The focus of this dissertation is analyzing and manipulating acoustic wave propagation in metamaterials, which can be used to assist the design of acoustic devices. Metamaterials are artificial materials, which are arranged in certain patterns at a scale smaller than the wavelength and can exhibit properties beyond those naturally occurring materials. With metamaterials, novel phenomena, such as focusing, super absorption, cloaking and localization of ultrasound, are theoretically proposed and experimentally verified. In recent years, a planar version of metamaterials, often called meta-surfaces, has attracted a great deal of attention. Meta-surfaces can control and manipulate the amplitude, phase, and directions of waves. In this dissertation, we conducted a systematic study by deriving the effective medium theories (EMTs), and developing the theoretical and numerical models for our proposed designed metamaterial. Very recently, acoustic meta-surfaces have been used in the design of acoustic lenses, which can achieve various functionalities such as focusing and collimation. In the designs of acoustic lenses, impedance is an important issue because it is usually difficult to make the impedance of the lens equal to that of the environment, and mismatched impedance is detrimental to the performance of the acoustic lens. We developed an EMT based on a coupled-mode theory and transfer matrix method to characterize the propagation behavior and, based on these models, we report two designs of acoustic lenses in water and air, respectively. They are rigid thin plates decorated with periodically distributed sub-wavelength slits. The building block of the acoustic lens in water is constructed from coiling-up spaces, and that of the acoustic lens in air is made of layered structures. We demonstrate that the impedances of the lenses are indeed matched to those of the background media. With these impedance-matched acoustic lenses, we demonstrate acoustic focusing and collimation, and redirection of transmitted acoustic energy by finite-element simulations. In the framework of the hidden source of the volume principle, an EMT for a coupled resonator structure is derived, which shows that coupled resonators are characterized by a negative value of the effective bulk modulus near the resonance frequency and induce flat bands that give rise to the confinement of the incoming wave inside the resonators. The leakage of sound waves in a resonance-based rainbow trapping device prevents the sound wave from being trapped at a specific location. Based on our EMT, we report a sound trapping device design based on coupled Helmholtz resonators, loaded to an air waveguide, to effectively tackle the wave leakage issue. We show that a coupled resonators structure can generate dips in the transmission spectrum by an analytical model derived from Newton’s second law and a numerical analysis based on the finite-element method. We compute the transmission spectra and band diagram from the effective medium theory, which are consistent with the simulation results. Trapping and the high absorption of sound wave energy are demonstrated with our designed device.

Surface Acoustic Waves (SAW) fall under a special category of elastic waves that need a material medium to propagate. The energy of these waves is confined to a limited depth below the surface over which they propagate, and their amplitudes decay with increasing depth. As a consequence of their being a surface phenomenon, they are easily accessible for transduction. Due to this reason, a lot of research has been carried out in the area, which has resulted in two very popular applications of SAW - SAW devices and in Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation. A major restriction of SAW devices is that the SAW need a piezoelectric medium for generation, propagation and reception. This thesis reports the attempt made to overcome this restriction and utilize the SAW on non-piezoelectric substrates for sensing capabilities. The velocity of the SAW is known to be dependent purely on the material properties, specifically the elastic constants and material density. This dependence is the motivation for the sensor system developed in the present work. Information on the survey of the methods suitable for the generation and reception of SAW on non-piezoelectric substrates has been included in the thesis. This is followed by the theoretical and practical details of the method chosen for the present work - the point source/point receiver method. Advantages of this method include a simple and inexpensive fabrication procedure, easy customizability and the absence of restrictions due to directivity of the SAW generated. The transducers consist of a conically shaped PZT element attached to a backing material. When the piezoelectric material on the transmitter side is electrically excited, they undergo mechanical oscillations. When coupled to the surface of a solid, the oscillations are transferred onto the solid, which then acts as a point source for SAW. At the receiver, placed at a distance from the source on the same side, the received mechanical oscillations