Recent literature suggests that typical forms of encoding (i.e., elaboration) are obsolete as compared to rating words based on survival relevance (Nairne, Thompson, and Pandeirada, 2007). Information encoded using survival ratings have produced superior recall despite manipulations to quell its effect. The current study examined whether survival processing is protected against forgetting. Our results suggest that targets studied under survival processing are not immune from retrieval blocking and RI effects. No effects of survival processing were obtained.

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Orientador: Vinicius Amaral Armentano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T10:15:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_OlintoCesarBasside_D.pdf: 1592360 bytes, checksum: 71dd5f2565cd93013aa027127157c442 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A adoção de contêineres em grande escala tornou possível o desenvolvimento do transporte multimodal. Atualmente, carregamento de caixas em contêineres é uma importante atividade em empresas que têm no transporte de carga um fator logístico de alto custo. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e aplicação de metaheurísticas com memória adaptativa para a resolução de problemas de corte e empacotamento tridimensional, bem como a integração destes com o problema de roteamento de veículos. Mais especificamente, são tratados os problemas de carregamento de contêiner, bin packing tridimensional e roteamento de veículos capacitados com restrições de empacotamento tridimensional. Uma nova abordagem, baseada em cubóides de tamanho variável, é utilizada para calcular os padrões de carregamento tridimensional em todos os métodos propostos. Restrições de orientação, estabilidade, centro de gravidade, projeção da base de apoio e múltiplos destinos são consideradas. Extensivos testes computacionais são realizados para demonstrar o desempenho das abordagenspropostas / Abstract: The wide-scale adoption of the containers made the development of the multimodal transport possible. Nowadays, shipment of boxes in containers is an important activity for companies that have in the load transport a logistic factor of high cost. This work presents the development and the application of metaheuristics with adaptive memory in order to solve three-dimensional cutting and packing problems, as well as their integration with the vehicle routing problem. In particular, problems of container loading, three-dimensional bin packing and vehicle routing with three-dimensional packing constraints are considered. Furthermore, a new approach based on maximal cuboids that fit in given empty spaces is used to calculate the packing patterns in the proposed methods. Constrains on orientation, stability, center of gravity, overhang and multiple destination are considered. Extensive computational experiments are carried out to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approaches / Doutorado / Automação / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

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[pt] O seqüenciamento por hibridação é uma alternativa interessante para a tarefa de seqüenciamento de DNA. Este método ainda está sendo aperfeiçoado e pode superar as técnicas utilizadas em termos de tempo e custo. Uma etapa crucial do método consiste em resolver um problema combinatório que pode ser formulado como um caso especial do problema do caixeiro viajante com coleta de prêmios. Neste trabalho, propõe-se uma nova heurística construtiva multi-partida para resolver este problema. Uma estratégia de aprendizado baseada em uma memória adaptativa e um procedimento de construção de vocabulário são utilizados para melhorar o desempenho da heurística multi-partida. A memória adaptativa é utilizada para intensificar as construções de novas soluções com os elementos que aparecem com uma freqüência maior nas melhores soluções encontradas anteriormente pela heurística multi-partida. O procedimento de construção de vocabulário consiste em construir novas soluções através da combinação de partes comuns a boas soluções. Testes computacionais mostraram que estas duas estratégias aumentam significativamente o desempenho da heurística multi-partida e são particularmente indicadas para problemas de escalonamento nos quais as melhores soluções são na maioria dos casos formadas por blocos de elementos que aparecem juntos com muita freqüência. A heurística proposta supera os resultados dos melhores algoritmos encontrados na literatura, tanto em termos da qualidade das soluções encontradas, como do tempo de computação. / [en] Sequencing by hybridization is an attractive alternative for DNA sequencing. This novel method can be less time and cost consuming than the techniques applied nowadays. A very important step of this method is to solve a combinatorial problem formulated as a special case of the prize-collecting traveling salesman problem. In this work, we propose a new multistart construtive heuristic to solve this problem. A learning strategy based on adaptive memory and a vocabulary building procedure are used to improve the performance of the multistart heuristic. The adaptive memory is used to intensify the construction of new solutions with the elements that appear frequently in the best solutions previously found by the multistart heuristic. The objective of the vocabulary building procedure is to construct new solutions combining parts of good solutions. Computational experiments have shown that these two methods significantly improves the performance of the multistart heuristic and are particularly suitable for scheduling problems whose best solutions are in most cases built by blocks of elements that appear together very often. The proposed heuristic obtains systematically better solutions and is less time consuming than the best algorithms found in the literature.

Recently, cognitive psychologists have focused their research on the survival aspects of human memory, showing advantages for remembering information encoded for adaptive qualities. When participants rated words related to survival relevance (stranded in grasslands), Nairne et al. (2007) and others found survival processing’s retention superior to many semantic encoding techniques, however, we questioned the global application of survival processing. In the present adaptive memory experiment we used the thematic word list paradigm pioneered by Deese, Rodeiger and McDermott, allowing us to measure false recall of critical items from sets of word lists. To investigate recall differences based on the material type encoded, we separated recalled material into two categories: survival and non-survival. Because arousal can influence memory performance, we extended research on adaptive memory to include social arousal induced by videotaping participants during study and recall tasks. Videotaping subjects has been shown to induce arousal levels similar to those when being observed, and may parallel arousal experienced in survival scenarios. Overall, recall was lower for survival processing. Survival-relevant information was more accurately remembered, and was not hindered by camera presence, unlike non-survival information. Additionally, false memories were higher under videotaped conditions. While our results did not support Nairne and colleagues, our findings may support the development of evolved brain mechanisms. The current findings are discussed with an emphasis on contemporary high arousal situations that may influence the activation of adaptive memories. We join a growing set of literature that questions the overall benefits of survival processing.

Adaptive memory demonstrates that memory is enhanced when information is processed because of its relevance to survival (Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada, 2007). In the present experiments we examined whether there was a difference in individuals Need for Cognition (NFC) in regards to adaptive memory. Need for Cognition is characterized as the differences in individual’s preference for engaging in thought that requires effort. Specifically, individuals high in NFC could think of numerous ways to survive, thus being more likely to generate more thoughts and ideas, ultimately leading to better memory compared to low-NFC individuals. For both experiments participants read survival and moving scenarios and rated words according to each scenario. Participants received a surprise recall test on the rated words, and completed a NFC questionnaire. Experiment two examined true and false memories across multiple recall tests, giving participants three chances at recall prior to NFC scale. Results for experiment one indicated no effect of high and low NFC but there was an effect of scenario, indicating that the survival scenario led to greater recall than the moving scenario. Results for experiment two for target words, indicated that there was a significant effect for recall test as well as scenario, revealing that the survival scenario led to greater recall than the moving scenario. For false memories, high-NFC individuals gradually increased in recall from subsequent tests, compared to low-NFC individuals. Explanations for the lack of difference in high- and low-NFC individuals may be diminished from prompting a type processing that succeeds in increasing true and false memories for the low-NFC individuals, which is similar to high-NFC individuals.