Thesis (Ph.D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009. / Prepared for: Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology. Title from title-page of electronic thesis. Bibliography: leaves 175-196.

This diploma thesis describes study and onward synthesis of advanced organic structures with potential application in the field of organic electronics and, in particular, molecular photoswitches. In the theoretical part of the thesis are closely described most commonly used conventional molecular photoswitches with special attention to the influence of the structural modifications on properties and applications of the given derivatives. Next passage is dedicated to study of donor-acceptor systems, as fundamental building blocks for synthesis of advanced derivatives. The possibilities of derivatization with a goal of improving the physicochemical properties of these compounds are also discussed. In the final chapter are proposed modern synthetic methods for preparation of novel materials for organic electronics. This section is connected with an experimental part, where are designed and consequently synthesised 4 novel imine derivatives with dodecyl and adamantyl-ethyl side chain.

L’adamantane est un hydrocarbure polycyclique, rigide et assez encombrant. En médecine, plusieurs dérivés à base d’adamantane ont été développés notamment comme agent antiviraux. Facilement fonctionnalisés, sa conformation 3D permet d’amoindrir les encombrements stériques entre les différents groupements fonctionnels. Nous avons décidé d’utiliser ses propriétés pour concevoir des structures plus complexes, à savoir, des dendrons et des foldamers. Les dendrons sont des polymères synthétiques possédant des propriétés intéressantes. De par leurs tailles, ils sont considérés comme des nanoparticules et possèdent un ciblage passif des cellules cancéreuses. De plus, facilement fonctionnalisés ils peuvent être utilisés comme molécule cargo dans la vectorisation de principes actifs. Outre la vectorisation, les dendrons permettent d’améliorer les propriétés physico-chimiques d’un médicament (absorption, distribution, métabolisme, élimination et toxicité). Nous avons alors choisi de concevoir des dendrons à base d’adamantane. Ces derniers ont la particularité de ne pas posséder d’espaceur entre les molécules d'adamantane se qui les rend hautement rigides. L’analyse par microscopie électronique à transmission de différents dendrons a permis d’étudier leurs morphologies selon leurs fonctionnalisations ainsi que l’effet du solvant, de la concentration et du support sur leurs auto-assemblages. Dans un second temps, nous avons conçu un acide aminé basé sur l’adamantane. Cet acide g-aminé a ensuite été incorporé dans des séquences peptidiques et les effets de l’adamantane sur la structure secondaire des peptides ont été étudiés par dichroïsme circulaire. / Adamantane is a polycyclic hydrocarbon, rigid and quite bulky. In medicine, several adamantane-based derivatives have been developed especially as antiviral agents. Easily functionalized, its 3D well-defined structure considerably decrease the sterical hindrance between its different functional groups. In this context, we decided to use adamantane to build more complex structures such as dendrons and foldamers. Dendrons are synthetic polymers with interesting properties. Because of their size, they are considered as nanoparticles and possess a passive cancer cell targeting. In addition,they are easily functionalized and can be use as vector of drugs. Indeed, the dendrons improve the physochemical properties of a drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity). We decided to combine adamantane and dendrons to build adamantane-based dendrons. However, these dendrons have the particularity of not having spacer between the adamantane moieties, thus, they are highly rigid. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the different functionalized dendrons allowed to study their self-assembly capacity and their morphology according to their functional groups,the solvent, the concentration and the support. In a second step, we designed an amino acid based on adamantane. This g-amino acid has been introduced in a peptide backbone using solid phase peptide synthesis. Then, the effects of adamantane onto peptide secondary structures have been studied by circular dichroism.

Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The primary focus of the research was the use of adamantane-containing molecules in polymer science. The research is divided into 2 parts, the first involving the syntheses of a new ligand for use in a metallocene catalyst system. The second part involved the synthesis of new monomers for the use in free radical polymerization systems, In the first part of the research, the synthesis of the ligand, 2-dimethyladamantylethylcyclopentadiene was attempted. This was done via the starting materials adamantylethylbromide and dimethylfulvene. In the first step the adamantylethylbromide was prepared via the tosylation reaction of admantaneethanol. Further, the use of either a Grignard or Barbier reaction to insert the 6,6 dimethylfulvene to yield the final product was attempted. The isolation of the final product could not successfully be completed, even though spectroscopic evidence suggested that the synthesis had been partially succssful. In the second part of the reasearch, the monomers 4-(1-adamantyl)phenolmethacrylate, adamantylmethylacrylate and admantylethylacrylate were synthesized. These monomers were homo-and copolymerized using a controlled radical reaction mechanism (RAFT).

