La plupart des études de fretting analyse la réponse des matériaux en contact à partir de critères issus directement des paramètres caractéristiques des cycles de fretting (ouverture du cycle, énergie dissipée, raideur de contact...). La première partie de cette étude s’intéresse à l’influence du dispositif, premier élément du triplet tribologique, sur la réponse en glissement total d’un contact sphère/plan. Le rôle du mode de commande (déplacement imposé ou force actionneur imposée), de la rigidité statique et dynamique du dispositif (analyse vibratoire) et de la nature des matériaux (ductile, fragile ou peu adhérent) sur la forme des cycles est analysée de manière à distinguer les contributions respectives du dispositif et des matériaux. La seconde partie de cette étude est consacrée à une analyse de l’influence des paramètres opératoires (charge normale, déplacement, fréquence, intensité électrique) de couples CuSn6-CuSn6 pour application à la connectique embarquée bas niveau, où le fretting représente l’une des principales causes des défaillances des contacts électriques par perte de conductivité électrique. Une analyse de la variance a permis de hiérarchiser et d’identifier les couplages existants entre les paramètres opératoires et les réponses tribologiques et électriques. Un examen approfondi des signaux d’émission acoustique (amplitude EA, émissivité, énergie absolue, fréquence du centroïde…) et de la résistance électrique du contact a permis une compréhension temporelle des mécanismes locaux de dégradation des contacts synthétisée par une approche troisième corps. / Most fretting studies analyze material’s responses using criteria directly issued from characteristic parameters of the fretting loops (loop aperture, dissipated energy, contact stiffness...). The first part of this study concerns the influence of the device, first element of the tribological triplet, on the gross slip response of a ball-on-flat contact. The role of the static and dynamic device stiffness (vibratory analysis), of the control system mode (imposed displacement or imposed actuator force) and of the material type (ductile, brittle or non-adherent) on the loop shape is analyzed in order to distinguish the respective contributions of devices and materials. The second part of this study concern the analysis of the influence of operating parameters (normal force, displacement, frequency, current intensity) for CuSn6-CuSn6 pairs for low current onboard connectors applications. An analysis of variance allowed to prioritize and identify existing linkages between the operating parameters and the tribology and electrical responses. An examination of acoustic emission signals (amplitude AE, emissivity, absolute energy, centroid frequency…) and the electrical resistance of contact allowed a temporal understanding of local mechanisms of degradation synthesized by an approach third body.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur le contrôle de santé intégré par émission acoustique desmatériaux composites stratifiés et sandwichs. Le capteur d’EA est d’une part implanté dans lamasse du matériau et d’autre part collé à la surface de ce dernier. Une première étude estconsacrée à l’étude de l’influence de l’implant piézoélectrique dans le volume du matériau surle comportement et les caractéristiques mécaniques en statiques, en fatigue cyclique et enfluage sous sollicitations en traction et en flexion. Les signaux d’émission acoustique sontcollectés au cours des essais sur les différents matériaux. Les mécanismes d’endommagementde chaque matériau sont identifiés et caractérisés en utilisant une analyse multiparamétrique(k-moyennes) des signaux collectés. La dynamique de chaque mécanisme est suivie jusqu’à larupture permettant de discriminer les mécanismes les plus critiques conduisant à la rupture dumatériau. Une étude comparative des signaux d’EA entre matériau instrumenté en surface etcelui instrumenté en volume avec insertion d’élément piézoélectrique est également menée.Elle a montré que les matériaux avec capteurs intégrés sont plus sensibles à l’émissionacoustique, améliorant ainsi l’identification des mécanismes d’endommagement et le contrôlede santé intégré des matériaux composites étudiés. Enfin, la dernière partie du travail a étéconsacrée à l’étude de l’influence de l’intégration de plusieurs capteurs dans des structures encomposites stratifiés et sandwichs. L’analyse des résultats expérimentaux et l’observation dessignaux d’EA obtenus dans ces structures soumises à différentes sollicitations ont permis dedéfinir les principaux signatures acoustiques des différents modes d’endommagementprépondérants dans chaque type de structure. La localisation des sources d’endommagement amis en évidence que les événements acoustiques sont apparus loin des positions des capteursintégrés. De point de vue comparaison entre matériau instrumenté et matériau noninstrumenté, l’activité acoustique montre clairement l’avantage de l’intégration del’instrumentation au sein du composite. Cet avantage réside dans le fait de la détectionexpérimentale des modes d’endommagement précoces et leur chronologie d’apparition,faisant ainsi révéler les performances du composite instrumenté vis-à-vis à sa réponse enversl’initiation, la propagation et l’accumulation des défauts microscopiques. / The increasing demands to improve the performance of aerospace and other engineering Systems require a new class of structures, such as smart structures. These can be defined as the system that has built-in capability or with intrinsic sensors that perceive and process the operating environments, and take effective action to fulfil the intended mission. The future of smart structure technology is very promising. There has been considerable interest in the use of piezoelectric materials in conjunction with the light-weight and high-strength/modulus polymeric composites as one type of smart structures. This work presents a health monitoring study of composites incorporating an integrated piezoelectric sensor. Firstly, experimental research is focused on examining the effects of the embedded sensors on the structural integrity of composites subjected to tensile and 3-point bending loads. A series of specimen composites (laminated composites and sandwich) with and without embedded piezoelectric sensors were fabricated. The composite specimens with PZT sensors embedded in the mid-plane were tested in static, fatigue and creep loading while continuously monitoring the response by the acoustic emission technique. The acoustic signals were analysed using the classification k-means methoc in order to identify the different damage and to follow the evolution of these various mechanisms for both types of materials (with and without sensor).

