Thesis (PH. D) Johns Hopkins university. / Biographical note. Reprinted from Journal of experimental zoology, vol. VI, no. 4 Bibliographical foot notes.

Thesis (PH. D.)--University of Chicago, 1913. / "Published also as no. 68 of the Monographs of the Psychological review."

Thesis--Chicago. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Diss.--Bochum, 2003. / Bibliogr. p. 181-199.

Global climate change has become the imminent issue of our time. Recent literature has stressed the pressing need for adaptation planning, particularly for communities that are most vulnerable to new climatic variations, such as resource dependent and coastal communities. Yet, such cries for adaptation have often glossed over the need for prior examination into the underlying cultural mindsets of such communities. In response, this thesis has sought to examine the various factors that are influencing local understandings of global climate change by leaders in two British Columbia coastal communities, Port Alberni and the Tseshaht First Nation. Guided by a social (or ecological) constructionist lens and a phenomenological methodological approach, a series of in-depth interviews were conducted with the leadership, both formal and informal, of the two aforementioned B.C. communities during the summer of 2006. Although each community yielded distinct findings, the interviews captured richly nuanced descriptions of local environmental changes, which in turn played a sizeable role in shaping how the leaders conceptualized climate change. A plethora of place-specific historical, experiential and values-based factors interacted and moulded the many contextual culturalmodels (from tsunamis, to recycling, to colonial pasts to reverence for nature), which were imbedded within leaders' discussions of climate change. Following this core analysis, I explored the community capacity to manage and adapt to future changes by examining local strengths and challenges. The concluding chapter provided a reflection of the results and pointed to new directions. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

The northwestern muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus spatulatus) is nowhere more abundant than in the delta of the Mackenzie River in northern Canada. An investigation was undertaken to assess the adjustments resident animals have made in order to inhabit a region more than one hundred miles inside the Arctic Circle. The rigours of the physical environment demand that these animals live in burrows rather than in lodges of vegetation, as in more southern areas. During summer the breeding pairs may occupy shallow temporary habitat which is not suitable for tenure during winter. These summer sites must be vacated before ice seals the lakes and prevents escape from a rapidly deteriorating environment. That all muskrats do not desert this temporary summer habitat was indicated by the fact that only half as many marked animals from such sites were encountered subsequently. It may be assumed that a depressed survival was the rule in such locations. Only deeper lakes with adequate submerged food plants constituted satisfactory wintering environment. Normal movement of muskrats in the Mackenzie delta is an average distance of about 300 yards in summer and 100 yards in winter. Winter activity is supported by an extensive system of feeding stations or "push-ups" constructed on the lake ice. These structures are a necessary part of the dally life of the individual muskrat because the dispersed nature of the food plants demands a relatively great radius of activity. The number of muskrats using each push-up varies from three to thirteen with an average of six. The relatively short period of open water in this latitude so shortens the breeding season that primiparous females probably produce only one litter of young their first year of life. However, they can, by maturing sexually at an earlier date their second year, produce two litters. Inasmuch as the late winter population is comprised of four yearlings to each adult female, the delay in breeding induced by the late removal of ice on the lakes and channels is significant In reducing the rate of population Increase. The restrictive effects of climate on breeding activity are compensated for by the birth of larger litters (8.3 young) and by a very satisfactory survival of these young to yearling status. Intolerance between adults is noted during the early part of the breeding season but does not persist during the rearing of the young. As a consequence there are few losses from depredations of adults upon young animals as has been reported in other areas. Densities of animals per unit area are low when compared with races of muskrats from other regions. In addition the size of the individual animal is small, and the majority do not survive long past their second year of life. These observations support the view that the Mackenzie delta provides marginal habitat for muskrats. It is suggested that physical factors induced by the severity of the climate represent the major influence limiting population growth. The fur industry is another significant drain on animal numbers but other factors appear to be less important. All mortality factors taken together, however, have suppressed or eliminated any tendency for muskrat numbers to fluctuate in a cyclic manner as has been reported by several authors for other parts of North America. Reference is made throughout the text to races of muskrats inhabiting more southern latitudes. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Les spectacles tirés des « Aventures de Tintin », tels que Tintin et l’Île Noire en 1983 ou Les Bijoux de la Castafiore en 2011, sont des cas particuliers dans le domaine de l’adaptation théâtrale. D’abord, parce que les œuvres canoniques d’Hergé sont ancrées dans la mémoire collective et, à ce titre, agissent comme une matrice visuelle auprès du grand public, matrice qui modèle ses attentes. Ensuite, parce que Moulinsart, la société qui gère l’image de Tintin, maintient depuis plus de vingt ans une politique conservatrice quant aux droits de reproduction et d’adaptation du corpus d’Hergé. La fidélité à l’œuvre source devient donc quelque chose à négocier pour quiconque voudrait transposer Tintin à la scène, difficultés qui s’ajoutent à celles, plus génériques, d’adapter le langage bédéesque au théâtre.

This thesis details the search for dramaturgical methodologies of adaptation with the additional component of a creative project used to put those methodologies into practice. In particular, my research has been focused on the methodologies available for transforming static or descriptive moments of literature into compelling works of drama. My discussion on this process begins by tracing the scholarly developments in the field of adaptation studies, which have led away from what Linda Hutcheon calls “fidelity criticism” and have opened up a new vein of praxis-based research in recent years. Specifically, I trace the path to a four-step formula for the development of theory first suggested by Edward Said and later tailored to the process of adaptation by Linda Hutcheon. The formula itself advocates the balance of research and creativity, which has been an ideal framework for this thesis document. The second chapter of this thesis focuses on an application of this formula for a dramatic adaptation of Voltaire’s notorious novella Candide, or All for the Best, which presents the particular problematic of a densely philosophical novella. Candide also furnishes an interesting case study for the four-step formula as it presents both a rich historical context and a complicated narrative structure. The third and final chapter details the specific dramaturgical choices made in working with the formula to create a new adaptation entitled Survival of the Optimistic, and the implications these choices create for the adaptation process as a whole. The adaptation itself follows at the end of this thesis document.