This Master’s thesis deals with the problematics of radically initiated compounding of polyethylene by 1-vinyladamantane. Theoretical part focuses on the theory of grafting processes and how they are influenced by chosen process parameters, as well as the properties of used monomer. In experimental part, two sets of experiments were designed, in both cases the chemicals used were polyethylene LITEN MB 87, (2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy) hexane), also called Trigonox 101, as the initiator, and chemicals called Ionol and Irgafos 168 as stabilizers. The experiments were carried out in a Brabender batch mixer, the temperature was 180 – 185 °C, the reaction time was 5 minutes. The analytic methods used to evaluate the prepared samples’ properties were the tensile testing, the Charpy notch test, measuring of the melt flow index, analyzing the torque during kneading and the analysis of infrared spectra of the samples. By carrying out of these experiments it was found that excessive crosslinking was present with mass fraction of initiator being as low as 2 %. It was also concluded that under these conditions the modification does not improve tensile properties of the material, but it does improve the impact strength, albeit slightly. The influence of the modification on flow properties needs to be investigated further. A presence of vinyl groups was observed in infrared spectra, suggesting the presence of ungrafted vinyladamantane.

No description available.

Yes / Literature data on solubilities of adamantane in organic solvents have been used to obtain properties, or descriptors, of adamantane. There is much less data on substituted adamantanes but we have been able to obtain descriptors for some 40 substituted adamantanes. These descriptors can then be used to estimate a wide range of physicochemical, environmental and other properties of the adamantanes. For the first time, the water-solvent partition coefficient and the gas-solvent partition coefficient into a large range of solvents, can be estimated, the latter being equivalent to Henry's Law constants. A variety of other important properties can also be estimated. These include vapor pressures, enthalpies of vaporization and sublimation, partitions from air and from blood into biological tissues, and skin permeability from water. The descriptors themselves are not exceptional. Adamantane itself has a rather low dipolarity, zero hydrogen bond acidity and a very low hydrogen bond basicity, in common with other multicyclic aliphatic compounds. These lead to adamantane being a very hydrophobic compound, as is evident from our estimated water-octanol partition coefficient.

Ce travail concerne l'étude du polymorphisme, de la dynamique et des transitions de phases de cinq dérivés de l' adamantane : 1-fluoroadamantane, 1-adamantaneméthanol, 1,3-diméthyladamantane, 1,3-dibromoadamantane et 1,3-adamantanediol.Les diagrammes pression -température ont été établis pour la majorité de ces dérivés. Ces matériaux peuvent présenter une, voire plusieurs, transitions de phases. Le 1-fluoroadamantane, le 1,3-diméthyladamantane et le 1,3-adamantanediol possèdent une phase plastique avant fusion.Les structures de toutes les phases non plastiques ont été résolues principalement à partir de diagrammes de diffraction des rayons X sur poudre. Celles du 1,3-dibromoadamantane, et du 1,3-diméthyladamantane sont ordonnées. L'existence d'un désordre statistique concernant l'occupation du site d'un atome a été montrée pour les autres phases. L'atome de fluor du 1-fluoroadamantane peut occuper 4 (phases III et II) ou 8 sites (phase I). Dans le cas de la phase I du 1-adamantaneméthanol et de la phase II du 1,3-adamantanediol, la symétrie du réseau implique que l'atome d'hydrogène lié à l'oxygène se partage sur deux sites.Deux mécanismes de transition ordre-désordre par une relation de groupe à sous-groupe ont été montrés pour le cas du 1-fluoroadamantane et du 1-adamantaneméthanol en utilisant des techniques expérimentales complémentaires (DSC, DRX, RAMAN, GSH...). Le paramètre d'ordre de la transition résulte de la variation continue en fonction de la température de l'inclinaison du dipôle C-F pour le premier et, de la diminution de l'angle beta de la phase monoclinique jusqu'à 90°, pour le second.La dynamique moléculaire dans le cas du 1-fluoroadamantane a été étudiée par spectroscopie diélectrique. L'existence d'une double relaxation associée à deux mouvements de réorientations compatibles avec le réseau et la symétrie a été révélée. / This work deals with the study of the polymorphism, dynamics and phases transitions of five adamantane derivatives : 1-fluoroadamantane, 1-adamantanemethanol, 1,3-dimethyladamantane, 1,3-dibromoadamantane and 1,3-adamantanediol.Pressure-Temperature phase diagrams have been established for the majority of these derivatives. These materials may have one or more phase transitions. Plastic phases are observed before melting for 1-fluoroadamantane, 1,3-dimethyladamantane and 1,3-adamantanediol.The structures of all the non plastic phases have been solved, mainly from powder X-ray diffraction patterns. It is shown that 1,3-dibromoadamantane and 1,3-dimethyladamantane structures are ordered. Statistical disorder concerning the occupation of the site of one atom has been revealed in the other structures. The fluorine atom in 1-fluoroadamantane has four (phase III and II) or eight (phase I) possible equivalent sites. Due to the crystal symmetry of 1-adamantanemethanol (phase I ) and 1,3-adamantanediol (phase II), the hydrogen atom related to the oxygen atom is spitted on two sites.Two mechanisms of continuous order-disorder transitions through a group-subgroup relationship have been shown for the case of 1-fluoroadamantane and 1-adamantanemethanol using complementary experimental techniques (DSC, XRD, RAMAN, SHG ...). The order parameter of the transition results, by a continuous variation of the orientation of the C-F dipole for the first and, for the second, the continuous variation of the beta monoclinic angle down to 90°.Molecular dynamics in the case of 1-fluoroadamantane has been studied using dielectric spectroscopy. We have highlighted the existence of a double relaxation associated with two movements of reorientations compatible with the network and the symmetry.

