How do the experiences of women in the labor market differ from the experiences of men? Do economic crises affect their labor market decisions differently? Economists have investigated the responses of women to specific moments of crisis in Argentina – the country lends itself well to this analysis, as the last three decades of its history have seen both economic growth and financial collapse. With the crisis literature in mind, I investigate trends in female labor force participation rates in Argentina between 1980-2003, finding that while some evidence supports the “added worker effect” hypothesis, more research must be done to understand the relationships between female labor force participation and male and female unemployment.

We study the effectiveness of intra-household insurance among married couples when the husband loses his job due to a mass layoff or plant closure. Empirical results based on Austrian administrative data show that husbands suffer persistent employment and earnings losses, while wives' labor supply increases moderately due to extensive margin responses. Wives' earnings gains recover only a tiny fraction of the household income loss and, in the short-term, public transfers and taxes are a more important form of insurance. We show that the presence of children in the household is a crucial determinant of the wives' labor supply response.

We study interdependencies in spousal labor supply and the effectiveness of intrahousehold insurance in a sample of married couples, where the husband loses his job due to a mass layoff or plant closure using data from the Austrian Social Security Database. We show that in our sample of relatively young couples the shock hits households at crucial stages of family formation, which requires careful modeling of the wives' counterfactual lifecycle labor market patterns. In our empirical analysis, we propose three independent control groups of unaffected households to identify the causal effects of husbands' displacement on wives' labor supply. Our empirical results show that husbands suffer large and persistent employment and earnings losses over the first 5 years after displacement. But wives' labor supply increases only moderately and they respond predominantly at the extensive margin. The implied participation elasticity with respect to the husband's earnings shock is very small, about -0:04. While the wives' earnings gains recover only a tiny fraction of the household income loss, public transfers and taxes are a more important insurance at least in the short run. In terms of non-labor market related outcomes, we find a small positive effect on the probability of divorce, but no effect of the husband's job displacement on fertility. The presence and ages of children in the household are crucial determinants of the wife's labor supply response. The most responsive group are mothers, who are planning to return to the labor market after a maternity break, while mothers of very young children or wives without children remain unresponsive. We thus conclude that Austria's strong gender identity norms are an explanation for the limited scope of intra-household insurance.

Existe uma vasta literatura evidenciando os determinantes que repercutem negativamente na acumulação de capital humano do menor de idade. O trabalho infantil seria uma dessas causas. Outros trabalhos mostram que um choque de renda sofrido pelas famílias pode estar por trás da oferta de trabalho de outros membros da família (esposa e filhos). Tal efeito é conhecido na literatura como efeito trabalhador adicional e pode estar relacionado, pelo menos no Brasil, à restrição de liquidez das famílias. O objetivo deste trabalho é averiguar o impacto de um choque de renda representado pela perda de emprego do chefe da família sobre a alocação do tempo dos filhos em idade escolar entre escola e mercado de trabalho. Para realizarmos este trabalho usamos dados da Pesquisa Mensal do Emprego, do IBGE, entre 2003 e 2012. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o tratamento, ou melhor, o choque de renda representado perda de emprego do chefe da família não possui impacto significativo sobre a escolha das famílias de manter o filho apenas na escola ou de enviar o filho para o mercado de trabalho. Entretanto, nos casos em que o efeito do tratamento é persistente percebemos um impacto sensivelmente maior, apesar de ainda não ser estatisticamente diferente de zero. Na última subseção reproduzimos nosso modelo com dados da PME antiga com o intuito de checar a interferência da diferença de metodologia entre a PME antiga e a nova nos resultados. Notamos que com nosso desenho de modelo não encontramos os mesmos resultados de Duryea et al. (2007). / There is a vast literature demonstrating the determinants that negatively affect the human capital accumulation of child under eighteen. Child labor would be one of these causes. Other studies show that an income shock suffered by families may be behind the labor supply of other family members (spouse and children). This effect is known in the literature as additional worker effect and may be related, at least in Brazil, the liquidity constraint of households. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of an income shock represented by the loss of employment of head of household on the time allocation of schoolage children between school and the labor market. To accomplish this work we use data from the Monthly Employment Survey, IBGE, between 2003 and 2012. According to the results, treatment, or better, the income shock represented by of the household head\'s job loss has no significant impact on the families\' choice to keeping the child in school or just send the child to the market job. However, in cases where the treatment effect is persistent, we noticed a substantially greater impact, although not statistically different from zero. In the last subsection we applied our model using the old PME data base aiming to check if the methodological differences interfere with the results. We noted that using our new model design, we didn\'t find out the same results as Duryea et al. (2007).

