This thesis deals primarily with the simulation and analysis of shunt active power filters (APF) on a three-phase power distribution system possessing a harmonic generating load. The shunt active power filters are analyzed based on effective total harmonic distortion (THD) levels and response to changing dynamics. These results are derived from the simulation of a pulse-width modulation (PWM) controlled voltage source inverter (VSI) with a capacitor connected to the DC side of the VSI. The primary difference between individual simulations is the particular control law implemented in the shunt APF.

Firstly, this thesis investigates the electrical power harmonics in an attempt to utilize harmonic current and its distortion power in a novel idea to reconvert the distortion power into useful power. This is done, in order to feed different DC or AC loads in single and three-phase power system by using passive or active filters and accordingly, develop a new topology of hybrid active power filter (HAPF). In addition, this circuit can be considered as a power factor corrector (PFC) because it reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) and improves the power factor (PF). Secondly, this thesis works on a new design of active power factor correction (APFC) circuit presenting two circuits with the same design principle: the first design consists of two active switches without an external complex control circuit, while the second design contains a single active switch with an additional control circuit. The main contribution of this circuit is 98% reduction of the inductor's value used in the newly proposed PFC circuit in comparison with the conventional boost converter which may lead to a huge reduction in size, weight and the cost of the new PFC circuit. Also, the active switches depend on a carefully designed switching pattern that results in an elimination of the third order harmonic from the input source current which decreases the value of total current harmonic distortion (THDI) to (14%) and improves the input PF to (0.99). Consequently, the simplicity of the design without requiring a complex control circuit and without a snubber circuit plus the minimum size of inductor, gives the newly proposed circuit the superiority on other PFC circuits. Thirdly, this research aims to describe the distortion power through submitting two novel power terms called effective active power (Pef ) & reactive power (Qef ) terms with a new power diagram called Right-Angled Power Triangle (RAPT) Diagram. In addition, a novel de nition of total apparent power (St) has been submitted in order to illustrate the physical meaning of (St) in non-sinusoidal systems. The new RAPT Diagram is based on the orthogonality law and depends on geometrical summation to describe the relationship between different aspects (apparent-active-reactive) of power, and different components (total-fundamental distortion), drawing a bridge to connect the time domain with the frequency domain in a two-dimensional diagram.

The thesis aims to the research of active power factor correction (PFC) circuit and develop a DSP-based digital controller. In the thesis, PI controller is the control core for the voltage loop¡Band current loop, and then achieve the function of the power factor correction of boost converter. Finally, we develop a boost converter and connect it to a DSP-based controller to measure the waveforms and verify the power factor correction. Furthermore, the research can be extended to a simulating platform which we can verify the power factor correction by just changing the control law on DSP .

This thesis report describes the modeling procedure for available the wind turbine generator (WTG) technologies. The models are generic in nature and manufacturer independent. These models are implemented on commercially available dynamic simulation software platforms like PSCAD/EMTDC and MATLAB/SIMULINK. A brief introduction to the available WTG types is provided to understand the technological differences and their key features. The related theoretical concepts to the working of a WTG are explained, which acts as an aid for model development and implementation. Using the theoretical concepts as basis, a WTG model is divided into four parts : 1. Aerodynamic model 2. Mechanical drive train model 3. Electrical machine model 4. Controller model Once the different parts of a WTG are introduced, a groundwork for model implementation on the software platforms is laid. A step-by-step process of implementing a PSCAD or MATLAB model of a WTG is introduced in this thesis. Starting with the most fundamental WTG technology such as fixed-speed also known as direct-connect wind turbine. The model implementation is adanvced to other superior technology like the dynamic rotor resistance control (DRR) and the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). To better understand the working of a DFIG, a current-source regulated model (without electrical machine) emulating the DFIG is built on both PSCAD and MATLAB. A full blown converter model of the DFIG with back-to-back converter is then built in PSCAD/EMTDC. An approach to determine the reactive power capability (Q limits) of a DFIG is described. Rotor current limitation and stator current limitation of the DFIG are considered in determining the minimum and maximum reactive power delievered by the DFIG. Variation in the Q limits of a DFIG for change in wind speed is analysed with two different wind speed scenarios. 1. Wind speed from cut-in to rated i.e. 6 m/s - 14 m/s. 2. Wind speed above rated to cut-out i.e. 14 m/s - 20 m/s. Such an analysis, is useful in determining the operating mode of the DFIG. At low wind speeds (below rated), the DFIG can be operated as a STATCOM for exporting and importing reactive power (similar to synchronous machines). While above rated wind speeds, the DFIG can be set to produce maximum active power. Using the DFIG current-source model implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK, laboratory experiments to plot the power profile of the DFIG is explained. Another experiment to perform independent P-Q control of the DFIG is also included in this report. / text