are converted into an electrical signal as a consequence of the direct piezoelectric effect. The details of the fabrication and preliminary trials conducted on metallic as well as non-metallic samples are given. Various applications have been envisaged for this relatively simple sensor system. One of them is in the field of pressure sensing. Experiments have been carried out to employ the acoustoelastic property of a flexible diaphragm made of silicone rubber sheet to measure pressure. The diaphragm, when exposed to a pressure on one side, experiences a varying strain field on the surface. The velocity of SAW generated on the stressed surface varies in accordance with the applied stress, and the consequent strain field generated. To verify the acoustoelastic phenomenon in silicone rubber, SAW velocities have been measured in longitudinal and transverse directions with respect to that of the applied tensile strain. Similar measurements are carried out with a pressure variant inducing the strain. The non-invasive nature of this setup lends it to be used for in situ measurement of pressure. The second application is in the field of elastography. Traditional methods of diagnosis to detect the presence of sub-epidermal lesions, some tumors of the breast, liver and prostate, intensity of skin irritation etc have been mainly by palpation. The sensor system developed in this work enables to overcome the restrictive usage and occasional failure to detect minute abnormal symptoms. In vitro trials have been conducted on tissue phantoms made out of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA-C) samples of varying stiffnesses. The results obtained and a discussion on the same are presented.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une cotutelle internationale entre l’institut FEMTO-ST à Besançon en France et l’université de Sherbrooke au Canada. Elle porte sur l’élaboration d’un biocapteur, potentiellement à bas coût, pour la détection de pathogènes dans les secteurs de l’agroalimentaire, de l’environnement et de la biosécurité. Le modèle biologique visé est la bactérie Escherichia coli, dont les souches pathogènes sont responsables, chaque année et partout dans le monde, de plusieurs crises sanitaires liées à une mauvaise gestion des produits de consommation ou des installations de conditionnement ou de traitements de ces produits. L’utilisation de biocapteurs pour une détection rapide, sensible et sélective d’organismes pathogènes répond ainsi aux inquiétudes quant aux risques d’infection pour la population. La structure du capteur consiste en une fine membrane en arséniure de gallium (GaAs) vibrant sur des modes de cisaillement d’épaisseur générés par champ électrique latéral via les propriétés piézoélectriques du matériau. Nous montrons dans ce travail que le biocapteur offre également des possibilités de microfabrication, de biofonctionnalisation et de régénération intéressantes pour la conception d’un dispositif à bas coût. Le transducteur a été réalisé via des technologies de microfabrication utilisées en salle blanche avec une mise en parallèle des méthodes d’usinage par voie chimique et par plasma, l’objectif étant d’obtenir des membranes minces, planes et avec un état de surface de haute qualité. Une interface fluidique a été mise au point de façon à approvisionner de manière homogène le capteur en fluide. Par ailleurs, nos études se sont portées sur la fonctionnalisation biochimique de l’interface de bioreconnaissance sur l’arséniure de gallium et sa caractérisation fine par les techniques de spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (FTIR). Les résultats de cette étude ont permis de progresser sur la compréhension fondamentale du phénomène d’auto-assemblage de molécules sur GaAs. Un effort particulier a été mis en œuvre pour développer des biointerfaces de haute densité offrant une immobilisation optimale des immunorécepteurs biologiques. Parmi les différentes méthodes de régénération de la biointerface, le procédé de photo-oxydation UV en milieu liquide a démontré un fort potentiel pour des applications de capteurs réutilisables. Enfin, le transducteur a été caractérisé électriquement sous différents environnements. L’impact sur la réponse du résonateur des paramètres électriques, mécaniques et thermiques de ces milieux a été évalué afin de simuler le comportement du dispositif en condition réelle. / Abstract : This PhD thesis was realized in the context of a cotutelle program between FEMTO-ST institute in France and the University of Sherbrooke in Canada. The thesis addresses the development of a potentially low cost sensor dedicated for detection of pathogens in food industry processing, environment and biosafety sectors. Such a sensor could serve detection of Escherichia coli bacteria whose pathogenic strains are the source of foodborne illnesses encountered worldwide every year. Hence, biosensor devices are needed for a rapid, sensitive and selective detection of pathogens to avert, as soon as possible, any sources of contamination and prevent outbreak risks. The design of the sensor consists of a resonant membrane fabricated in gallium