Contractual acquisition of ownership of movable things: comparison of Czech and German legal regulation The aim of this thesis is to introduce and compare three main approaches towards acquisition of ownership of movable things, which are currently present on the European continent. For this purpose, three different civil codes are outlined, whereas each of them represents one possible approach. The question, which of these systems works the best, has already been thoroughly discussed at the European level. However, the Czech civil code of 2012 has decided not to follow the conclusion of these discussions and opted for a different approach. Since the Czech lawmaker does not provide a duly reasoned explanation as to why he has decided to adopt a different rule, this thesis aims to take a closer look at the reasons, which might have played a decisive role. The topic of this thesis is divided into the four parts. Chapter one is introductory and its purpose is especially to set out the essential terminology such as thing, ownership or acquisition thereof. Chapter two outlines the respective approaches towards acquisition of ownership of movable things. This chapter stepwise presents German Civil code, Czech Civil code of 1964 and Czech Civil code of 2012. Chapter three deals with the idea of...

The purpose of the thesis "Contract of sale under business law" is to compare changes of the contract of sale, which occurred as a result of the newly adopted Act No. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code. The aim of this thesis is to simultaneously take into account the proposal for a European Parliament and Council Regulation on a Common European Sales Law (Common European Sales Law, CESL). The thesis also focuses on selected provisions of the purchase - especially rules governing the acquisition of ownership from unauthorized (and the related principle of good faith) under the new Civil Code. Rules governing the acquisition of ownership were significantly changed. Thesis attepmts to specify rules which are applied in the case one of the contracting parties is in the possition of a consumer. Specific features of contracting process must be taken in consideration due to the protection of consumers and or small and medium- sized enterprises. The thesis is focused on selected aspects of the contract of sale, thus the purchase of property, asset deal or liability for defects are mentioned only in passing.

Roman law aspects of acquiring property in the Civil Code Abstract The thesis deals with the modes of acquiring ownership in the Czech Civil Code, Act No. 89/2012 Sb., as well as in the Roman law. The aim of this thesis is to find the Roman- law context in the modes of acquiring ownership regulated by the current Civil Code. The thesis is divided into three parts, the first deals with the ownership in general, the original modes of acquisition of ownership are analysed in the second part, and the derivative modes of acquiring of ownership in the third. The aim of this thesis is not to describe all possible modes of ownership acquisition in detail, but to briefly introduce them and compare the above- mentioned legislations. The Civil Code is based on principles of Roman law. It is, however, understandable that the current legislation is different from the Roman law, as the Civil Code was adopted almost fifteen centuries after the famous Justinian codifications. The thesis describes the original modes of acquiring ownership. The original modes according the Civil Code include appropriation, discovery, natural accession (incl. accession of an immovable thing, alluvium and tear-off, and accession of movable things incl. acquiring fruits), mixed accession (incl. sowing and planting), artificial accession (incl....

This thesis "Contractual acquisition of ownership" deals with the fundamental questions of contractual acquisition of property law in the Czech Civil Code. Some of the parts of the project are comparative. The author takes into account both the older national regulations of contractual acquisition as well as the different approaches in the same field in some foreign legal systems. In the introduction the author highlights the importance of property law (this right forms one of three fundamental pillars of private law - together with "man" and "contract") as well as the possibility to transfer it to another. First chapter shows that - from the general point of view - acquisition of property law as such may be based on a number of different modes. The paper contains an overview of particular modes and its dividing into relevant categories. The acquisition based on contracts is a type of derivative acquisition. Next chapter is devoted to some general questions of contractual transfer of ownership. Some decisive (general and special) legal principles are offered: namely the principle of the autonomy of the will, the principle of the absence of formality of contracts and finally the "nemo dat" principle (nemo dat quod non habet). This part of the project also focuses on the basic conceptual elements of...

Šio darbo tikslas – įvardinti, ištirti ir įvertinti problemas, su kuriomis susiduria teisinių santykių subjektai, įgyjant nuosavybės teises į inžinerinės infrastruktūros objektus. Inžinerinė infrastruktūra – tai sistema objektų, kurie užtikrina prieinamą, nenutrūkstamą viešuosius interesus atitinkančių paslaugų teikimą vartotojams. Plečiantis teritorijoms iškyla naujų minėtos infrastruktūros objektų statybos būtinybė. Šių objektų paskirtis, eksploatavimo ypatumai sąlygoja specialųjį teisinį reguliavimą. Siekiant šio darbo tikslo, buvo atlikta išsami svarbiausių Lietuvos Respublikos teisės aktų, Europos Sąjungos norminių aktų ir teismų praktikos analizė. Magistriniame darbe bandoma pagrįsti, jog nuosavybės teisės į inžinerinės infrastruktūros objektus įgijimo problemas sąlygoja šiai dienai egzistuojantis valstybinis reguliavimas, nustatantis, kad nuosavybės teises į tam tikros paskirties minėtos infrastruktūros objektus gaili įgyti tik konkrečius ir privalomus kriterijus atitinkantys subjektai. Remiantis specialiųjų teisės aktų, teismų praktikos analize, daroma išvada, jog subjektų teisė įgyti nuosavybės teises į minėtus objektus vienu iš pirminių nuosavybės teisės įgijimo būdų – statybos būdu yra susijusi su subjekto vykdoma ūkine veikla (subjektas privalo turėti teisės aktų nustatyta tvarka išduotą licenciją) arba subjekto teisiniu statusu/įsteigimo tikslu (šiuo atveju tinkamas subjektas yra savivaldybė arba savivaldybės įsteigtas viešasis juridinis asmuo).Toks teisinis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The key goal of the Thesis is identification, investigation and evaluation of problems incurred by entities of legal relationship when acquiring ownership to objects of engineering infrastructure. Engineering infrastructure is a system of objects assuring consumer access to available and uninterrupted supply of the corresponding public services. Development of territories originates necessity of provision of new objects of the aforesaid infrastructure. The purpose and pecularities of the above objects have caused application of the specific legal regulation. In order to achieve the goal set up in the Thesis, a thorough analysis of the prevailing national legal acts, the relevant EU legal documents and common legal practice has been carried out. The Thesis reveals an attempt to substantiate that the current state regulation stipulating ownership to engineering infrastructure causes acquisition problems. The regulation sets up a requirement that ownership to specific engineering infrastructure objects can only be granted to eligible entities, i.e. entities conforming to certain specific and mandatory criteria. In accordance with the analysis of the specific legal documents and legal practice, a conclusion can be drawn that one of the original/primary options of acquisition of ownership by eligible entity is construction activity, related to its economic activities, i.e. the entity shall be in posession of the required licence, issued in accordance with the prevailing legal... [to full text]