The portion of energy converted by non-linear loads in the modern power system is increasing due to the energy-efficiency and sophistication possible with power electronics. Higher voltage and energy ratings are continuously forthcoming. These devices draw non-linear currents resulting in voltage waveform distortion at the Point of Common Coupling due to non-zero supply impedances between voltage source and the PCC. With the increase in waveform distortion comes the demand for better Quality of Supply management. The verification and quantification of the origin of waveform distortion in a power system is a continuous field of study and forms a critical part of the mitigation design. Methods utilizing single-point measurements, usually taken at the Point of Common Coupling, for the assessment of the harmonic distortion generated by loads are continuously being published. It’s been proven by means of computer simulations and laboratory experiments that in an interconnected network where multiple sources of distortion exist that loads have the ability to exchange harmonic active power between each other. This project investigates the latter statement by conducting practical experiments to conclude that loads have the ability to exchange harmonic active power and that multiple synchronized measurements should be taken to assess the harmonic distortion due to a load. Laboratory experiments are carried utilizing an acknowledged single point measurement method. The results are compared to the direction of harmonic active power obtained from utilizing multiple synchronized measurements. To further the information obtained from the laboratory experiments, practical experiments were conducted utilizing the same methods. The results obtained coincided with the results of previously conducted experiments of which the results were published. From the results obtained it was concluded that in an interconnected network where multiple sources of distortion exist that loads have the ability to exchange harmonic active power between each other. Furthermore it was proven that the single point measurement method investigated presented inconsistent results. Ultimately it was concluded that the reason for the inconsistency was due to the fact that loads have the ability to exchange harmonic active power and that the single point measurement failed to acknowledge this. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo apresentar um estudo, uma modelagem e uma simulação de um inversor de comutação suave para aplicação em um filtro ativo para instalações de baixa e média potência. Inicialmente apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre inversores de comutação suave, onde os mesmos são classificados em função do local onde o circuito auxiliar de comutação suave está inserido, gerando três classificações básicas: comutação de linha, comutação de carga e comutação de chave. Três processos de comutação suave são apresentados: comutação em zero de tensão, comutação em zero de corrente e comutação em zero de corrente e zero de tensão. Dentro deste contexto apresentam-se as diversas topologias de inversores de comutação suave. Uma análise de comutação de um inversor em um filtro ativo monofásico é apresentada e o inversor ZCT com duas chaves auxiliares é selecionado para ser aplicado no referido filtro. Uma modelagem completa do inversor ZCT com duas chaves auxiliares é apresentada e corroborada pela comparação dos resultados de simulação obtidos a partir do modelo teórico com os resultados obtidos por meio de simulações realizadas no SPICE. A Modelagem do inversor ZCT com duas chaves auxiliares culmina em uma nova metodologia de projeto, onde é possível determinar com grande exatidão a máxima corrente de carga para a qual o inversor ainda opera no modo ZCT. Diversas simulações realizadas no Simulink/Matlab e no SPICE comprovam as comutações suaves em zero de corrente nas chaves do inversor e também o desempenho dinâmico do mesmo quando operando em um filtro ativo paralelo. / This work shows the study, the selection and the analysis of a soft-switched inverter for an ac single-phase active power filter. For this, various topologies of the soft-switched inverters are classified based upon the location of the auxiliary circuit and the topology that achieves the goals for application in the active power filter is selected. Three commutation processes are presented: zero voltage switching (ZVS), zero current switching (ZCS) and zero current and zero voltage switching (ZCZVS). The ZCT inverter with 2 auxiliaries switches is selected for the application in an ac single-phase active power filter: this topology reduces the turn-on losses and practically eliminates the turn-off losses of all IGBTs of the inverter. Some new guidelines to project the ZCT inverter with 2 auxiliaries switches are presented, achieving an accurate calculation of the maximum load current for operation in ZCT. The results of the simulation from Simulink/Matlab and SPICE prove some goals of the ZCT inverter: the ZCT inverter with 2 auxiliaries switches reduces the total losses when compared with the hard-commutation inverter and the dynamic performance of the ZCT inverter applied in an ac single-phase active power filter is showed.