arsenide (GaAs) crystal that operates at shear modes of bulk acoustic waves generated by lateral field excitation. In addition to the attractive piezoelectric properties, as shown in this work, fabrication of a GaAs-based biosensor benefits from a well-developed technology of microfabrication of GaAs, as well as biofunctionalization and the possibility of regeneration that should result in cost savings of used devices. The transducer element was fabricated by using typical clean room microfabrication techniques. Plasma and wet etching were investigated and compared for achieving thin membranes with high quality surface morphology. At the same time, we designed and fabricated fluidic elements that allowed the construction of a flow cell chamber integrated in the sensor. Extensive research was carried out with a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) diagnostic tool to determine optimum conditions for biofunctionalization of the GaAs surface. This activity allowed to advance the fundamental knowledge of self-assembly formation and, consequently, fabrication of high density biointerfaces for efficient immobilization of selected bioreceptors. Among different biochip regeneration methods, it has been demonstrated that liquid UV photooxidation (liquid-UVPO) has a great potential to deliver attractive surfaces for re-usable biochips. Finally, operation of the transducer device was evaluated in air environment and in various liquid media, simulating real conditions for detection.

L'objectif de cette étude est de développer un modèle théorique du champ de pression acoustique réfléchi au-dessus d'un réseau constitué de N cavités rectangulaires. Pour cela, une adaptation de la méthode Kobayashi Potentiel (KP) a été effectuée au cas d'une cavité rectangulaire dans un écran rigide à épaisseur non négligeable. Ce modèle ainsi adapté a été généralisé au cas de réseaux contenant plusieurs cavités rectangulaires parallèles, puis étendu au cas de réseaux de cavités rectangulaires non parallèles. Une étude du couplage a été menée pour comprendre la variation de l'interaction acoustique existant entre les cavités en fonction de l'espacement et de la fréquence. Ce modèle a été comparé aux résultats théoriques, issus de la méthode des éléments finis (FEM), et aux résultats expérimentaux obtenus dans une chambre semi-anéchoïque pour une seule cavité, des réseaux de cavités rectangulaires parallèles et non parallèles. La validité du modèle théorique est soutenu par l'accord observé entre les résultats théoriques et expérimentaux / The purpose of this research project was to develop a theoretical model dealing with reflection of acoustic waves over a grating of N rectangular cavities. Thus, the diffracted acoustic fields were determined by adapting the Kobayashi Potential (KP) method to the case of a cavity. Then, this developed model was generalized to the case of parallel rectangular cavities gratings and then extended to the case of non parallel rectangular cavities ones. A study of the coupling was achieved in order to understand the variation in the acoustic interaction between cavities with spacings and frequency. This model was compared with theoretical results obtained from the finite element method (FEM) and experimental results obtained in a semi-anechoic chamber for a single cavity and gratings of parallel and non-parallel rectangular cavities. The validity of the theoretical model is supported by the agreement between the numerical and experimental results observed

Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Marcel P. J. Gaudreau. / Sc.D.

The acoustoelectric effect in graphene is studied in a graphene/lithium niobate hybrid system, which was prepared by transferring large area single-layer graphene grown on copper onto lithium niobate SAW devices. The transfer of momentum from the surface acoustic waves (SAWs), generated on the surface of the lithium niobate, to the carriers in graphene results in an attenuation and velocity shift of the wave, and gives rise to an acoustoelectric current. The acoustoelectric current, and the amplitude and velocity of the SAW are measured using a sourcemeter and oscilloscope, respectively. Macroscopic acoustoelectric current flowing over several hundred micrometers is demonstrated in graphene, which is measured to be directly proportional to the SAW intensity and frequency at room temperature. A relatively simple classical relaxation model, which describes the piezoelectric interaction between SAWs and the carriers in a two-dimensional electron system, is used to explain the experimental observations. The investigation of the acoustoelectric current as a function of temperature demonstrates the ability of SAWs of different wavelengths to probe graphene at different length scales. By tuning the conductivity of the graphene through the use of a top gate, voltage-controlled phase (velocity) shifters are demonstrated. The acoustoelectric current measured as a function of gate voltage demonstrates that an equal density of electrons and holes are transported at the charge neutrality point, reflecting the unique properties of graphene.

