, ont été réalisées pour juger de leurs activités aromatiques, antioxydantes et antibactériennes ainsi que de leur intérêt dans le cadre de nouvelles réglementations européennes. Les résultats de ces travaux montrent des activités odorantes, antioxydantes et antibactériennes significatives pour l'ensemble des plantes sélectionnées. Dans une troisième étape, du fait de la rareté du végétal étudié, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux voies analytiques d'évaluation rapide de la composition de l'huile essentielle native de ces plantes aromatiques ; premièrement au moyen d'un échantillonnage classique couplé à un détecteur à forte sensibilité comme la chromatographie bidimensionnelle et deuxièmement par un échantillonnage spécifique couplé à un détecteur classique pour lequel nous avons développé un appareillage novateur dénommé "Crushing Finger Device" (CFD). Ce dernier permet de mimer instrumentalement l'écrasement de la feuille entre les doigts et de piéger les composés volatils odorants émis en vue de leur analyse chromatographique ultérieure. Enfin, pour une application pré-industrielle, afin d'élargir le champ d'application de ces plantes aromatiques, des études d'infusion des plantes et d'aromatisation des huiles végétales par les huiles essentielles ont été mises en place. Durant le processus d'aromatisation de l'huile végétale, les volatils émis par la plante ou par l'huile essentielle donnent un goût et une saveur spécifique tout en délivrant une activité biologique notable. / Midi-Pyrenees region has a rich and unvalorized wild vegetal heritage, especially for aromatic plants. In the framework of the search for new natural flavorings e.g. WONF, we chose to adopt the way of valorization of the medieval aromatic plants of this region, because they have been always picked in a wild state without being ever grown. In a first step, a global bibliographical survey study based on historical books, library archived documents and computerized data banks, was made in order to identify regional plants which were used by our ancestors for their odorous, culinary or medicinal activities. We selected five aromatic plants, e.g. Achillea millefolium, Calamintha grandiflora, Tanacetum balsamita, Myrrhis odorata and Monarda didyma. In a second step, physico-chemical, sensory and biological studies of volatiles and non volatiles fractions, obtained by extractions of the selected medieval plants were carried out, to judge their aromatic, antioxidant and antibacterial activities and their interest within the framework of new european regulations. Theses results show a significant odorous, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities for all selected plants. In a third step, such plants were rare or their harvesting problematic, inducing a limited sampling. We decided to investigate two strategic approaches to perform a rapid evaluation of native essential oil, based either on a classic sampling with a specific/ultra sensitive detection such as Comprehensive GC, nor the use of a specific/high effective sampling system with a classic detection. This last methodology was based on a self designed apparatus “Crushing Finger Device” (CFD), allowing to copy the crushing of leaves between fingers and to trap the volatiles emitted to their later chromatographic analysis. Finally, in the aim to expand the use of aromatic plants, also to enlarge the assortment of oil products, a pre-industrial application were carried out. Infusion of plants and flavoring of vegetable oil by essential oil were studied. During processing of aromatized vegetable oil, volatiles from added aromatic plants or essential oil migrate to oil to give a specific aroma and a significant biological activity. Plantes aromatiques oubliées, Huile essentielle, Antioxydant, Antibactérien, Simulateur de froissement, Composés d’arômes, Achillea millefolium, Calamintha grandiflora, Tanacetum balsamita, Myrrhis odorata, Monarda didyma.

Competition between plant individuals and how plants alter soil properties are key processes which drive changes in plant communities over time. Estimating the relative importance of these processes and how they affect plant growth in different ecological contexts and communities is an active area of research. Furthermore, interdependencies between the two processes have been suggested to occur in many cases, but research in this area is also lacking. In this study, soil conditioned by common yarrow (Achillea millefolium) was collected from field plots and was then used in a growth chamber competition experiment, which controlled for plant-soil feedbacks. Measured soil properties such as soil pH, soil nitrogen, and soil texture were primarily used as background data in the experiment. Field parameters such as light availability, plant density, and grass to forbs ratio were used to predict optimal A. millefolium habitat in relation to other vascular plant species. The results indicate that A. millefolium was a weaker competitor than cornflower (Centaurea cyanus), while a positive plant-soil feedback effect was observed by A. millefolium grown in field soil. Intraspecific competition had a strong negative effect on A. millefolium growth when grown in non-conditioned soil, but not when grown in A. millefolium conditioned soil. Finally, competition and plant-soil feedbacks appeared to be additively affecting A. millefolium growth, meaning the plant-soil feedback effect did not have a disproportionate effect on competitive outcomes, or vice versa. The findings of this study can be of interest to conservationists or farmers who wish to predict how plant communities respond to plant competition and plant-soil feedbacks as processes.