É cada vez maior a preocupação com a qualidade da energia elétrica tanto do ponto de vista do consumidor quanto da concessionária. Um dos grandes problemas encontrados é o desequilíbrio de correntes trifásicas devido à utilização de cargas monofásicas, bifásicas ou trifásicas desequilibradas em sistemas trifásicos de potência. Para eliminar esse desequilíbrio é necessária a identificação da parcela de corrente de seqüência negativa presente no sistema e sua eliminação. A injeção das correntes de compensação via conversores estáticos operando em PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) é uma das soluções aplicadas. Esta solução exige o cálculo em tempo real da componente instantânea de seqüência negativa, que será utilizada para a obtenção da referência de corrente do conversor. Neste trabalho, alguns dos métodos mais conhecidos para a determinação das correntes de referências são agrupados segundo suas características comuns e suas notações são uniformizadas. Estes métodos são simulados e comparados segundo suas características a partir de resultados obtidos via simulação numérica utilizando o software MATLAB (Simulink-Power System Blockset). Um novo método é proposto para a extração em tempo real da componente da corrente de seqüência negativa, apresentando um bom desempenho em comparação com os outros métodos. O desempenho de um compensador completo é verificado via simulação numérica, utilizando-se um conversor do tipo fonte de tensão operando em PWM, incluindo as malhas de controle de corrente do lado CA e da tensão no barramento CC. As metodologias do projeto do conversor (indutor CA e capacitor CC) e das malhas de controle (rastreamento da corrente CA e regulação da tensão CC) são apresentadas. / The concern with the power quality is great, not only from the consumer\'s point of view but also from the utilities point of view. One of the most common problems is the unbalanced three-phase currents due to the use of single-phase loads, two-phase loads or unbalanced three-phase loads in three-phase power systems. In order to eliminate this unbalance it is necessary to identify the negative sequence components of the load current and to eliminate it. The injection of the compensating currents by means of static converters using PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is one possible solution. This solution needs an algorithm for the real time extraction of the negative sequence component that will be used for generating the reference current for the converter. In this work, well-known methods for determination of the reference currents are organized and explained according to their common characteristics. All the methods have their simbology unified and their performance are compared based on simulation results. A new method, faster than the existing ones, is proposed. It is fully simulated using a voltage source converter operating with PWM. Design methodologies are proposed for the converter (AC inductor, DC capacitor) and for the control loops (AC current tracking and DC voltages regulation).

As novas tecnologias FACTS aplicadas ao sistema de transmissão, com base em eletrônica de potência, podem também ser úteis à distribuição. Para tal é preciso conduzir um procedimento de consolidação da utilização e do desempenho destas, para sua aplicação sem riscos. Neste trabalho, dois aspectos serão contemplados. O primeiro se refere à aplicação do dispositivo FACTS atuando como um capacitor série. Em se tendo controle de módulo e da fase da tensão inserida em série com a linha pode-se fazê-la comportar-se como uma queda em uma reatância série capacitiva ou indutiva. O controle dessa reatância série (aumentando/diminuindo) permitirá a aplicação do conceito de compensação série em qualquer ponto do sistema de distribuição, provendo benefícios de um controle contínuo da tensão e também do controle do fluxo de carga no sistema independente da corrente. O segundo aspecto refere-se ao uso dos dispositivos na conexão de alimentadores controlando a potência ativa entre eles. Para esta operação outro dispositivo UPFC, com conceito similar ao descrito acima, entretanto atuando na fase da tensão entre 2 barras, comporta-se como um transformador defasador com variação contínua de ?taps?, podendo controlar a potência ativa entre os alimentadores. A aplicação destas tecnologias propiciarão vários benefícios para a expansão da distribuição tais como, flexibilização do uso da rede, interligação de alimentadores permitindo manobras de blocos de energia sem ?pisca?, ajuste contínuo do suporte de reativos durante a operação, controle dinâmico do fluxo de potência. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a aplicabilidade da tecnologia FACTS e estender este conceito para aplicação em sistemas de distribuição e conduzir simulações digitais em redes de distribuição (15kV) identificando o desempenho e os benefícios atingidos. O programa de simulação utilizado é o ATP (Alternative Transients Program). / The new FACTS technologies applied to the transmission system, based on power electronics, can also be useful to the distribution. For that, it is necessary to drive a procedure to consolidate the use and the performance for their application without risks. In this work two aspects will be approached. The first refers to the application of a FACTS device acting as series compensator. This device will be able to control the voltage in module and phase in order to act as a voltage drop in a serie reactance with capacitive or inductive features. The control of this series reactance (increasing/ decreasing) will allow the application of series compensation concept to any point of the distribution system, providing the benefits of continuous control of the voltage added to the load flow control in the system independent of the current. The second aspect refers to its use in the connection of two feeders controlling the active power between them. For this operation other device, UPFC, with similar concept as described previously, acts mainly in the phase of the injected voltage in the line, performing as a phase-shift with continuous taps variation and is able to control the active power flow between feeders. The application of this technology will provide several benefits for the distribution expansion, such as, a greater flexibility in the use of the network, connection of feeders without load flow interruption, continuous adjust of reactive power during the operation and dynamic control of power flow. The purpose of this work is to study the applicability of the FACTS technology, to extend this concept for the application in the distribution system by using digital simulations in distribution network up to 15kV identifying the performance and the reached benefits.