An examination of the first laser-induced fluorescence measurements of ion-acoustic wave reflection is presented in this dissertation. The experiment is performed in a multipole cylinindrical chamber using singly-ionized argon (ArII) plasma produced by a means of a hot cathode. Ion-acoustic waves are launched from a mesh antenna and reflected/absorbed by a biased, solid boundary (electrode). A kinetic analysis of wave reflection is carried out through LIF's ability of resolving ion phase-space. A comparison between Langmuir probe and LIF diagnostics is presented, with complementary Electric-field probe measurements.

Les développements récents en physique, et technologiques, ont permis l’élaboration de nouveaux matériaux magnéto-électro-élastique, comme les composites multicouches piézoélectriques / piézomagnétiques. Leur coefficient magnétoélectrique, très grand en comparaison de celui des matériaux constitués d’une seule phase, a suscité récemment un grand nombre de travaux, menant au développement de capteurs, d’actionneurs, de systèmes de conversion d’énergie magnétique-électrique, et dans les mémoires à état solide.Cette thèse porte sur l’étude théorique et expérimentale des ondes acoustiques de surface dans des structures multicouches piézomagnétiques. Une description théorique des matériaux magnéto-élastiques, reposant sur la dérivation d’un modèle de matériau piézomagnétique équivalent, est utilisée conjointement à une technique numérique afin de calculer les courbes de dispersion et les formes des modes des ondes acoustiques se propageant dans des composites piézo-électro-magnétiques déposés sur un substrat. Ce modèle, très général, peut être utilisé pour différents types de structures et pour une intensité et une direction quelconques du champ magnétique externe appliqué. Les structures réalisées en salle blanche sont constituées d’un film mince de 20 couches de TbCo2 (5nm)/FeCo(5nm) déposé sur un substrat de LiNbO3 entre deux peignes interdigités. Une comparaison, entre les variations de la vitesse de phase d’ondes acoustiques de surface induites par l’application d’un champ magnétique externe modélisées et mesurées, est réalisée. Un bon accord quantitatif entre les mesures et les calculs théoriques, et cela pour toutes les orientations du champ magnétique (suivant l’axe facile ou l’axe difficile) et pour différents modes acoustiques, est obtenu. Le mode transverse horizontal présente les plus grandes variations de vitesse, proche de 20% pour un film dont l’épaisseur serait celle de la longueur d’onde acoustique / Recent developments in physics and technology allow the elaboration of new magneto-electro- elastic materials such as multilayered piezoelectric-piezomagnetic composites. Their large magne- toelectric coefficient, compared to the one of single phase materials, recently attracted a large number of studies, and they are now widely used in the development of sensors, actuators, magnetic- electric energy converting devices, and solid state memories.This PhD thesis addresses the experimental and theoretical investigations of guided elastic waves propagation in piezomagnetic multi-layered structure. A theoretical description of magneto- elastic materials, based on the derivation of an equivalent piezomagnetic material of a magnetostric- tive thin film, is used in conjunction with a numerical method to compute propagation constants, i.e. dispersion curves, and mode shapes of elastic waves in layered piezoelectric-piezomagnetic com- posites deposited on a substrate. This model can be used for different structures, and for an applied external magnetic field of any intensity and direction.The realized structures are composed of a 20xTbCo2(5nm)/FeCo(5nm) nanostructured multi- layer deposited between two Aluminum Inter-Digitals Transducers forming a surface acoustic wave delay line, on a LiNbO3 substrate. A comparison between the calculated and measured phase velocity variation under the action of the external magnetic field orientation and magnitude is made. A quantitative agreement between the measured and modeled phase velocity shift for all external magnetic field configurations (hard axis and easy axis) and for different shape modes of elastic waves at their first and third harmonic operation frequencies is obtained. The shear horizontal mode exhibits a maximum phase velocity shift close to 20% for a ratio close to 1 between magneto-elastic film thickness and wavelength