Hierdie proefskrif handel oor aspekte van inaedificatio (bebouing) in die Suid-Afrikaanse, Engelse en Nederlandse reg. Die klem val op die maatstawwe wat aangewend word om te bepaal of aanhegting van ‘n roerende saak aan ‘n onroerende saak plaasgevind het. Die maatstawwe in die drie stelsels toon ooreenkomste en verskille. Een ooreenkoms is dat die graad en wyse van aanhegting in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg oorweeg word, terwyl daar in die Engelse reg slegs na die graad van aanhegting gekyk word. In die Nederlandse reg word ’n duursame verbinding vereis om te bepaal of bestanddeelvorming plaasgevind het, en word gevra of verwydering van die saak sonder beskadiging kan plaasvind. In die Suid-Afrikaanse reg word die doel van die aangehegte saak oorweeg, hoewel Innes HR dit nie in MacDonald Ltd v Radin NO & The Potchefstroom Dairies & Industries Co Ltd so formuleer nie. Die aard van die roerende saak word in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg oorweeg, terwyl die aard en ontwerp van die roerende saak in die Nederlandse reg oorweeg word. In die Engelse reg word die doel waarvoor die aanhegting gemaak is oorweeg om die bedoeling met die aanhegting te bepaal. Die vraag is of die saak vir die permanente en substansiële verbetering van die gebou (grond) aangeheg is, of vir ’n tydelike doel of vir die beter benutting van die chattel. Die Nederlandse reg beklemtoon die bestemming van die aanhegting. Die opvallendste verskil tussen die Suid-Afrikaanse reg en die ander twee stelsels is die belang van die subjektiewe bedoeling van een of ander betrokkene. Die regsposisie van huurders wat sake aanheg verskil van dié van ander aanhegters. In al drie regstelsels kan huurders voor afloop van die huurtermyn sommige aangehegte sake verwyder, mits die huurgrond in dieselfde toestand gelaat word as waarin dit was voor die aanhegting. Die drie stelsels vertoon verskille soos dat onsekerheid bestaan oor wie die eienaar van die aangehegte sake is voor verwydering. In die Engelse reg heg bedryfsaanhegtings en ornamentele aanhegtings, nie aan nie. Ingevolge die Nederlandse reg is die verhuurder gedurende die huurtermyn eienaar van die aanhegtings, aangesien aanhegting plaasvind sodra die roerende sake aan die huurgrond heg. Die Suid-Afrikaanse reg hieroor is onduidelik. / This thesis deals with aspects of inaedificatio (building) in South African, English and Dutch law. The emphasis falls on the criteria that are applied to determine whether attachment of a movable to an immovable thing occurred. The criteria in the three systems show similarities and differences. One similarity is that in South African law the degree and manner of attachment are considered, while in English law only the degree of attachment is considered. To determine whether one thing became a component part of another thing (bestanddeelvorming) a durable connection is required In Dutch law. The question is whether removal can take place without causing damage. The purpose of the attached thing is considered in South African law, although Innes CJ did not formulate this criterion in this manner in MacDonald Ltd v Radin NO & The Potchefstroom Dairies & Industries Co Ltd. The nature of the movable thing is relevant, while the nature and design of the movable thing are considered in Dutch law. In English law the purpose of the attachment is considered to determine the intention with the attachment. The question is whether the thing was attached for the permanent and substantial improvement of the building (land) or for a temporary purpose or for the better use of the chattel. The destination (bestemming) of the attachment is considered in Dutch law. The most significant difference between South African law and the other two systems is the importance of the subjective intention of some person involved in the situation. The legal position of lessees who attach movales differs from that of other persons who make such attachments. In all three legal systems lessees may remove certain attached movables before the expiry of the term of lease as long as the leased land is left in the same condition that it was in before the attachment. The three systems also differs for example it is not certain who the owner of the attached things is before removal of the attachments. In English law trade and ornamental fixtures do not attach. In Dutch law the lessor is the owner of the attachments during the term of lease, because attachment takes place when the movable things are fixed to the leased land. The position in South African law on this is unclear. / Private Law / LL. D.