My degree project is about enabling space for cultural activities in Gnosjö. As in many other smaller communities in Sweden, the urban area has a negative population development. In the general plan from 2015, the municipality defines a number of development points that will contribute to reversing the negative population development so that more people move into the municipality. This leads to a larger tax base. The municipality’s focus area is on sustainable development and attractive living environments. Today, several of the municipality’s cultural activities lack space for their activities. The project is about meeting the wishes of the population by finding a strategy to implement these activities based on the conditions that exist. The strategy has been based on the municipality’s industrial history and the possibility of using these premises for new purposes. The project looks for a possible future scenario derived from idealism.

As global solid waste management systems evolve to include wider elements of sustainability, developing countries are struggling with how best to work with a growing informal sector. This research seeks to investigate how developing country mainstream solid waste management systems can harness the opportunities presented through the informal recycling sector. This research explores the dialogue around „formalisation of the informal‟ and „integration of informal recycling sector into mainstream solid waste management systems‟, approaching this from an informal sector perspective. The research endeavours to offer insights to this discourse from an inclusive, social innovation approach. The research looks at what business models the informal recycling sector use as they adopt or adapt industrialised practices and how these harness inclusion and social innovation. The research area is Bulawayo, Zimbabwe with the informal recycling sector as case study. The main research question is “How can we harness inclusion and social innovation as the informal sector transitions into mainstream economic spaces?” The research employs an inductive qualitative approach through a rapid ethnography, focus group discussions and semi-structured key informant interviews. Key concepts explored in this research include „circumstantial social entrepreneurship‟, „generational informality‟, „value chain alliances‟, „public, private, community and informal sector partnerships (PPCIPs)‟ and „inclusive development as a pre-requisite to formalisation‟. By unpacking the business models employed by the informal recycling sector and how inclusive, social innovation opportunities inherent in these can be harnessed during the transition from shadow to mainstream economy spaces, this research intends to offer progressive approaches on how to unlock shared value during the graduation of the informal recycling sector from shadow to mainstream socio-economic spaces. Additionally, the outputs of this research aim to contribute to context-specific knowledge on types of non traditional social entrepreneurial activity within informal spaces and how these push boundaries of inclusive, social innovation.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts (Community Work ) in the Department of Social Work University of Zululand, South Africa, 2003. / Bushbuckridge is an area that is largely (approximately 90%) rural. The rural areas are characterized by a scarcity of job opportunities as opposed to the abundance of such opportunities in certain designated areas. As a matter of fact the availability of job opportunities would arguably place the out- of -school youth in good stead of employment. The only prevalent opportunity for the youth is in agriculture. The study was conducted within New Forest and Orinnocco where a larger portion of the population is made up by youth below the age of 35 years and who are unemployed. There is a New Forest irrigation scheme, and on the scheme the larger population of farmers are aging farming population, very few young population is actively involved in agriculture. The study investigate the attitudes of out- of- school youth towards participation in agriculture. The findings of the study indicated that the majority of the out- of-school youth are less aware of the agriculture in terms of providing job for them. Consequently, they are affected socially and psychologically and are rendered vulnerable to engage in criminal activities. Various recommendations have been advanced. The researcher indicated the need for integration of theory and practical work to be initiated at a primary school level so that children can develop basic agricultural skills as well as community awareness campaigns and skill training among youth targeting on changing the attitudes of parents and youth. This can be effected through agricultural programmes for youth to participate and create jobs for themselves. The findings cannot be generalized in an inclusive way to cover the whole population of South Africa due to the size of the population from which the researcher collected data.