<p>Broadband extremely low-frequency wave emissions below the ion plasma frequency have been observed by a number of spacecraft and rockets on auroral field lines. The importance of these broadband emissions for transverse ion heating and electron acceleration in the auroral regions is now reasonably well established. However, the exact mechanism(s) for mediating this energy transfer and the wave mode(s) involved are not well known. In this thesis we focus on the identification of broadband waves by different methods. </p><p>Two wave analysis methods, involving different approximations and assumptions, give consistent results concerning the wave mode identification. We find that much of the broadband emissions can be identified as a mixture of ion acoustic, electrostatic ion cyclotron and, ion Bernstein waves, which all can be described as different parts of the same dispersion surface in the linear theory of waves in homogeneous plasma. </p><p>A new result is that ion acoustic waves occur on auroral magnetic field lines. These are found in relatively small regions interpreted as acceleration regions without cold (tens of eV) electrons.</p><p>From interferometry we also determine the phase velocity and k vector for parallel and oblique ion acoustic waves. The retrieved characteristic phase velocity is of the order of the ion acoustic speed and larger than the thermal velocity of the protons. The typical wavelength is around the proton gyro radius and always larger than the Debye length which is consistent with ion acoustic waves. </p><p>We have observed quasi-static parallel electric fields associated with the ion acoustic waves in regions with large-scale currents. Waves, in particular ion acoustic waves, can create an anomalous resistivity due to wave-particle interaction when electrons are retarded or trapped by the electric wave-field. To maintain the large-scale current, a parallel electric field is set up, which then can accelerate a second electron population to high velocities.</p>

Plasmas seeded with solid particulates of nanometer to micron sizes (complex plasma systems) are a ubiquitous feature of intergalactic, interstellar and planetary environments but also of plasma processing applications or even fusion devices. Their novel aspects compared with ideal multi-component plasmas stem from (i) the large number of elementary charges residing on the grain surface, (ii) the variability of the charge over mass ratio of the dust component, (iii) the inherent openness and dissipative nature of such systems.   Their statistical description presents a major challenge; On one hand by treating dust grains as point particles new phase space variables must be introduced augmenting the classical Hamiltonian phase space, while the microphysics of interaction between the plasma and the grains will introduce additional coupling between the kinetic equations of each species, apart from the usual fine-grained electromagnetic field coupling. On the other hand complex plasma systems do not always exist in a gaseous state but can also condensate, i.e. form liquid, solid or crystalline states.   In this thesis we study gaseous partially ionized complex plasma systems from the perspective of the Klimontovich technique of second quantization in phase space. Initially, in regimes typical of dust dynamics. Starting from the Klimontovich equations for the exact phase space densities, theory deliverables such as the permittivity, the spectral densities of fluctuations and the collision integrals are implemented either for concrete predictions related to low frequency electrostatic waves or for diagnostic purposes related to the enhancement of the ion density and electrostatic potential fluctuation spectra due to the presence of dust grains. Particular emphasis is put to the comparison of the self-consistent kinetic model with multi-component kinetic models (treating dust as an additional massive charged species) as well as to the importance of the nature of the plasma particle source. Finally, a new kinetic model of complex plasmas (for both constant and fluctuating sources) is formulated. It is valid in regimes typical of ion dynamics, where plasma discreteness can no longer be neglected, and, in contrast to earlier models, does not require relatively large dust densities to be valid. / QC 20120316