INTRODUCTION: Des études sur le contrôle moteur ont montré que l’erreur de mouvement produite par une perturbation externe entraine une modification de la commande motrice afin de rétablir la trajectoire normale. Se basant sur cette capacité adaptative, il est estimé que l’application de forces standardisées à l’aide d’un système robotisé pourrait induire des modifications prévisibles du patron locomoteur. L'objectif du mémoire est de préciser quels changements moteurs peuvent induire diverses perturbations mécaniques. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Seize participants ont marché sur un tapis roulant en portant une orthèse robotisée à la cheville droite. Les deux premiers furent exposés à des perturbations sporadiques pour valider le protocole expérimental. Les 14 autres furent exposés à 4 conditions expérimentales (C1-C4) comprenant ~30 perturbations/bloc. Chaque perturbation est survenue selon une fréquence pseudo-aléatoire de 1/5 cycle de marche. Chaque perturbation a été appliquée durant 150ms pendant la phase d’oscillation (72% du cycle de marche). C1 consistait en un étirement en plantiflexion de 6° à 120°/s. C2 et C3 appliquaient une force de ±5Nm, résistant et assistant la dorsiflexion. C4 bloquait temporairement le mouvement angulaire à la cheville. Les participants devaient marcher sans appuis et à une vitesse confortable (3,6-4,0km/h). La cinématique de la cheville et l'EMG de surface des Tibialis Anterior (TA) et Soleus (SOL) ont été enregistrés. RÉSULTATS: Une adaptation motrice a été obtenue chez au moins 12 sujets dans les conditions C1-2-4, contrairement à l’absence d’adaptation dans C3, et ce, malgré l’importance de l’erreur de mouvement. L'analyse EMG a montré la présence de réflexes dans toutes les conditions, sauf dans C3. Les études de régression ont montré que l’adaptation corrélait davantage avec la réponse réflexe à courte latence (M1). CONCLUSION: Ainsi, l’adaptation survient uniquement en résistant le mouvement. Elle ne relève pas directement de la grandeur de l’erreur de mouvement, mais davantage de son impact fonctionnel. / INTRODUCTION: Reaching studies have shown that subjects exposed to a movement error caused by a force field adapt their muscle activation pattern to return to original movement trajectory. Custom forces using robotic devices to teach specific movement patterns to patients may offer a way to readapt without using invasive procedure. How effective could it be? The aim of this research was to evaluate the adaptive capacity of walking during the process. METHODS: Sixteen subjects wore a robotized ankle-foot orthosis on their right ankle and walked on a treadmill. The first two were exposed to sporadic perturbation to validate the viability of our experiment. The others were exposed in a randomized sequence to 4 types of perturbations. Each condition (C1-C4) consisted in applying ~30 perturbations, each one occurring approximately each 5 strides, according to an unpredictable pseudorandom sequence. All perturbations lasted 150ms, and were applied during swing (72% of gait cycle). C1 consisted in a 6° plantarflexion stretch at 120°/s. C2 and C3 consisted in adding ±5Nm force resisting or assisting dorsiflexion, respectively. C4 simply stopped the ankle movement temporarily. Participants were asked to walk normally, hands free, at their comfortable walking speed (3.6-4.0km/h). Ankle kinematics and surface EMG of Tibialis Anterior (TA) and Soleus (SOL) were recorded. RESULTS: At least 12 subjects showed an adaptive pattern, increasing their ankle dorsiflexion in C1-2-4 conditions. C3 did not induce any clear adaptation despite the presence of large ankle movement errors, however. EMG analysis show the presence of reflex responses in all conditions except C3. Regression curves shows that short latency response (M1) best correlate with adaptation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a "movement error approach" for locomotor rehabilitation induces adaptation only when resisting ongoing movement. The functional consequence of the error rather than its size could therefore be the trigger for adaptation.

Domain adaptation on semantic segmentation generally refers to the procedures for narrowing the distribution gap between source and target data, which is vital for developing the automatic vehicle system. It requires a large amount of data with well-labelled ground truth at the pixel level. Labelling this scale of data is extremely costly due to the lot of human effort required. Also, manually labelling often comes with label noises that are harmful to automatic vehicle system development. In this case, solving the above problem utilizes computer-generated data and ground truth for development. However, a notorious problem exists when a system is trained with synthetic data but deployed in a real-world environment, which results from the distribution (domain) difference between these two kinds of data, and domain adaptation helps solve this issue. In the thesis, the limitation of conventional batch normalization layer on adversarial learning based domain adaptation methods is mentioned and discussed. From the view of the limitation, we propose replacing the Sharing Affine Transformation with our proposed Separate Affine Transformation (SEAT) to improve the domain adapting performance. The proposed SEAT is simple, easily implemented, and integrated into existing adversarial learning-based unsupervised domain adaptation methods. Also, to further improve the adaptation quality on lower-level features, we introduce multi-level adaptation by adding the lower-level features to the higher-level ones before feeding them to the discriminator, which is different from others by adding extra discriminators. Finally, a simple training strategy, self-training, is adopted to improve the model performance further. Extensive experiments show that our proposed method is able to get comparable results with other domain adaptation methods with simpler design.