Existe uma vasta literatura evidenciando os determinantes que repercutem negativamente na acumulação de capital humano do menor de idade. O trabalho infantil seria uma dessas causas. Outros trabalhos mostram que um choque de renda sofrido pelas famílias pode estar por trás da oferta de trabalho de outros membros da família (esposa e filhos). Tal efeito é conhecido na literatura como efeito trabalhador adicional e pode estar relacionado, pelo menos no Brasil, à restrição de liquidez das famílias. O objetivo deste trabalho é averiguar o impacto de um choque de renda representado pela perda de emprego do chefe da família sobre a alocação do tempo dos filhos em idade escolar entre escola e mercado de trabalho. Para realizarmos este trabalho usamos dados da Pesquisa Mensal do Emprego, do IBGE, entre 2003 e 2012. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o tratamento, ou melhor, o choque de renda representado perda de emprego do chefe da família não possui impacto significativo sobre a escolha das famílias de manter o filho apenas na escola ou de enviar o filho para o mercado de trabalho. Entretanto, nos casos em que o efeito do tratamento é persistente percebemos um impacto sensivelmente maior, apesar de ainda não ser estatisticamente diferente de zero. Na última subseção reproduzimos nosso modelo com dados da PME antiga com o intuito de checar a interferência da diferença de metodologia entre a PME antiga e a nova nos resultados. Notamos que com nosso desenho de modelo não encontramos os mesmos resultados de Duryea et al. (2007). / There is a vast literature demonstrating the determinants that negatively affect the human capital accumulation of child under eighteen. Child labor would be one of these causes. Other studies show that an income shock suffered by families may be behind the labor supply of other family members (spouse and children). This effect is known in the literature as additional worker effect and may be related, at least in Brazil, the liquidity constraint of households. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of an income shock represented by the loss of employment of head of household on the time allocation of schoolage children between school and the labor market. To accomplish this work we use data from the Monthly Employment Survey, IBGE, between 2003 and 2012. According to the results, treatment, or better, the income shock represented by of the household head\'s job loss has no significant impact on the families\' choice to keeping the child in school or just send the child to the market job. However, in cases where the treatment effect is persistent, we noticed a substantially greater impact, although not statistically different from zero. In the last subsection we applied our model using the old PME data base aiming to check if the methodological differences interfere with the results. We noted that using our new model design, we didn\'t find out the same results as Duryea et al. (2007).

Les conséquences des chocs économiques négatifs sur les ménages ont été documentés extensivement, mais on en sait beaucoup moins sur la manière dont ces chocs sont transmis aux individus à travers la médiation du ménage. Le ménage contribue-il à modérer l'effet des chocs négatifs ? Dans quelle mesure le choc économique pèse-t-il dans la négociation familiale ? À partir de données sur la crise économique argentine de 2001, je montre d'abord que les femmes en couple ont une plus grande probabilité de devenir actives si leur mari a fait l'expérience d'un choc de revenu. Ensuite, je montre que le cycle économique importe dans les décisions d'investissement en capital humain. Sur le long terme, les profils de salaire et d'employabilité des hommes argentins sont affectés de manière persistante par les conditions économiques initiales au moment de l'obtention du diplôme. Enfin, je considère la dimension “man-cession” de la crise économique de 2009 en Espagne et montre que la part des ressources du ménage reçues par les femmes pour leur consommation privée augmente avec la diminution de l'écart des taux de chômage hommes-femmes, confortant l'hypothèse que les chocs négatifs modifient le pouvoir de négociation des individus au sein du ménage. / The consequences of adverse aggregate shocks on households have been repeatedly documented, but far less has been said on the way they are passed over to individuals through the mediation of the household. Does the household contribute in mitigating the effects? Or does the economic shock rather invite itself at the family negociating table? Using the Argentine 2001 economic crisis as a natural experiment, I first show that married women are more likely to enter the labor market if their husband experienced a loss in income, giving credit to the insurance mechanism. Then, I show that the business cycle matters for investments in education, and that long run labor outcomes of Argentine men are persistently affected by the initial conditions upon graduation. Finally, I consider the “Mancession” dimension of the Great Recession in Spain and demonstrate that the resource share accruing to wives for own consumption increases together with the decreasing unemployment gap, which comes in support to the bargaining hypothesis.