L'objectif de cette étude consiste à développer des bio-architectures à base de nanotubes de carbone mono-feuillet à visées électroanalytiques. Pour ce faire, différentes méthodes de fonctionnalisation de nanotubes de carbone ont été proposées à savoir la fonctionnalisation en solution, par trempage et par électropolymérisation en se servant des interactions π entre les nanotubes de carbone et des molécules π-conjugués (le pyrrole-biotine, le pyrène-biotine et le pyrèneadamantane). Les matrices utilisées pour la conception des biocapteurs sont basées sur les systèmes d'affinité entre l'avidine et la biotine, et entre l'adamantane et la β- cyclodextrine. La comparaison des performances des différents biocapteurs a permis de déterminer la méthode la plus adéquate pour la fonctionnalisation des nanotubes de carbone. Cette dernière consiste à former une monocouche de monomères par simple trempage puis de la renforcer par électropolymérisation oxydative dans une solution exempte de monomère. Cette stabilisation de la couche adsorbée préserve une excellente accessibilité à la surface de l'électrode sous-jacente. Les surfaces fonctionnelles qui en résultent ont été caractérisées par des méthodes physico-chimiques d'analyse.

The design of versatile biohybrid nanosized materials has revealed itself as a promising avenue towards biomedical applications in today´s life sciences. In this regard the combination of components of synthetic and natural origin facilitates an applicability which is supposed to be far beyond the sum of their single components. These biohybrid structures (BHS) can be built by a huge variety of building blocks including solid or soft nanoparticles, peptides/proteins, polynucleotides or low molecular weight drugs. Along with the latter the attachment of biologically active entities or imaging moieties, e. g. enzymes, fluorescence markers or targeting motifs display thereby a key step towards the development of carrier systems for drug delivery purposes. Among the soft nanoparticles especially dendritic polymers such as perfectly branched dendrimers or hyperbranched polymers are considered as ideal building blocks, since they allow an easy tailoring of crucial properties such as solubility, biocompatibility or bioactivity by means of surface functionalization. Especially in the field of targeted drug delivery the crucial role of sizes and size distributions of carriers has been highlighted recently, since it critically influences important factors such as circulation time or biodistribution within the body. The ability of avidin to form high molecular weight associates with biotinylated macromolecules as well as its inherent properties makes it a suitable candidate for passive and active targeting in combination with biotinylated (bio-)polymers. Furthermore, along with the covalent attachment of bioactive moieties, non-covalent attachment is a frequently used approach, because it is assumed to only require stoichiometric mixing. In context of the latter molecular recognition processes such as the avidin-biotin, β-cyclodextrin-adamantane or Ni(II)-NTA-histidine-tag interactions have shown to be fruitful strategies for the attachment of bioactive entities. The overall aim of this work was to fabricate BHS based on dendritic glycopolymers with varied sizes in the nano- and micrometer range as models for biomedical applications e. g. carriers for drug delivery. Therefore the molecular recognition of avidin with biotin derivatives and β-cyclodextrin with adamantane derivatives was utilized in order to tailor final sizes, functionality or catalytic activity of those BHS.