É cada vez maior a preocupação com a qualidade da energia elétrica tanto do ponto de vista do consumidor quanto da concessionária. Um dos grandes problemas encontrados é o desequilíbrio de correntes trifásicas devido à utilização de cargas monofásicas, bifásicas ou trifásicas desequilibradas em sistemas trifásicos de potência. Para eliminar esse desequilíbrio é necessária a identificação da parcela de corrente de seqüência negativa presente no sistema e sua eliminação. A injeção das correntes de compensação via conversores estáticos operando em PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) é uma das soluções aplicadas. Esta solução exige o cálculo em tempo real da componente instantânea de seqüência negativa, que será utilizada para a obtenção da referência de corrente do conversor. Neste trabalho, alguns dos métodos mais conhecidos para a determinação das correntes de referências são agrupados segundo suas características comuns e suas notações são uniformizadas. Estes métodos são simulados e comparados segundo suas características a partir de resultados obtidos via simulação numérica utilizando o software MATLAB (Simulink-Power System Blockset). Um novo método é proposto para a extração em tempo real da componente da corrente de seqüência negativa, apresentando um bom desempenho em comparação com os outros métodos. O desempenho de um compensador completo é verificado via simulação numérica, utilizando-se um conversor do tipo fonte de tensão operando em PWM, incluindo as malhas de controle de corrente do lado CA e da tensão no barramento CC. As metodologias do projeto do conversor (indutor CA e capacitor CC) e das malhas de controle (rastreamento da corrente CA e regulação da tensão CC) são apresentadas. / The concern with the power quality is great, not only from the consumer\'s point of view but also from the utilities point of view. One of the most common problems is the unbalanced three-phase currents due to the use of single-phase loads, two-phase loads or unbalanced three-phase loads in three-phase power systems. In order to eliminate this unbalance it is necessary to identify the negative sequence components of the load current and to eliminate it. The injection of the compensating currents by means of static converters using PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is one possible solution. This solution needs an algorithm for the real time extraction of the negative sequence component that will be used for generating the reference current for the converter. In this work, well-known methods for determination of the reference currents are organized and explained according to their common characteristics. All the methods have their simbology unified and their performance are compared based on simulation results. A new method, faster than the existing ones, is proposed. It is fully simulated using a voltage source converter operating with PWM. Design methodologies are proposed for the converter (AC inductor, DC capacitor) and for the control loops (AC current tracking and DC voltages regulation).

La utilización de filtros activos paralelo mejora la eficiencia del suministro eléctrico mediante la modificación de las características de la forma de onda de las corrientes de línea. Trabajos de investigación anteriores destacan la complicada estructura de los controladores empleados en este tipo de soluciones y su sensibilidad a la distorsión de la onda de tensión en el punto donde se realiza su conexión. El objetivo fundamental de esta tesis es el desarrollo de un controlador para filtros activos de potencia tolerante a desequilibrios de tensión, huecos de tensión y armónicos de tensión. Objetivo secundario de este trabajo es el diseño de los algoritmos necesarios para el control de un filtro activo de potencia paralelo polifásico mediante una tarjeta basada en un procesador digital de señal. / Shunt active power filters (APF) modify the phase current waveform characteristics, which allow to increase the efficiency of electrical power grids. Previous research works establish the complex structure of controllers applied to APFs and their sensibility to voltage waveform disturbances.The aim of this thesis is the developing of a controller for shunt active power filters with tolerance to voltage unbalances, voltage dips and voltage harmonics. The proposed controller, implemented on a DSP target board, will be tested on a three-phase active power filter.