Les éco-composites s'imposent progressivement comme une alternative à certains matériaux classiques. L'utilisation de fibres végétales en guise de renfort permet en effet d'améliorer les performances environnementales de ces matériaux ainsi que leurs propriétés spécifiques élevées. Dans ce contexte, cette étude propose d'élaborer un éco-composite sandwich dont les peaux sont constituées d'une résine thermoplastique innovante associée à des fibres de lin et à une âme en balsa. Tout d'abord, les comportements statiques de la résine et de l'âme sont analysés. Par la suite, le composite renforcé de fibres de lin constituant les peaux du sandwich est étudié. Les caractéristiques élastiques principales du pli UD en contraintes planes sont déterminées. De plus, une analyse des mécanismes d'endommagement est effectuée au moyen de la technique d'émission acoustique. Le comportement des poutres sandwiches sollicitées en flexion est ensuite étudié. Une attention particulière est portée à la compréhension des modes de rupture et à l'influence des variations locales des propriétés mécaniques de l'âme. Par ailleurs, certaines propriétés dynamiques de cette structure sont explorées, notamment son comportement en fatigue et sa réponse à l'impact afin de discuter de sa durabilité. Enfin, une étude expérimentale du comportement vibratoire des poutres composites et sandwiches est réalisée. Le rôle des différents constituants dans l'amortissement global des vibrations est discuté au moyen d'une modélisation par élément finis. L'ensemble des propriétés déterminées sont comparées à celles des matériaux non bio-sourcés, afin de situer ses performances. / Bio-based composites appear to be very promising alternatives to traditional composites. The use of natural fibres as reinforcement reduces the environmental impact of these materials and their specific properties are significantly increased. In this context, this work focuses on the manufacturing and the mechanical characterization of a bio-based sandwich structure. The skins are made of an innovative thermoplastic resin associated with flax fibres. The core is made of balsa wood. First, quasi-static analyses are performed on the different components. Then, the tensile properties of the composite skins are studied. Moreover, the main damage mechanisms are identified and described by means of the acoustic emission technique. Next, the flexural behavior of the whole sandwich structure is studied. Particular attention is paid to the detection and prediction of the main fracture modes. Moreover, the statistical spreads of the material properties of the balsa core are taken into account. In addition, cyclic fatigue and impact tests are performed to investigate the behavior of this structure under dynamic loads, and to discuss whether or not this material could be suitable for potential semi-structural applications. Finally, experimental analyses of the vibration behavior of composite and sandwich beams are performed. The contributions of the different components to the global damping properties of the sandwich structure are analyzed by means of a finite elements model. This work also compares the properties of this bio-based sandwich to those of traditional materials, in order to benchmark its mechanical performances with a view to further industrial usage.

The diploma thesis deals with calibration of AE sensors used in diagnostics of bearings. Two different conceptual solutions similar to those used in the diagnostics of bearings were designed in the design. Subsequently, the experimental device was designed for relative calibration using the rotation of bearings as a continuous AE source. The experimental part is oriented to the observation of the RMS parameter, which serves as a sensor sensitivity evaluation parameter. As sources of AE, bearings with a certain type of damage were used, which allowed for the formation of sensitivity characteristics according to the type of damage. Sensitivity characteristics of selected AE sensors have been developed to determine the effectiveness in relative calibration. The exponential sensitivity sensitivity of the MDK-13 sensors was observed on the software amplification of the AE analyzer. A proposal for the calibration method for MDK-13 type sensors was developed on the principle of comparison with the reference sensor.