In present thesis, I treat the topic of impacts of plant-animal interactions, namely herbivory and pollination, on plant life cycle and lifetime fitness. First, I identify the components of the impact of plant-animal interactions: i) interaction frequency; ii) per-interaction effect; iii) sensitivity of the plant's life cycle to the changes in vital rate impacted by the animals. Furthermore, I also classify other causes changing the outcome of a plant-animal interaction into two categories: i) plant's traits; ii) plant's environment. A review of extant literature on the topic revealed that especially the role of plant's environment in changing the outcome of plant-animal interactions is largely understudied and I attempt to reduce this gap in knowledge in the five detailed studies encompassed in this thesis. The detailed studies focus on a model system of Central European wet grasslands and especially on three species typical to it: Succisa pratensis, Achillea millefolium and A. ptarmica. The first two studies examine the effects of environment on frequency of plant- animal interactions. The next two studies are more integrative, one focusing on the impacts of different herbivore groups on the complete life cycle and the other on interaction of herbivory and pollination on plant lifetime fitness....

The response of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) seedlings to reduced light, interference from barley (Hordeum vulgare) and some aspects of regeneration from rhizomes were the subject of investigations from 1976 until 1980. Seedlings grown under four intensities of photosynthetically active radiation (100, 46.8, 23.7 and 6.4% of full summer daylight) were harvested on six occasions and the changes with time in the logarithms of leaf area, leaf, stem, root and total dry weights per plant were described by polynomial regression equations. Relative growth (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) were derived directly from the growth curves. SLA and LWR increased with increased shading causing LAR to rise, while NAR declined. Response curves of RGR on light intensity, derived from linear regressions of LAR and NAR on the logarithm of relative light intensity predicted maximum RGR to occur at light intensities which decreased with time. This was a consequence of ontogenetic changes in LAR, and changes in NAR apparently related to self shading. Linear regressions of LAR and NAR at a constant total plant dry weight of 1.62 g showed that the increase in LAR almost completely compensated for the reduction in NAR down to approximately 40% full daylight, and maximum RGR was predicted to occur at 59% full daylight. The light compensation point was estimated to be 3.6% full daylight. Yarrow populations established from 25 and 50 10 cm rhizome fragments m⁻² were grown alone and with barley at 194 or 359 plants m⁻². The barley populations were also grown alone. Growth analysis employing the regression technique showed the RGR of yarrow was reduced by barley from before jointing (Feekes Scale, Stage 6) as a consequence of reduced NAR. The NAR of yarrow was significantly reduced in the continued presence of barely, which by the time of the final barely harvest resulted in 91 and 94% reduction in the accumulated yarrow dry matter at 194 and 359 barely plants m⁻² respectively. The proportion of total dry matter allocated to seed and rhizome was also reduced by barley but the barley was unaffected by the yarrow. During the autumn and early winter, after removal of the barley, the suppressed yarrow had a higher RGR than the unsuppressed population, owing to higher LAR and NAR. Rhizome growth was vigorous during both autumn and winter in all yarrow populations, but the RGR of rhizome dry matter was higher in the suppressed yarrow during the autumn. This resulted in a progressive reduction in the difference in rhizome dry matter between suppressed and unsuppressed populations. Several aspects of the development and regenerative potential of rhizomes were investigated. In the first experiment, plants were established from seed and rhizome fragments and harvested on several occasions. Plants from both propagules formed rhizomes on which approximately 97% of auxiliary buds remained dormant, as long as the plants were undisturbed. Buds on rhizomes attached to the parent plant formed rhizome branches when the apex was damaged, had emerged from the soil, or in situations where internodes were congested. In the second experiment, rhizome fragments of 4, 8 and 16 cm in length were planted in soil at depths of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 30.0 cm. All fragments on the soil surface died without forming shoots owing to desiccation whilst 100% mortality at 20 and 30 cm was probably the result of flooding. Within the 2.5 to 10.0 cm range, an increasing percentage of fragments survived (produced an aerial shoot(s)) as burial depth was reduced and fragment length increased. Within this depth range, the percentage of buds which had become active on undecayed fragments declined with increased length and burial depth. In the third experiment, single-node rhizome pieces were excised from rhizomes retrieved from field populations over a one year period, and incubated at 25°C for 10 days in darkness. More than 90% of buds formed vertical shoots throughout the year, indicating there was no period of innate dormancy in isolated buds. The effect of time of planting on the pattern of early regenerative development was assessed in the fourth experiment, in which 10 cm rhizome fragments were planted at 5 cm depth in soil on two occasions (in November and April). The developmental pattern was the same regardless of month of planting and new rhizomes were initiated at nodes on the vertical subterranean shoots when 5 to 6 aerial leaves had developed. The planted rhizome fragments declined in dry weight and a minimum weight occurred at about the time when rhizome initiation began.