The range sheep industry , economically important to Utah and to the United States , produces needed food and fiber from much of the less productive land. Improved management will depend on more knowledge of the range ecosystem . Research to determine the time spent by sheep in activities of differing energy demands and to determine what factors affect sheep activity was completed on Utah ranges. The research was conducted in central Utah on foothill range near Eureka and on mountain range near Scofield. Rambouillet sheep were loosely herded on the s agebrush-aspen areas on mountain range and were unherded on foothill range where they were assigned to 14 pastures. Activities on foothill range were studied in May and June at two grazing intensities on three species of seeded wheatgrasses and on native sagebrush-juniper range. Feeding , standing ruminating, standing idle, lying ruminating, lying idle , and traveling were recorded as all-inclusive activities by observing the behavior of four randomly selected sheep from among marked ewes at 90 instantaneous scans at 10-minute intervals from 0500 to 1950 hours on each of 28 days at each location . Hourly readings were made on the degree of cloudiness , wind movement, ambient temperature, and relative humidity. Data we re analyzed to determine components of varian c e and to evaluate effect s of month, grazing intensity, and kind of forage. Each activity was regressed on environment l factors in a stepwise-deletion multiple regression procedure. Sheep daily repeated a bimodal routine of early morning feeding followed by midday ruminating and resting which lasted until late afternoon, followed by feeding again before bedding down at nightfall on high ground. On mountain range the morning and afternoon feeding periods were of similar length, but on foothill range the sheep began feeding ear lier in the afternoon and thus fed longer in the afternoon than during the morning hours. Sheep were highly synchronous in their choice of activity. Sheep spent more time feeding on seeded foo thill range than on either native foothill or mountain range . Conversely , they spent more time lying ruminating and standing idle during the daylight hours studied on mountain and on native foothill range . Traveling time was greater on mountain than on foothill range , but the horizontal distances traveled were the same at both locations. Sheep spent more time lying idle on native foothill range than on seeded pastures . At the spring foothill location the sheep also spent more time standing idle and traveling in May than in June. No differences were noted in any activities between intensities of grazing. The daily feeding time of sheep responded positively to average daily temperature. Both lying ruminating and lying idle showed positive regressions on relative humidity . Traveling and standing idle were negatively related to mean daily temperature , which varied only within a narrow temperate range and averaged 20 C during the two periods of study. Sheep activities necessary to the animal on a daily basis were little affected by small changes in the range environment. Feeding time was proportional to the estimated energy expenditure for maintenance, activity, and production at each location.

The objectives of this study were to, (1) review the opinions of contemporary American educators regarding activity programs in our secondary schools; (2) investigate the activity programs currently provided in the junior and senior high schools in Washington County, Oregon; and (3) offer some suggestions based upon this information. The literature in this field, although somewhat limited, except for periodicals, acquainted the reader with the general area and provided a basis for the review and study of the present practices in Washington County. The data concerning the practices in the schools studied was obtained through a questionnaire which was personally distributed and collected. The results were tabulated on 22 tables from which a narrative synopsis of pertinent information was drawn. For example. at the junior high level, five schools engage in interscholastic sports; all eight schools have assemblies; three schools maintain a homeroom activity; all eight schools offer vocal music; and the two largest schools have more special interest clubs than any of the others. At the senior high level, all schools engage in interscholastic athletic competition; three schools have intramural sports; two schools do not have a marching band; and six schools publish more than a yearbook and newspaper. As a result of the review of what is currently done in the secondary schools of Washington County, and viewed in the perspective gained by the study of the Literature in this field, ten suggestions that might improve the current programs in some schools are provided for the decision-making personnel of the school districts and schools of the County. The highlights of these suggestions are: 1. That each school establish criteria by which it annually evaluates its activity program. 2. That workshops be established to discuss student needs. 3. That a census of both student participation and teacher skills be taken. 4. That junior and senior high schools work closely to allow beginning skills and interests to be carried over in the advanced grades. s. That school districts investigate programs in other geographical areas and make activity information available to those interested. 6. That schools provide a wide range of activities that may offer carry-over recreational possibilities for adult life.

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Bullying victimization in school settings is a serious problem in many countries including the United States. Bullying victimization has been associated with serious incidents of school violence as well as detrimental physical, psychological, emotional, and social consequences for its victims. Given its consequences, it is crucial to understand who is more likely to be targeted for bullying victimization. This study examines whether a number of important factors such as gender, physical and interactionist school security measures, and involvement in extracurricular activities influence individuals’ risk of bullying victimization from social bond and routine activity perspectives. The study employs the 2011 School Crime Supplement (SCS) of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to investigate the causes of bullying victimization. The results of this study show that gender, interactionist school security measures, and extracurricular activities impact individuals’ likelihood of bullying victimization.

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No description available.

No description available.