This thesis deals with the study of sudden step changes observed in model testing of standard bearing steel 100Cr6. Methodology of experiments with step change of load is proposed and applied in measurements. Three complete series of experiments were conducted, and rating life was determined for each loading trend. Based on the experiments carried out, it was found that the selected steel is able to withstand the sudden step of load changes, despite the fact that it is not material of choise for this type of load. Part of this work was to verify functionality of the innovated test stations AXMAT with modern diagnostics and a new control system, and also of the hydraulic variant of AXMAT, which allows to remotely derive dynamic loading of the test sample.

Terms of acoustic emission (AE) and electromagnetic emission (EME) designated physical effects and also as diagnostic methods based on these effects. These effects are caused by generated cracks in materials that rank among non-destructive techniques of material diagnostics. The advantage of them is that they do not affect the measured object and give us information about the current dynamic state of a tested material. One disadvantage of these effects is that they provide very low energy of signal emissions and make it difficult for broader usage. It is expected better localization of cracks in non-conductive materials by connecting of these two techniques (diagnostics). There are designed and described new methods for crack detection with usage of AE and EME signals in this work. Also there is description of measuring arrangement intended of crack detection and experimental sample for checking accuracy of methods for crack detection. There was performed comparison of accuracy of methods in crack detection.

Ce travail vise à étudier le comportement mécanique des composites renforcées par des fibres de lin ainsi que le comportement mécanique et hydrique des composites hybrides. Un taux de porosité élevée observée chez ces matériaux conduit à une dégradation des propriétés mécaniques. Des essais de traction et de flambement avec suivi par émission acoustique ont permis d’identifier les mécanismes d’endommagements qui règnent dans ces matériaux et à mettre en évidence leur chronologie d’apparition. Des observations microscopiques des faciès de rupture ont permis de valider ces résultats. Une optimisation des propriétés mécaniques et notamment en termes de réduire le taux de porosité a été testée et ceci en insérant des fibres de carbone dans la structure. Les résultats ont montré que la position des fibres de carbone est primordiale dans l’amélioration des propriété hydrique et mécaniques. / This work aims to study the mechanical behavior of composites reinforced by flax fibers as well as the mechanical and water behavior of hybrid composites. A high porosity rate observed in these materials leads to a degradation of the mechanical properties. Tensile and buckling tests with acoustic emission monitoring have identified the mechanisms of damage that reign in these materials and highlight their chronology appearance. Microscopic observations of fracture facies validated these results. An optimization of the mechanical properties particularly in terms of reducing the porosity rate has been tested by inserting carbon fibers in the structure. The results showed that the position of carbon fibers is essential in the improvement of water and mechanical properties.

In the present work the deformation behaviour of magnesium-based alloy AZ31 which was produced by horizontal continual casting is investigated. Samples with two different orientations are deformed in tension and compression at strain rate of 10-3 s-1 in temperature range of 20 řC to 300 řC. Simultaneously, the acoustic emission is recorded and studied with focused on mechanical twinning. The mechanisms of plastic deformation of material and anisotropy between tension and compression are discussed. Dependence of deformation behaviour on temperature is analyzed. The microstructure of original and deformed material is also studied by means of optical microscopy.

The goal of the present work is investigation of deformation mechanisms in magnesium-based metal matrix composites and examination of the influence of morphology of strengthening phase on the mechanical properties. The microstructure of the specimen was studied by means of light optical and electron microscopy (SEM). Compression tests in the temperature range of 20řC-300řC were preformed. Acoustic emission measurements were performed during compression test at room temperature, whose help us elucidate the ongoing micromechanisms during the straining. Furthermore residual stress in the magnesium matrix at different strain levels was measured by neutron diffraction.

Title: Study of cooperative dislocation phenomena in solids by the acoustic emis- sion technique Author: Michal KNAPEK Department: Department of Physics of Materials Supervisor: doc. RNDr. František Chmelík, CSc., Department of Physics of Materials Abstract: Plastic deformation of micron-scale crystalline materials differs con- siderably from bulk specimens, as it is characterized by random strain bursts. Three categories of metallic samples were investigated in this thesis: micron- scale copper micropillars with varied geometries, submillimeter-scale aluminum microwires, and aluminum and aluminum-magnesium salt-replicated foams. Very precise fabrication methods and sensitive measurement set-ups consisting of uni- axial compression and tensile tests with concurrent acoustic emission (AE) record- ing were developed. These fine methods allowed for investigations of effects re- lated to plastic deformation at micrometer scales, i.e. the dislocation dynamics associated with the stress drops. Size effects in plastic deformation, as well as clear correlations between the stress drops and the AE events, were found in mi- crosamples, confirming that dislocation avalanches are indeed responsible for the stochastic character of deformation processes also at microscales. Open-cell pure aluminum and aluminum-magnesium...