Two experiments were designed to examine the influence of the strength of perceptionaction coupling on the control and learning of a visuomotor tracking pattern. Participants produced rhythmic elbow flexion-extension motions to learn a visually defined 90° relative phase tracking pattern with an external sinusoidal signal which was set at 0.8 Hz with 8 cycles in a trial. Day 1 and Day 2 practice sessions consisted of a total of 72 practice trials. There were two visuomotor congruency groups, a congruent group with visual feedback representing the elbow’s rotation and an incongruent group with feedback representing the elbow’s rotation transformed by 180°. Before Day 1 practice (pre-practice) and 24 hours after Day 2 practice (post-practice), participants produced 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180° relative phase tracking patterns either with or without tracking feedback. The external signal and the limb’s feedback were provided in the same workspace in Experiment 1, while both signals were provided in a separate workspace in Experiment 2. The pre-practice results demonstrated that the 0° relative phase pattern was the most accurate and stable pattern, whereas the 90° and 135° relative phase patterns were less accurate and more variable. The incongruent group produced a more accurate and less variable 180° relative phase pattern compared to the congruent group. Practice led to a decrease in phase error and variability toward the required 90° relative phase pattern in both experiments. The congruent group produced more accurate tracking and less variable elbow amplitude compared to the incongruent group in the separate workspace, whereas no such congruency effects were found in the same workspace during practice. The post-practice results showed overall improvements in phase accuracy and stability in most relative phase patterns with practice. Overall deterioration in tracking performance was found when tracking without feedback in the pre- and post-practice sessions. These findings demonstrated that the perception-action coupling strength was modified by feedback, visuomotor mapping, perceptual pattern, and workspace framework. The differential strength of perception-action impacted the learning of the required visuomotor tracking pattern as well as the production of tracking accuracy and stability differentially among the other tracking patterns.

Depuis la fin du système fordiste, de nombreux chercheurs ont étudié pourquoi des territoires français parvenaient à surmonter les crises systémiques auxquels ils étaient soumis et d’autres non. Paradoxalement, alors que tous évoluaient dans des contextes économique, social et institutionnel comparables, ils ont montré que la résilience de certains résultait directement de facteurs endogènes. Le local, loin d’être absorbé par la mondialisation, est au contraire apparu comme un rempart à l’uniformisation et un facteur de compétitivité pour les firmes. Cependant, l’approche méso économique qui sous-tend ces analyses suppose que le territoire soit à même d’initier une dynamique de coordination de ses agents, qu’ils appartiennent aux sphères publiques comme privées, et puisse les inciter à intégrer des démarches collaboratives. Or ces principes vertueux, créateurs de valeurs pour les firmes et porteurs de cohésion pour les territoires, ne peuvent se concrétiser sans que les individus, dirigeants de firmes, responsables institutionnels et leurs collaborateurs ne fassent leurs de ces principes et acceptent d’y affecter du temps et des moyens.Toutefois, notre expérience montre une relative ignorance de la part des agents susceptibles d’être concernés. Les enjeux et contraintes de chacun tendent au contraire à s’y opposer. C’est pourquoi notre recherche, basée sur des témoignages approfondis des principaux acteurs locaux, vise à proposer des clés assurant la déclinaison de ces concepts méso à la réalité microéconomique des territoires, afin de leur permettre d’appliquer et de bénéficier concrètement des grands principes de l’économie territoriale. / Since the end of the Fordist system, numerous researchers have researched the reasons for which some French territories managed to overcome the systemic crises to which they were subject whereas others did not. Paradoxically, whereas all of them developed within similar economic, social and institutional contexts, they have shown that the resilience of some resulted directly from endogenous factors. Local [characteristics], far from being absorbed by globalisation, have on the contrary appeared as a defence against the trend towards uniformity and a factor in competitiveness for firms. However, the meso economic approach underlying these analyses assumes that the territory can itself initiate a dynamic of coordination by its agents, whether they belong to the public or the private sphere, and can encourage them to integrate collaborative policies. However, these virtuous principles, creating value for firms and bringing cohesion to the territories themselves, cannot become effective unless individuals, business leaders, institutional managers and their staff accept these principles and agree to devote time and resources to them.However, our experience demonstrates relative ignorance on the part of actors liable to be concerned. The challenges and constraints relating to each tend, on the contrary, to be a barrier. That is why our research, based on in-depth testimony collected from the principal local actors aims to offer keys for ensuring the application of these meso concepts to the micro economic reality of these territories, with the aim of enabling them to apply and to benefit in concrete terms from the main principles of the territorial economy.